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Hellmann AM, Lother J, Wurster S, Lutz MB, Schmitt AL, Morton CO, Eyrich M, Czakai K, Einsele H, Loeffler J. Human and Murine Innate Immune Cell Populations Display Common and Distinct Response Patterns during Their In Vitro Interaction with the Pathogenic Mold Aspergillus fumigatus. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1716. [PMID: 29270175 PMCID: PMC5723658 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is the main cause of invasive fungal infections occurring almost exclusively in immunocompromised patients. An improved understanding of the initial innate immune response is key to the development of better diagnostic tools and new treatment options. Mice are commonly used to study immune defense mechanisms during the infection of the mammalian host with A. fumigatus. However, little is known about functional differences between the human and murine immune response against this fungal pathogen. Thus, we performed a comparative functional analysis of human and murine dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, and polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) using standardized and reproducible working conditions, laboratory protocols, and readout assays. A. fumigatus did not provoke identical responses in murine and human immune cells but rather initiated relatively specific responses. While human DCs showed a significantly stronger upregulation of their maturation markers and major histocompatibility complex molecules and phagocytosed A. fumigatus more efficiently compared to their murine counterparts, murine PMNs and macrophages exhibited a significantly stronger release of reactive oxygen species after exposure to A. fumigatus. For all studied cell types, human and murine samples differed in their cytokine response to conidia or germ tubes of A. fumigatus. Furthermore, Dectin-1 showed inverse expression patterns on human and murine DCs after fungal stimulation. These specific differences should be carefully considered and highlight potential limitations in the transferability of murine host–pathogen interaction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Hellmann
- Medizinische Klinik & Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Lother
- Medizinische Klinik & Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wurster
- Medizinische Klinik & Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Manfred B Lutz
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Lena Schmitt
- Medizinische Klinik & Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Charles Oliver Morton
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthias Eyrich
- Kinderklinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kristin Czakai
- Medizinische Klinik & Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hermann Einsele
- Medizinische Klinik & Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Juergen Loeffler
- Medizinische Klinik & Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Guarino C, Hamon Y, Croix C, Lamort AS, Dallet-Choisy S, Marchand-Adam S, Lesner A, Baranek T, Viaud-Massuard MC, Lauritzen C, Pedersen J, Heuzé-Vourc'h N, Si-Tahar M, Fıratlı E, Jenne DE, Gauthier F, Horwitz MS, Borregaard N, Korkmaz B. Prolonged pharmacological inhibition of cathepsin C results in elimination of neutrophil serine proteases. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 131:52-67. [PMID: 28193451 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin C (CatC) is a tetrameric cysteine dipeptidyl aminopeptidase that plays a key role in activation of pro-inflammatory serine protease zymogens by removal of a N-terminal pro-dipeptide sequence. Loss of function mutations in the CatC gene is associated with lack of immune cell serine protease activities and cause Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome (PLS). Also, only very low levels of elastase-like protease zymogens are detected by proteome analysis of neutrophils from PLS patients. Thus, CatC inhibitors represent new alternatives for the treatment of neutrophil protease-driven inflammatory or autoimmune diseases. We aimed to experimentally inactivate and lower neutrophil elastase-like proteases by pharmacological blocking of CatC-dependent maturation in cell-based assays and in vivo. Isolated, immature bone marrow cells from healthy donors pulse-chased in the presence of a new cell permeable cyclopropyl nitrile CatC inhibitor almost totally lack elastase. We confirmed the elimination of neutrophil elastase-like proteases by prolonged inhibition of CatC in a non-human primate. We also showed that neutrophils lacking elastase-like protease activities were still recruited to inflammatory sites. These preclinical results demonstrate that the disappearance of neutrophil elastase-like proteases as observed in PLS patients can be achieved by pharmacological inhibition of bone marrow CatC. Such a transitory inhibition of CatC might thus help to rebalance the protease load during chronic inflammatory diseases, which opens new perspectives for therapeutic applications in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Guarino
- INSERM U-1100, "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires" and Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Yveline Hamon
- INSERM U-1100, "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires" and Université François Rabelais, Tours, France; Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, and Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Cécile Croix
- CNRS UMR-7292, "GICC, Innovation Moléculaire et Thérapeutique", Université de Tours, 31 Avenue Monge, Tours, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Lamort
- INSERM U-1100, "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires" and Université François Rabelais, Tours, France; Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, and Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sandrine Dallet-Choisy
- INSERM U-1100, "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires" and Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Sylvain Marchand-Adam
- INSERM U-1100, "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires" and Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Adam Lesner
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Thomas Baranek
- INSERM U-1100, "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires" and Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Marie-Claude Viaud-Massuard
- CNRS UMR-7292, "GICC, Innovation Moléculaire et Thérapeutique", Université de Tours, 31 Avenue Monge, Tours, France
| | | | | | - Nathalie Heuzé-Vourc'h
