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Methamphetamine induced neurotoxic diseases, molecular mechanism, and current treatment strategies. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113591. [PMID: 36007276 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (MA) is a extremely addictive psychostimulant drug with a significant abuse potential. Long-term MA exposure can induce neurotoxic effects through oxidative stress, mitochondrial functional impairment, endoplasmic reticulum stress, the activation of astrocytes and microglial cells, axonal transport barriers, autophagy, and apoptosis. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying MA-induced neurotoxicity remain unclear. MA abuse increases the chances of developing neurotoxic conditions such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurotoxic diseases. MA increases the risk of PD by increasing the expression of alpha-synuclein (ASYN). Furthermore, MA abuse is linked to high chances of developing AD and subsequent neurodegeneration due to biological variations in the brain region or genetic and epigenetic variations. To date, there is no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapy for MA-induced neurotoxicity, although many studies are being conducted to develop effective therapeutic strategies. Most current studies are now focused on developing therapies to diminish the neurotoxic effects of MA, based on the underlying mechanism of neurotoxicity. This review article highlights current research on several therapeutic techniques targeting multiple pathways to reduce the neurotoxic effects of MA in the brain, as well as the putative mechanism of MA-induced neurotoxicity.
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Funakoshi A, Tatsuno K, Shimauchi T, Fujiyama T, Ito T, Tokura Y. Cholecystokinin Downregulates Psoriatic Inflammation by Its Possible Self-Regulatory Effect on Epidermal Keratinocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:2609-2615. [PMID: 30902899 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide hormone that functions in digestive organs and the CNS. We previously showed that CCK downregulates peripheral pruritus by suppressing degranulation of mast cells. In this study, we demonstrated that CCK octapeptide (CCK8) was constitutively expressed in the epidermis of normal skin, whereas its expression was lost in acanthotic lesions of psoriasis. In contrast, CCKA receptor (CCKAR), a high-affinity receptor for CCK, was constitutively expressed in the epidermis of psoriatic skin lesions. Expression of CCK was also reduced in skin lesions of an imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriatic mouse model. Notably, the expression level of CCK inversely correlated with the severity of epidermal inflammation, raising the possibility that CCK from epidermal keratinocytes suppresses the psoriatic inflammation. To verify this hypothesis, we investigated the effects of sulfated CCK octapeptide (CCK8S) on the development of IMQ-induced psoriatic inflammation. i.p. injection of CCK8S suppressed the IMQ-induced psoriatic inflammation accompanied by reduced mRNA expression of IL-17, IL-22, and IL-6 but not of IL-23. The suppressive effect of CCK8S was completely restored by administration of CCKAR antagonist. In vitro studies showed that exogenous CCK8S suppressed IL-6 production in CCKAR-expressing cultured human keratinocytes, and blocking the endogenous CCK signaling with CCKAR antagonist markedly enhanced IL-6 production. When keratinocytes were stimulated with IL-17, the expression of endogenous CCK was significantly decreased. These findings suggest that CCK physiologically functions as a negative regulator of keratinocyte-based inflammation in an autocrine or paracrine manner, although decreased CCK may pathologically contribute to continuous and aggravated skin lesions such as psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Funakoshi
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kazuki Tatsuno
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Shimauchi
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Fujiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Taisuke Ito
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Tokura
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
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Yue M, Zhang X, Dou Y, Wei Z, Tao Y, Xia Y, Dai Y. Gut-Sourced Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide Induced by the Activation of α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Substantially Contributes to the Anti-inflammatory Effect of Sinomenine in Collagen-Induced Arthritis. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:675. [PMID: 29997506 PMCID: PMC6028598 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sinomenine has long been used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in China. However, its anti-inflammatory mechanism is still debatable because the in vitro minimal effective concentration (≥250 μM) is hardly reached in either synovium or serum after oral administration at a therapeutic dose. Recent findings suggest that the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) might mediate the inhibitory effect of sinomenine on macrophage activation, which attracts us to explore the anti-arthritis mechanism of sinomenine by taking neuroendocrine-inflammation axis into consideration. Here, we showed that orally administered sinomenine ameliorated the systemic inflammation of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rats, which was significantly diminished by either vagotomy or the antagonists of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (especially the antagonist of α7nAChR), but not by the antagonists of muscarinic receptor. Sinomenine might bind to α7nAChR through interacting with the residues Tyr184 and Tyr191 in the pocket. In addition, the generation of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) from the gut of CIA rats and cultured neuron-like cells was selectively enhanced by sinomenine through the activation of α7nAChR-PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. The elevated levels of VIP in the serum and small intestine of rats were negatively correlated with the scores of joint destruction. The crucial role of VIP in the anti-arthritic effect of sinomenine was confirmed by using VIP hybrid, a non-specific antagonist of VIP receptor. Taken together, intestine-sourced VIP mediates the anti-arthritic effect of sinomenine, which is generated by the activation of α7nAChR.
