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Westrick NM, Park SC, Keller NP, Smith DL, Kabbage M. A broadly conserved fungal alcohol oxidase (AOX) facilitates fungal invasion of plants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:28-43. [PMID: 36251755 PMCID: PMC9742500 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol oxidases (AOXs) are ecologically important enzymes that facilitate a number of plant-fungal interactions. Within Ascomycota they are primarily associated with methylotrophy, as a peroxisomal AOX catalysing the conversion of methanol to formaldehyde in methylotrophic yeast. In this study we demonstrate that AOX orthologues are phylogenetically conserved proteins that are common in the genomes of nonmethylotrophic, plant-associating fungi. Additionally, AOX orthologues are highly expressed during infection in a range of diverse pathosystems. To study the role of AOX in plant colonization, AOX knockout mutants were generated in the broad host range pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Disease assays in soybean showed that these mutants had a significant virulence defect as evidenced by markedly reduced stem lesions and mortality rates. Chemical genomics suggested that SsAOX may function as an aromatic AOX, and growth assays demonstrated that ΔSsAOX is incapable of properly utilizing plant extract as a nutrient source. Profiling of known aromatic alcohols pointed towards the monolignol coniferyl alcohol (CA) as a possible substrate for SsAOX. As CA and other monolignols are ubiquitous among land plants, the presence of highly conserved AOX orthologues throughout Ascomycota implies that this is a broadly conserved protein used by ascomycete fungi during plant colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel M. Westrick
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
- United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research ServiceMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Sung Chul Park
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Nancy P. Keller
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Damon L. Smith
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Mehdi Kabbage
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
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2
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Gvozdev AR, Tukhvatullin IA, Gvozdev RI. Quinone-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases and FAD-dependent alcohol oxidases. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2013; 77:843-56. [PMID: 22860906 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912080056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This review considers quinone-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases and FAD-dependent alcohol oxidases, enzymes that are present in numerous methylotrophic eu- and prokaryotes and significantly differ in their primary and quaternary structure. The cofactors of the enzymes are bound to the protein polypeptide chain through ionic and hydrophobic interactions. Microorganisms containing these enzymes are described. Methods for purification of the enzymes, their physicochemical properties, and spatial structures are considered. The supposed mechanism of action and practical application of these enzymes as well as their producers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Gvozdev
- Biosensor AN Ltd., pr. Akademika Semenova 1, 142432 Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia.
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3
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An overview on alcohol oxidases and their potential applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:4259-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4842-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Isobe K, Kataoka M, Ogawa J, Hasegawa J, Shimizu S. Microbial oxidases catalyzing conversion of glycolaldehyde into glyoxal. N Biotechnol 2011; 29:177-82. [PMID: 21820089 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The present paper reviews oxidases catalyzing conversion of glycolaldehyde into glyoxal. The enzymatic oxidation of glycolaldehyde into glyoxal was first reported in alcohol oxidases (AODs) from methylotrophic yeasts such as Candida and Pichia, and glycerol oxidase (GLOD) from Aspergillus japonicus, although it had been reported that these enzymes are specific to short-chain linear aliphatic alcohols and glycerol, respectively. These enzymes continuously oxidized ethylene glycol into glyoxal via glycolaldehyde. The AODs produced by Aspergillus ochraceus and Penicillium purpurescens also oxidized glycolaldehyde. A new enzyme exhibiting oxidase activity for glycolaldehyde was reported from a newly isolated bacterium, Paenibacillus sp. AIU 311. The Paenibacillus enzyme exhibited high activity for aldehyde alcohols such as glycolaldehyde and glyceraldehyde, but not for methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol or glycerol. The deduced amino acid sequence of the Paenibacillus AOD was similar to that of superoxide dismutases (SODs), but not to that of methylotrophic yeast AODs. Then, it was demonstrated that SODs had oxidase activity for aldehyde alcohols including glycolaldehyde. The present paper describes characteristics of glycolaldehyde oxidation by those enzymes produced by different microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiyasu Isobe
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Food Science, Iwate University, Ueda-3, Morioka 020-8550, Japan.
