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Lv F, Li Z, Jing Y, Sun L, Li Z, Duan H. The effects and underlying mechanism of extracorporeal shockwave therapy on fracture healing. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1188297. [PMID: 37293486 PMCID: PMC10246855 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1188297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical efficacy of ESWT in treating bone non union has been widely recognized, but the biological mechanism of ESWT promoting bone non union healing is still unclear. ESWT can make old callus micro fracture through mechanical conduction, form subperiosteal hematoma, promote the release of bioactive factors, reactivate the fracture healing mechanism, rebalance the activities of osteoblasts and osteoclast, promote the angiogenesis of fracture site, and accelerate the healing of bone nonunion.Over recent years, great efforts have been made by both scientists and clinicians to explore the underlying mechanism behind the healing effect of ESWT on bone fractures. In this review, we introduced the growth factors during osteogenesis induced by ESWT hoping to provide new insights in the clinical use of ESWT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Haoyang Duan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang chun, China
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2
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Mundy C, Yao L, Sinha S, Chung J, Rux D, Catheline SE, Koyama E, Qin L, Pacifici M. Activin A promotes the development of acquired heterotopic ossification and is an effective target for disease attenuation in mice. Sci Signal 2021; 14:eabd0536. [PMID: 33563697 PMCID: PMC10508179 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abd0536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a common, potentially debilitating pathology that is instigated by inflammation caused by tissue damage or other insults, which is followed by chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, and extraskeletal bone accumulation. Current remedies are not very effective and have side effects, including the risk of triggering additional HO. The TGF-β family member activin A is produced by activated macrophages and other inflammatory cells and stimulates the intracellular effectors SMAD2 and SMAD3 (SMAD2/3). Because HO starts with inflammation and because SMAD2/3 activation is chondrogenic, we tested whether activin A stimulated HO development. Using mouse models of acquired intramuscular and subdermal HO, we found that blockage of endogenous activin A by a systemically administered neutralizing antibody reduced HO development and bone accumulation. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis and developmental trajectories showed that the antibody treatment reduced the recruitment of Sox9+ skeletal progenitors, many of which also expressed the gene encoding activin A (Inhba), to HO sites. Gain-of-function assays showed that activin A enhanced the chondrogenic differentiation of progenitor cells through SMAD2/3 signaling, and inclusion of activin A in HO-inducing implants enhanced HO development in vivo. Together, our data reveal that activin A is a critical upstream signaling stimulator of acquired HO in mice and could represent an effective therapeutic target against forms of this pathology in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Mundy
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lutian Yao
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Sayantani Sinha
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Juliet Chung
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Danielle Rux
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sarah E Catheline
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eiki Koyama
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ling Qin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Maurizio Pacifici
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Zuliani CC, Damas II, Andrade KC, Westin CB, Moraes ÂM, Coimbra IB. Chondrogenesis of human amniotic fluid stem cells in Chitosan-Xanthan scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3063. [PMID: 33542256 PMCID: PMC7862244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82341-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular chondral lesions, caused either by trauma or chronic cartilage diseases such as osteoarthritis, present very low ability to self-regenerate. Thus, their current management is basically symptomatic, progressing very often to invasive procedures or even arthroplasties. The use of amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSCs), due to their multipotentiality and plasticity, associated with scaffolds, is a promising alternative for the reconstruction of articular cartilage. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the chondrogenic potential of AFSCs in a micromass system (high-density cell culture) under insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) stimuli, as well as to look at their potential to differentiate directly when cultured in a porous chitosan-xanthan (CX) scaffold. The experiments were performed with a CD117 positive cell population, with expression of markers (CD117, SSEA-4, Oct-4 and NANOG), selected from AFSCs, after immunomagnetic separation. The cells were cultured in both a micromass system and directly in the scaffold, in the presence of IGF-1. Differentiation to chondrocytes was confirmed by histology and by using immunohistochemistry. The construct cell-scaffold was also analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results demonstrated the chondrogenic potential of AFSCs cultivated directly in CX scaffolds and also in the micromass system. Such findings support and stimulate future studies using these constructs in osteoarthritic animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina C Zuliani
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 126 Tessália Vieira de Camargo Street, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Ingrid I Damas
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 126 Tessália Vieira de Camargo Street, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Kleber C Andrade
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 101 Alexander Fleming Street, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-891, Brazil
| | - Cecília B Westin
- Department of Materials Engineering and Bioprocesses, School of Chemical Engineering, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 500 Albert Einstein Avenue, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-852, Brazil
| | - Ângela M Moraes
- Department of Materials Engineering and Bioprocesses, School of Chemical Engineering, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 500 Albert Einstein Avenue, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-852, Brazil
| | - Ibsen Bellini Coimbra
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 126 Tessália Vieira de Camargo Street, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-887, Brazil.