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Affiliation(s)
- MengFan Yue
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - XinYu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Experiment Center of Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - YanNong Dou
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - ZhiFeng Wei
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Tao
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - YuFeng Xia
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Dai
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Li H, Chen HY, Liu WX, Jia XX, Zhang JG, Ma CL, Zhang XJ, Yu F, Cong B. Prostaglandin E 2 restrains human Treg cell differentiation via E prostanoid receptor 2-protein kinase A signaling. Immunol Lett 2017; 191:63-72. [PMID: 28963072 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) belong to a class of immunosuppressive cells that control the pathological changes of autoimmunity and inflammation. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a potent lipid mediator of immune inflammation including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) that exerts its effects via four subtypes of G-protein-coupled receptors (EP1-4). The ability of PGE2 to regulate human Treg differentiation has not yet been reported. In the current study, we investigated the effects of PGE2 on the differentiation of naïve T cells from healthy and RA patients into Treg cells and the intracellular signaling involved in this process in vitro. Our data indicate that PGE2 negatively influenced the percentage of Treg cells and Foxp3 mRNA expression. The regulatory effects of PGE2 were associated with increased intracellular cAMP levels and PKA activity. EP2 receptors may mediate the inhibitory role of PGE2, since PGE2 actions were mimicked by EP2 agonist (Butaprost) and cAMP agonist (Sp-8-CPT-cAMPS) but were reversed by an EP2 antagonist (PF-04418948) and a PKA inhibitor (H-89). PGE2 negatively modulated the expression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor-related protein (GITR), as well as the production of interleukin (IL)-10 by Treg cells via EP2 receptors and cAMP/PKA signaling. All these findings indicate that PGE2 can inhibit Treg differentiation mediated through the EP2-cAMP/PKA signaling pathway, and suggest novel immune-based therapies for use in RA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China.
| | - Hai-Ying Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, PR China.
| | - Wen-Xuan Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China.
| | - Xian-Xian Jia
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China.
| | - Jing-Ge Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China.
| | - Chun-Ling Ma
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China.
| | - Feng Yu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China.
| | - Bin Cong
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China.
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Wen D, An M, Gou H, Liu X, Liu L, Ma C, Cong B. Cholecystokinin-8 inhibits methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity via an anti-oxidative stress pathway. Neurotoxicology 2016; 57:31-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tabarkiewicz J, Pogoda K, Karczmarczyk A, Pozarowski P, Giannopoulos K. The Role of IL-17 and Th17 Lymphocytes in Autoimmune Diseases. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2015; 63:435-49. [PMID: 26062902 PMCID: PMC4633446 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0344-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The end of twentieth century has introduced some changes into T helper (Th) cells division. The identification of the new subpopulation of T helper cells producing IL-17 modified model of Th1-Th2 paradigm and it was named Th17. High abilities to stimulate acute and chronic inflammation made these cells ideal candidate for crucial player in development of autoimmune disorders. Numerous publications based on animal and human models confirmed their pivotal role in pathogenesis of human systemic and organ-specific autoimmune diseases. These findings made Th17 cells and pathways regulating their development and function a good target for therapy. Therapies based on inhibition of Th17-dependent pathways are associated with clinical benefits, but on the other hand are frequently inducing adverse effects. In this review, we attempt to summarize researches focused on the importance of Th17 cells in development of human autoimmune diseases as well as effectiveness of targeting IL-17 and its pathways in pre-clinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Tabarkiewicz
- Centre for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Medical Faculty, University of Rzeszów, Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Pogoda
- Centre for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Medical Faculty, University of Rzeszów, Rzeszow, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Pozarowski
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Recent advances in methamphetamine neurotoxicity mechanisms and its molecular pathophysiology. Behav Neurol 2015; 2015:103969. [PMID: 25861156 PMCID: PMC4377385 DOI: 10.1155/2015/103969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a sympathomimetic amine that belongs to phenethylamine and amphetamine class of psychoactive drugs, which are widely abused for their stimulant, euphoric, empathogenic, and hallucinogenic properties. Many of these effects result from acute increases in dopamine and serotonin neurotransmission. Subsequent to these acute effects, METH produces persistent damage to dopamine and serotonin release in nerve terminals, gliosis, and apoptosis. This review summarized the numerous interdependent mechanisms including excessive dopamine, ubiquitin-proteasome system dysfunction, protein nitration, endoplasmic reticulum stress, p53 expression, inflammatory molecular, D3 receptor, microtubule deacetylation, and HIV-1 Tat protein that have been demonstrated to contribute to this damage. In addition, the feasible therapeutic strategies according to recent studies were also summarized ranging from drug and protein to gene level.