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Zhang H, Loovers HM, Xu LQ, Wang M, Rowling PJE, Itzhaki LS, Gong W, Zhou JM, Jones GW, Perrett S. Alcohol oxidase (AOX1) from Pichia pastoris is a novel inhibitor of prion propagation and a potential ATPase. Mol Microbiol 2009; 71:702-16. [PMID: 19040632 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06557.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous results suggest that methylotrophic yeasts may contain factors that modulate prion stability. Alcohol oxidase (AOX), a key enzyme in methanol metabolism, is an abundant protein that is specific to methylotrophic yeasts. We examined the effect of Pichia pastoris AOX1 on prion phenotypes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The S. cerevisiae prion states [PSI(+)] and [URE3] arise from aggregation of the proteins Sup35p and Ure2p respectively, and correlate with the ability of Sup35p and Ure2p to form amyloid-like fibrils in vitro. We found that expression of P. pastoris AOX1 in S. cerevisiae had no effect on propagation of the [PSI(+)] prion, but inhibited propagation of [URE3]. Addition of AOX1 early in the time-course of fibril formation inhibits Ure2p fibril formation in vitro. AOX1 has not previously been identified as an ATPase. However, we discovered that in addition to its flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent AOX activity, AOX1 possesses ATPase activity. This study identifies AOX1 as a novel prion inhibitory factor and a potential ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
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Isobe K, Takahashi T, Ogawa J, Kataoka M, Shimizu S. Production and characterization of alcohol oxidase from Penicillium purpurescens AIU 063. J Biosci Bioeng 2009; 107:108-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2008.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Lee SH, Kim YK, Yun SH, Lee YW. Identification of differentially expressed proteins in a mat1-2-deleted strain of Gibberella zeae, using a comparative proteomics analysis. Curr Genet 2008; 53:175-84. [PMID: 18214489 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-008-0176-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Revised: 01/07/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gibberella zeae is a self-fertile ascomycetous fungus that causes important diseases of cereal crops. A comprehensive understanding of sexual reproduction in G. zeae is needed for disease control. To identify fungal proteins involved in this process, we compared the protein profiles of a wild-type strain and its self-sterile strain deleted for MAT1-2, a master regulator of sexual reproduction in G. zeae. Using 2-DE and either MALDI-TOF or ESI-Q-TOF MS, we identified 13 protein spots that showed statistically significant differences in expression levels between the two strains; 11 were reduced and two were increased in abundance in the DeltaMAT1-2 strain. Six of the 13 proteins were similar to those related to cell wall structure and the others were orthologs of proteins involved in metabolism or environmental stress responses. We confirmed that all the genes of the proteins examined were down-regulated during the sexual development stage in the DeltaMAT1-2, DeltaMAT1-1, and other strains deleted for a MAP kinase or a G-protein gene. These data suggest that differences in the protein expression levels are mostly affected by down-regulation of the corresponding genes in the DeltaMAT1-2 strain. To date, this is the first proteomics approach successfully identifying proteins differentially regulated by MAT1-2 in G. zeae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Ho Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, South Korea
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Purification and characterization of alcohol oxidase from Paecilomyces variotii isolated as a formaldehyde-resistant fungus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 77:995-1002. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1237-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Revised: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Daniel G, Volc J, Filonova L, Plíhal O, Kubátová E, Halada P. Characteristics of Gloeophyllum trabeum alcohol oxidase, an extracellular source of H2O2 in brown rot decay of wood. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:6241-53. [PMID: 17660304 PMCID: PMC2075019 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00977-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2007] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel alcohol oxidase (AOX) has been purified from mycelial pellets of the wood-degrading basidiomycete Gloeophyllum trabeum and characterized as a homooctameric nonglycosylated protein with native and subunit molecular masses of 628 and 72.4 kDa, containing noncovalently bonded flavin adenine dinucleotide. The isolated AOX cDNA contained an open reading frame of 1,953 bp translating into a polypeptide of 651 amino acids displaying 51 to 53% identity with other published fungal AOX amino acid sequences. The enzyme catalyzed the oxidation of short-chain primary aliphatic alcohols with a preference for methanol (K(m) = 2.3 mM, k(cat) = 15.6 s(-1)). Using polyclonal antibodies and immunofluorescence staining, AOX was localized on liquid culture hyphae and extracellular slime in sections from degraded wood and on cotton fibers. Transmission electron microscopy immunogold labeling localized the enzyme in the hyphal periplasmic space and wall and on extracellular tripartite membranes and slime, while there was no labeling of hyphal peroxisomes. AOX was further shown to be associated with membranous or slime structures secreted by hyphae in wood fiber lumina and within the secondary cell walls of degraded wood fibers. The differences in AOX targeting compared to the known yeast peroxisomal localization were traced to a unique C-terminal sequence of the G. trabeum oxidase, which is apparently responsible for the protein's different translocation. The extracellular distribution and the enzyme's abundance and preference for methanol, potentially available from the demethylation of lignin, all point to a possible role for AOX as a major source of H(2)O(2), a component of Fenton's reagent implicated in the generally accepted mechanisms for brown rot through the production of highly destructive hydroxyl radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Daniel
- Department of Forest Products/Wood Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7008, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Isobe K, Kato A, Sasaki Y, Suzuki S, Kataoka M, Ogawa J, Iwasaki A, Hasegawa J, Shimizu S. Purification and characterization of a novel alcohol oxidase from Paenibacillus sp. AIU 311. J Biosci Bioeng 2007; 104:124-8. [PMID: 17884657 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.104.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An oxidase catalyzing the conversion of glycolaldehyde to glyoxal was purified to the homogeneous state from Paenibacillus sp. AIU 311, and its properties were revealed. This enzyme was specific to glycolaldehyde and glyceraldehyde, and the reaction rates to other alcohols and aldehydes were less than 6% of that of glycolaldehyde. The Km values for glycolaldehyde and glyceraldehyde were estimated to be 13.2 and 7.5 mM, respectively. The glycolaldehyde oxidation was optimum at pH 6.5 and 50 degrees C. The molecular mass of this enzyme was 49 kDa, and it consisted of two identical subunits of 24 kDa. The NH2-terminal sequence was not homologous to those of alcohol oxidases. This is the first report of an oxidase exhibiting high specificity to a hydroxy group of aldehyde alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiyasu Isobe
- Department of Agro-bioscience, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka 020-8550, Japan.
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Isobe K, Kato A, Ogawa J, Kataoka M, Iwasaki A, Hasegawa J, Shimizu S. Characterization of alcohol oxidase from Aspergillus ochraceus AIU 031. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2007; 53:177-83. [PMID: 17726298 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.53.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
An alcohol oxidase (AOD) was found from Aspergillus ochraceus AIU 031, and its characteristics were revealed. This enzyme oxidized short-chain primary alcohols and ethylene glycol, and belonged to the same group as AOD from methylotrophic yeast. However, it differed in the following properties. The K(m) value for ethanol was larger and that for ethylene glycol was smaller than those of AODs derived from methylotrophic yeasts. The ethanol oxidation was optimal at pH 5-7 and 50-55 degrees C. The molecular mass of this enzyme was 262 kDa and consisted of four identical subunits of 68 kDa, which were much smaller than those of methylotrophic yeasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiyasu Isobe
- Department of Agro-bioscience, Iwate University, Ueda, Morioka, Japan.