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4
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Frohlich J, Vinciguerra M. Candidate rejuvenating factor GDF11 and tissue fibrosis: friend or foe? GeroScience 2020; 42:1475-1498. [PMID: 33025411 PMCID: PMC7732895 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00279-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11 or bone morphogenetic protein 11, BMP11) belongs to the transforming growth factor-β superfamily and is closely related to other family member-myostatin (also known as GDF8). GDF11 was firstly identified in 2004 due to its ability to rejuvenate the function of multiple organs in old mice. However, in the past few years, the heralded rejuvenating effects of GDF11 have been seriously questioned by many studies that do not support the idea that restoring levels of GDF11 in aging improves overall organ structure and function. Moreover, with increasing controversies, several other studies described the involvement of GDF11 in fibrotic processes in various organ setups. This review paper focuses on the GDF11 and its pro- or anti-fibrotic actions in major organs and tissues, with the goal to summarize our knowledge on its emerging role in regulating the progression of fibrosis in different pathological conditions, and to guide upcoming research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Frohlich
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Manlio Vinciguerra
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, University College London (UCL), London, UK.
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Arrigoni C, D’Arrigo D, Rossella V, Candrian C, Albertini V, Moretti M. Umbilical Cord MSCs and Their Secretome in the Therapy of Arthritic Diseases: A Research and Industrial Perspective. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061343. [PMID: 32481562 PMCID: PMC7348802 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of arthritic diseases is increasing in developed countries, but effective treatments are currently lacking. The injection of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represents a promising approach to counteract the degenerative and inflammatory environment characterizing those pathologies, such as osteoarthritis (OA). However, the majority of clinical approaches based on MSCs are used within an autologous paradigm, with important limitations. For this reason, allogeneic MSCs isolated from cord blood (cbMSCs) and Wharton’s jelly (wjMSCs) gained increasing interest, demonstrating promising results in this field. Moreover, recent evidences shows that MSCs beneficial effects can be related to their secretome rather than to the presence of cells themselves. Among the trophic factors secreted by MSCs, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as a promising candidate for the treatment of arthritic joints. In the present review, the application of umbilical cord MSCs and their secretome as innovative therapeutic approaches in the treatment of arthritic joints will be examined. With the prospective of routine clinical applications, umbilical cord MSCs and EVs will be discussed also within an industrial and regulatory perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Arrigoni
- Regenerative Medicine Technologies Laboratory, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), via Tesserete 46, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland; (C.A.); (D.D.)
| | - Daniele D’Arrigo
- Regenerative Medicine Technologies Laboratory, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), via Tesserete 46, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland; (C.A.); (D.D.)
| | - Valeria Rossella
- Swiss Stem Cells Biotech, Via Pizzamiglio 12, 6833 Vacallo, Switzerland; (V.R.); (V.A.)
| | - Christian Candrian
- Unità di Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), via Tesserete 46, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland;
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Via Buffi 13, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Veronica Albertini
- Swiss Stem Cells Biotech, Via Pizzamiglio 12, 6833 Vacallo, Switzerland; (V.R.); (V.A.)
| | - Matteo Moretti
- Regenerative Medicine Technologies Laboratory, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), via Tesserete 46, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland; (C.A.); (D.D.)
- Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, via R. Galeazzi 4., 20161 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-91-811-7076
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Ye F, Xu H, Yin H, Zhao X, Li D, Zhu Q, Wang Y. The role of BMP6 in the proliferation and differentiation of chicken cartilage cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0204384. [PMID: 31260450 PMCID: PMC6602178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 6 may play an important role in skeletal system development and progression. However, the mechanism underlying the effects of BMP6 in cartilage cell proliferation and differentiation remains unknown. In this study, cartilage cells were isolated from shanks of chicken embryos and treated with different concentrations of Growth Hormone. Cell proliferation potential was assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), western blotting and CCK-8 assays in vitro. The results showed that at 48 h, the Collagen II and BMP6 expression levels in 50 ng/μl GH-treated cartilage cells were significantly higher than in groups treated with 100 ng/μl or 200 ng/μl GH. We further observed that knockdown of BMP6 in cartilage cells led to significantly decreased expression mRNAs and proteins of Collagen II and Collagen X. Moreover, the suppression of BMP6 expression by a specific siRNA led to significantly decreased expression mRNA levels of IGF1R, JAK2, PKC, PTH, IHH and PTHrP and decreased protein levels of PKC, IHH and PTHrP. Taken together, our data suggest that BMP6 may play a critical role in chicken cartilage cell proliferation and differentiation through the regulation of IGF1, JAK2, PKC, PTH, and IHH-PTHrP signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ye
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hengyong Xu
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huadong Yin
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhao
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Diyan Li
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Park YB, Ha CW, Rhim JH, Lee HJ. Stem Cell Therapy for Articular Cartilage Repair: Review of the Entity of Cell Populations Used and the Result of the Clinical Application of Each Entity. Am J Sports Med 2018; 46:2540-2552. [PMID: 29023156 DOI: 10.1177/0363546517729152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following successful preclinical studies, stem cell therapy is emerging as a candidate for the treatment of articular cartilage lesions. Because stem cell therapy for cartilage repair in humans is at an early phase, confusion and errors are found in the literature regarding use of the term stem cell therapy in this field. PURPOSE To provide an overview of the outcomes of cartilage repair, elucidating the various cell populations used, and thus reduce confusion with regard to using the term stem cell therapy. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review. METHODS The authors systematically reviewed any studies on clinical application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in human subjects. A comprehensive search was performed in MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Scopus for human studies that evaluated articular cartilage repair with cell populations containing MSCs. These studies were classified as using bone marrow-derived MSCs, adipose tissue-derived MSCs, peripheral blood-derived MSCs, synovium-derived MSCs, and umbilical cord blood-derived MSCs according to the entity of cell population used. RESULTS Forty-six clinical studies were identified to focus on cartilage repair with MSCs: 20 studies with bone marrow-derived MSCs, 21 studies with adipose tissue-derived MSCs, 3 studies with peripheral blood-derived MSCs, 1 study with synovium-derived MSCs, and 1 study with umbilical cord blood-derived MSCs. All clinical studies reported that cartilage treated with MSCs showed favorable clinical outcomes in terms of clinical scores or cartilage repair evaluated by MRI. However, most studies were limited to case reports and case series. Among these 46 clinical studies, 18 studies erroneously referred to adipose tissue-derived stromal vascular fractions as "adipose-derived MSCs," 2 studies referred to peripheral blood-derived progenitor cells as "peripheral blood-derived MSCs," and 1 study referred to bone marrow aspirate concentrate as "bone marrow-derived MSCs." CONCLUSION Limited evidence is available regarding clinical benefit of stem cell therapy for articular cartilage repair. Because the literature contains substantial errors in describing the therapeutic cells used, researchers need to be alert and observant of proper terms, especially regarding whether the cells used were stem cells or cell populations containing a small portion of stem cells, to prevent confusion in understanding the results of a given stem cell-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Beom Park
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Won Ha
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Heon Rhim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Jun Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Hypoxia Is a Critical Parameter for Chondrogenic Differentiation of Human Umbilical Cord Blood Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Type I/III Collagen Sponges. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091933. [PMID: 28885597 PMCID: PMC5618582 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is an attractive alternative to bone marrow for isolation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to treat articular cartilage defects. Here, we set out to determine the growth factors (bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β1)) and oxygen tension effects during chondrogenesis of human UCB-MSCs for cartilage engineering. Chondrogenic differentiation was induced using 3D cultures in type I/III collagen sponges with chondrogenic factors in normoxia (21% O₂) or hypoxia (<5% O₂) for 7, 14 and 21 days. Our results show that UCB-MSCs can be committed to chondrogenesis in the presence of BMP-2+TGF-β1. Normoxia induced the highest levels of chondrocyte-specific markers. However, hypoxia exerted more benefit by decreasing collagen X and matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP13) expression, two chondrocyte hypertrophy markers. However, a better chondrogenesis was obtained by switching oxygen conditions, with seven days in normoxia followed by 14 days in hypoxia, since these conditions avoid hypertrophy of hUCB-MSC-derived chondrocytes while maintaining the expression of chondrocyte-specific markers observed in normoxia. Our study demonstrates that oxygen tension is a key factor for chondrogenesis and suggests that UBC-MSCs 3D-culture should begin in normoxia to obtain a more efficient chondrocyte differentiation before placing them in hypoxia for chondrocyte phenotype stabilization. UCB-MSCs are therefore a reliable source for cartilage engineering.