- INSERM U-1100, "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires" and Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Mustapha Si-Tahar
- INSERM U-1100, "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires" and Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Erhan Fıratlı
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dieter E Jenne
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, and Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Francis Gauthier
- INSERM U-1100, "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires" and Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
| | | | - Niels Borregaard
- The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, National University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brice Korkmaz
- INSERM U-1100, "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires" and Université François Rabelais, Tours, France; Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Korkmaz B, Jenne DE, Gauthier F. Relevance of the mouse model as a therapeutic approach for neutrophil proteinase 3-associated human diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:1198-205. [PMID: 23886601 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Proteinase 3 (PR3) is one of the four elastase-related serine proteinases stored in the azurophilic granules of neutrophils. Although it participates in the pro- and anti-inflammatory responses to infection and inflammation it also retains specific functions that make it different from neutrophil elastase in spite of their close structural resemblance. PR3 is involved in the immune response to infection and is the major autoantigen in granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA, formerly Wegener disease), an autoimmune systemic vasculitis with granulomas. Thus, PR3 appears to be a relevant therapeutic target in a variety of inflammatory human diseases. Animal models are required for the testing of new drugs that target PR3 specifically but differences between human and rodent neutrophil PR3 expression and substrate specificity have greatly impaired progress in this direction. This may explain that, to date, there is no spontaneous model of vasculitis associated with anti-PR3 antibodies. In this review, we will focus on the structural and functional differences between human and murine PR3, and how these differences may be by-passed in order to develop a relevant animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Korkmaz
- "Centre d'Etudes des Pathologies Respiratoires", INSERM U-1100/EA-6305 37032, Université François Rabelais, 37032 Tours, France.
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Relle M, Becker M, Meyer RG, Stassen M, Schwarting A. Intronic promoters and their noncoding transcripts: A new source of cancer-associated genes. Mol Carcinog 2012; 53:117-24. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.21955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Relle
- I. Department of Medicine; University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Marc Becker
- I. Department of Medicine; University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Ralf G. Meyer
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology; University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Michael Stassen
- Institute for Immunology; University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Andreas Schwarting
- I. Department of Medicine; University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz Germany
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Relle M, Cash H, Schommers N, Reifenberg K, Galle PR, Schwarting A. PR3 antibodies do not induce renal pathology in a novel PR3-humanized mouse model for Wegener's granulomatosis. Rheumatol Int 2012; 33:613-22. [PMID: 22481216 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-012-2406-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Different murine models have been used as basis for Proteinase 3 (PR3)-associated vasculitis models, but sufficient reproduction of the human clinical manifestation has failed to this date. As a reliable animal model is needed to further elucidate the pathological value of PR3-ANCA, we developed a PR3-humanized transgenic mouse model, in order to induce a glomerulonephritis. Our huPR3-transgenic mice were injected i.v. with our monoclonal antibodies, either unlabeled or directly labeled by fluorescein isothiocyanate. For a period of 5 days, proteinuria and erythrocyte count were measured with urine dip sticks. None of the mice exhibited proteinuria and/or an abnormal number of erythrocytes in the urine. Five days after antibody treatment, the mice were killed and different organs were fixed and immunohistochemically assessed. In the case of the kidney, we could detect a glomerulonephritis. Our study is able to show that although a direct renal target was given in transgenic human PR3 mice, no renal pathology was detectable. Multifactorial mechanisms for PR3-ANCA involvement in the development of Wegener's granulomatosis must be hypothesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Relle
- First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide an update on animal models of antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA)-mediated vasculitis and highlight recent insights gained from studies in these models pertaining to immunopathogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS Animal models support the pathogenic potential of myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCA. Alternative pathway complement activation has been identified as a novel inflammatory pathway in disease induction and a potential target for intervention. Interventions targeting B cells, antibodies, and signal transduction pathways may hold promise as well. The role of T cells is beginning to be explored, and studies indicate a prominent role for Th17 responses. The link between infection and ANCA vasculitis is well established. In animal models, Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 ligation is involved in disease induction. Ligation of TLRs contributes to the initiation of anti-MPO autoimmune responses in which TLR2 activation induces a Th17 response and TLR9 activation directs a Th1 response. An animal model for PR3-ANCA vasculitis is not available yet but models with a humanized immune system are being developed and show promising first results. SUMMARY Animal models of MPO-ANCA vasculitis have contributed substantially to our understanding of disease immunopathogenesis and have illuminated novel targets for intervention. The development of PR3-ANCA animal models remains a challenge but recent observations in humanized model systems offer hope.
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