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12
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Ito T, Fujimura S, Uchino M, Tanaka N, Matsufuji Y, Miyaji T, Takano K, Nakagawa T, Tomizuka N. Distribution, diversity and regulation of alcohol oxidase isozymes, and phylogenetic relationships of methylotrophic yeasts. Yeast 2007; 24:523-32. [PMID: 17476699 DOI: 10.1002/yea.1490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we attempted to classify the methylotrophic yeasts based on diversities of alcohol oxidase (AOD), i.e. zymogram patterns and partial amino acid sequences. According to zymogram patterns for AOD, members of the methylotrophic yeasts separate into two major lineages, one group involving strains having a single AOD and the other group, including Pichia methanolica, Candida pignaliae and C. sonorensis, showing nine AOD isozymes. Based on partial amino acid sequences of AOD, the methylotrophic yeasts could be divided into five groups, and this classification agrees mostly with grouping based on 26S domain D1/D2 rDNA nucleotide sequences, except for some strains. Moreover, the strains having AOD isozymes constitute one group with P. trehalophila, P. glucozyma and Pichia sp. strain BZ159, although these strains are divided into two types, based on amino acid sequences of second AODs. On the other hand, these AOD isozymes consist of two subunits; the first subunits are induced not only by methanol but also by glycerol and pectin, although the second subunits are mainly induced by methanol. These data indicate that AOD isozymes and second AOD genes distribute widely in several methylotrophic yeasts in the natural environment, and second AOD genes may have evolved as methylotrophic genes that can adapt to the environmental conditions of higher methanol concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ito
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Hokkaido, Japan
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Szamecz B, Urbán G, Rubiera R, Kucsera J, Dorgai L. Identification of four alcohol oxidases from methylotrophic yeasts. Yeast 2005; 22:669-76. [PMID: 16032762 DOI: 10.1002/yea.1236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Three yeast strains capable of utilizing methanol as sole carbon and energy source were isolated. Two were classified as Candida boidinii, while the third belonged in the genus Pichia. From these three strains, four alcohol oxidases genes were identified and the sequences of the coding regions were determined: one from each Candida boidinii (aox0673 and aox0680) and two from Pichia sp. 159 (aoxA and aoxB). Methanol induces both alcohol oxidases in Pichia sp. 159: the levels of aoxA and aoxB mRNA reach about 100% and 300%, respectively, of that of his4 mRNA. aoxA, but not aoxB, is expressed at a low level in the presence of glucose. The newly described alcohol oxidases have proper dinucleotide binding sites and PTS1-like C-terminal tripeptides, identified as important elements for peroxisomal localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béla Szamecz
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Bay Zoltán Institute for Biotechnology, Derkovits Fasor 2, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
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Ozimek P, Veenhuis M, van der Klei IJ. Alcohol oxidase: a complex peroxisomal, oligomeric flavoprotein. FEMS Yeast Res 2005; 5:975-83. [PMID: 16169288 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsyr.2005.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2005] [Revised: 06/07/2005] [Accepted: 06/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol oxidase (AO) is the key enzyme of methanol metabolism in methylotrophic yeast species. It catalyses the first step of methanol catabolism, namely its oxidation to formaldehyde with concomitant production of hydrogen peroxide. In its mature active form, AO is a molecule of high molecular mass (600 kDa) that consists of eight identical subunits, each of which carry one non-covalently bound flavin adenine nucleotide (FAD) molecule as the prosthetic group. In vivo, the protein is compartmentalized into special cell organelles, termed peroxisomes. AO is an abundant protein and its synthesis is strictly regulated by repression/derepression and induction mechanisms that occur at the transcriptional level. Various aspects of its sorting and assembly/activation render AO a unique protein. Recent developments of AO synthesis, sorting and assembly/activation are highlighted in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Ozimek
- Eukaryotic Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, P.O. Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands