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Chondrogenic commitment of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells in collagen matrices for cartilage engineering. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32786. [PMID: 27604951 PMCID: PMC5015060 DOI: 10.1038/srep32786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is a promising alternative source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), because UCB-MSCs are abundant and harvesting them is a painless non-invasive procedure. Potential clinical applications of UCB-MSCs have been identified, but their ability for chondrogenic differentiation has not yet been fully evaluated. The aim of our work was to characterize and determine the chondrogenic differentiation potential of human UCB-MSCs (hUCB-MSCs) for cartilage tissue engineering using an approach combining 3D culture in type I/III collagen sponges and chondrogenic factors. Our results showed that UCB-MSCs have a high proliferative capacity. These cells differentiated easily into an osteoblast lineage but not into an adipocyte lineage. Furthermore, BMP-2 and TGF-β1 potentiated chondrogenic differentiation, as revealed by a strong increase in mature chondrocyte-specific mRNA (COL2A1, COL2B, ACAN) and protein (type II collagen) markers. Although growth factors increased the transcription of hypertrophic chondrocyte markers such as COL10A1 and MMP13, the cells present in the neo-tissue maintained their phenotype and did not progress to terminal differentiation and mineralization of the extracellular matrix after subcutaneous implantation in nude mice. Our study demonstrates that our culture model has efficient chondrogenic differentiation, and that hUCB-MSCs can be a reliable source for cartilage tissue engineering.
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Cigan AD, Roach BL, Nims RJ, Tan AR, Albro MB, Stoker AM, Cook JL, Vunjak-Novakovic G, Hung CT, Ateshian GA. High seeding density of human chondrocytes in agarose produces tissue-engineered cartilage approaching native mechanical and biochemical properties. J Biomech 2016; 49:1909-1917. [PMID: 27198889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Animal cells have served as highly controllable model systems for furthering cartilage tissue engineering practices in pursuit of treating osteoarthritis. Although successful strategies for animal cells must ultimately be adapted to human cells to be clinically relevant, human chondrocytes are rarely employed in such studies. In this study, we evaluated the applicability of culture techniques established for juvenile bovine and adult canine chondrocytes to human chondrocytes obtained from fresh or expired osteochondral allografts. Human chondrocytes were expanded and encapsulated in 2% agarose scaffolds measuring ∅3-4mm×2.3mm, with cell seeding densities ranging from 15 to 90×10(6)cells/mL. Subsets of constructs were subjected to transient or sustained TGF-β treatment, or provided channels to enhance nutrient transport. Human cartilaginous constructs physically resembled native human cartilage, and reached compressive Young's moduli of up to ~250kPa (corresponding to the low end of ranges reported for native knee cartilage), dynamic moduli of ~950kPa (0.01Hz), and contained 5.7% wet weight (%/ww) of glycosaminoglycans (≥ native levels) and 1.5%/ww collagen. We found that the initial seeding density had pronounced effects on tissue outcomes, with high cell seeding densities significantly increasing nearly all measured properties. Transient TGF-β treatment was ineffective for adult human cells, and tissue construct properties plateaued or declined beyond 28 days of culture. Finally, nutrient channels improved construct mechanical properties, presumably due to enhanced rates of mass transport. These results demonstrate that our previously established culture system can be successfully translated to human chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Cigan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Brendan L Roach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Robert J Nims
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Andrea R Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Michael B Albro
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Clark T Hung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Gerard A Ateshian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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11