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Gou H, Wen D, Ma C, Li M, Li Y, Zhang W, Liu L, Cong B. Protective effects of cholecystokinin-8 on methamphetamine-induced behavioral changes and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in mice. Behav Brain Res 2015; 283:87-96. [PMID: 25629941 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether pretreatment with the neuropeptide cholecystokinin-8 affected methamphetamine (METH)-induced behavioral changes and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in male C57/BL6 mice. CCK-8 pretreatment alone had no effect on locomotion and stereotypic behavior and could not induce behavioral sensitization; however, it attenuated, in a dose-dependent manner, hyperlocomotion and behavioral sensitization induced by a low dose of METH (1mg/kg). CCK-8 attenuated METH-induced stereotypic behavior at a dose of 3mg/kg but not at 10mg/kg. CCK-8 pretreatment attenuated METH (10mg/kg)-induced hyperthermia, the decrease of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine transporter (DAT) in the striatum, and TH in the substantia nigra. CCK-8 alone had no effect on rectal temperature, TH and DAT expression in the nigrostriatal region. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that pretreatment with CCK-8 inhibited changes typically induced by repeated exposure to METH, such as hyperlocomotion, behavioral sensitization, stereotypic behavior, and dopaminergic neurotoxicity. These findings make CCK-8 a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of multiple symptoms associated with METH abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Gou
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Di Wen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Chunling Ma
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050017, China.
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Yingmin Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Wenfang Zhang
- The 8th Brigade of General Division of Criminal Investigation, Beijing Municipal Public Security Bureau, Beijing 100006, China
| | - Li Liu
- The 8th Brigade of General Division of Criminal Investigation, Beijing Municipal Public Security Bureau, Beijing 100006, China
| | - Bin Cong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050017, China.
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Jia X, Cong B, Zhang J, Li H, Liu W, Chang H, Dong M, Ma C. CCK8 negatively regulates the TLR9-induced activation of human peripheral blood pDCs by targeting TRAF6 signaling. Eur J Immunol 2013; 44:489-99. [PMID: 24301797 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are specialized in rapid and massive secretion of type I interferon in response to foreign nuclei acids. Combined with their antigen presentation capacity, this powerful functionality enables pDCs to orchestrate innate and adaptive immune responses. Cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK8) is a potent immunomodulator, whose role in pDCs function is unknown. In this study, we found that two different cholecystokinin receptors, CCK1R and CCK2R, are expressed on human peripheral blood pDCs. Exogenous CCK8 was able to modulate the TLR-induced activation of pDCs, including phenotypic maturation, IFN-α synthesis and secretion, and could also regulate the potential of pDCs to induce adaptive immune responses in vitro. CCK8 inhibited TLR9-induced activation of tumor-necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6, which is an important adapter protein in activation of interferon-regulatory factor (IRF)5 and IRF7, possibly through CCK2R, by evoking the activity of protein kinase (PK)A and reducing the activity of PKC. All these results indicate that CCK8 can inhibit the TLR9-induced phenotypic maturation and activation of pDCs, acting through CCK2R by modulating the tumor-necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianxian Jia
- Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
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Zhang JG, Cong B, Jia XX, Li H, Li QX, Ma CL, Feng Y. Cholecystokinin octapeptide inhibits immunoglobulin G1 production of lipopolysaccharide-activated B cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:1685-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8): friend or foe for rheumatoid arthritis? Rheumatol Int 2010; 31:1397-8. [PMID: 20668859 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-010-1582-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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