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Ko HS, Yokoyama Y, Ohno N, Okadome M, Amachi S, Shinoyama H, Fujii T. Purification and characterization of intracellular and extracellular, thermostable and alkali-tolerant alcohol oxidases produced by a thermophilic fungus, Thermoascus aurantiacus NBRC 31693. J Biosci Bioeng 2005; 99:348-53. [PMID: 16233800 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.99.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2004] [Accepted: 12/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular and extracellular alcohol oxidases (AO int and AO ext) were purified from the liquid and solid cultures of a thermophilic fungus, Thermoascus aurantiacus NBRC 31693, as electrophoretically and isoelectrophoretically homogeneous proteins, respectively. Both enzymes contained a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor and were stained with Schiff's reagent. The molecular weight of AO int was estimated to be about 320 kDa and its subunit was 75 kDa. The molecular weight of AO ext was about 560 kDa, and it was composed of two types of subunits (75 kDa and 59 kDa). The pIs of AO int and AO ext were 5.88 and 6.08, respectively. AO int and AO ext were stable up to 60 degrees C and 55 degrees C, respectively. The enzymes were stable over a wide range of pH from 6 to 11. AO int oxidized short straight-chain alcohols (K(m) for methanol, 13.5 mM and K(m) for ethanol, 15.8 mM). On the other hand, AO ext could oxidize secondary alcohols and aromatic alcohols (veratryl alcohol and benzyl alcohol) in addition to straight-chain alcohols (K(m) for methanol, 0.5 mM and K(m) for ethanol, 10.2 mM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Sun Ko
- Department of Bioresources Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Matsudo-city, Chiba 271-8510, Japan
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Kiel JAKW, van den Berg M, Bovenberg RAL, van der Klei IJ, Veenhuis M. Penicillium chrysogenum Pex5p mediates differential sorting of PTS1 proteins to microbodies of the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha. Fungal Genet Biol 2004; 41:708-20. [PMID: 15275666 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2004.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2003] [Accepted: 02/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We have isolated the Penicillium chrysogenum pex5 gene encoding the receptor for microbody matrix proteins containing a type 1 peroxisomal targeting signal (PTS1). Pc-pex5 contains 2 introns and encodes a protein of approximately 75 kDa. P. chrysogenum pex5 disruptants appear to be highly unstable, show poor growth, and are unable to sporulate asexually. Furthermore, pex5 cells mislocalize a fluorescent PTS1 reporter protein to the cytosol. Pc-pex5 was expressed in a PEX5 null mutant of the yeast Hansenula polymorpha. Detailed analysis demonstrated that the PTS1 proteins dihydroxyacetone synthase and catalase were almost fully imported into microbodies. Surprisingly, alcohol oxidase, which also depends on Pex5p for import into microbodies, remained mainly in the cytosol. Thus, P. chrysogenum Pex5p has a different specificity of cargo recognition than its H. polymorpha counterpart. This was also suggested by the observation that Pc-Pex5p sorted a reporter protein fused to various functional PTS1 signals with different efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan A K W Kiel
- Eukaryotic Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 14, Haren NL-9750 AA, The Netherlands.
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Foster SJ, Fitt BDL. Isolation and characterisation of the mating-type (MAT) locus from Rhynchosporium secalis. Curr Genet 2003; 44:277-86. [PMID: 14517690 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-003-0445-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2003] [Revised: 08/29/2003] [Accepted: 09/01/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The mating-type ( MAT) genes from Rhynchosporium secalis were isolated using PCR-based methods. Characterisation of the MAT idiomorphs suggests that R. secalis is closely related to the discomycetes Pyrenopeziza brassicae and Tapesia yallundae in terms of sequence and MAT locus gene composition. The MAT1-2 idiomorph contains a single gene encoding a protein with a high-mobility group (HMG) DNA-binding domain. The MAT1-1 idiomorph contains two genes, one encoding a protein with a HMG domain and the other encoding an alpha box domain. A second, previously undescribed, intron was identified within the P. brassicae MAT1-2-1 gene. Two introns were also present in the corresponding gene in R. secalis and this showed the similarity between these genes at the discomycete MAT1-2 locus. Using PCR, we identified isolates of both mating types from barley crops in different parts of the UK and showed that the composition of the MAT idiomorphs is conserved in these isolates. These findings support the hypothesis that R. secalis is a heterothallic discomycete which has an as yet unidentified teleomorph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Foster
- Plant-Pathogen Interactions Division, Rothamsted Research, AL5 2JQ, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK.
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