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Klontzas ME, Kenanidis EI, Heliotis M, Tsiridis E, Mantalaris A. Bone and cartilage regeneration with the use of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015; 15:1541-52. [PMID: 26176327 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.1068755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The production of functional alternatives to bone autografts and the development new treatment strategies for cartilage defects are great challenges that could be addressed by the field of tissue engineering. Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be used to produce cost-effective, atraumatic and possibly autologous bone and cartilage grafts. AREAS COVERED MSCs can be isolated from umbilical cord Wharton's jelly, perivascular tissue and blood using various techniques. Those cells have been characterized and phenotypic similarities with bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) and embryonic stem cells have been found. Findings on their differentiation into the osteogenic and chondrogenic lineage differ between studies and are not as consistent as for BM-MSCs. EXPERT OPINION MSCs from umbilical cords have to be more extensively studied and the mechanisms underlying their differentiation have to be clarified. To date, they seem to be an attractive alternative to BM-MSCs. However, further research with suitable scaffolds and growth factors as well as with novel scaffold fabrication and culture technology should be conducted before they are introduced to clinical practice and replace BM-MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail E Klontzas
- a 1 Imperial College London, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemical Technology , South Kensington Campus, London, UK
| | - Eustathios I Kenanidis
- b 2 Aristotle University Medical School, Academic Orthopaedic Unit , University Campus 54 124, Thessaloniki, Greece.,c 3 Aristotle University Medical School, "PapaGeorgiou" General Hospital, Academic Orthopaedic Unit , Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Eleftherios Tsiridis
- b 2 Aristotle University Medical School, Academic Orthopaedic Unit , University Campus 54 124, Thessaloniki, Greece.,e 5 Imperial College London, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Division of Surgery , B-block, Hammersmith, Du-Cane Road, London, UK
| | - Athanasios Mantalaris
- f 6 Imperial College London, Department of Chemical Engineering , South Kensington Campus, London, UK
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12
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Shi J, Huang Z, Wang Y, Huang Y. The Protective Effects of Exclusive Enteral Nutrition Formulas on Growth Factor Expression and the Proximal Tibial Epiphyseal Growth Plate in a TNBS-Induced IBD Rat Model. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:1931-40. [PMID: 25708898 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-015-3582-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different types of nutritional formulas in a rat model of TNBS-induced IBD. METHODS IBD was induced with TNBS in 4-week-old rats that were then fed different exclusive enteral nutrition diets for 7 days. The length of the tibia and the number of chondrocytes in the proximal tibias were analyzed at 7 days after supplementation. Immunohistochemical analysis, ELISA and real-time PCR were performed to evaluate the levels of growth hormone receptor (GHR) and insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR), the growth factors IGF-I and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 (IGFBP3) , bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 and BMP-6 respectively. RESULTS The results demonstrated that the tibia length of the peptide formula group was longer than that of the IBD-Modulen(®) formula and normal diet groups (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the number of chondrocytes of the proximal tibial was more pronounced in the peptide formula group compared to the other groups (P < 0.05). The peptide formula was also more effective in increasing the expression of GHR compared to the other groups (P < 0.05), while the expression of IGF-IR was not significantly different (P > 0.05). In addition, the IGF-I and IGFBP3 levels were more pronounced in the peptide formula supplement group (P < 0.05), and the expression of BMP-2 and BMP-6 mRNA in the proximal tibia growth plate from the peptide formula group was higher than that in the ordinary formula and normal diet groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS EEN, and particularly a peptide formula, exerted protective effects on the proximal tibial epiphyseal growth plate in a TNBS-induced IBD model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieru Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, No. 399 Wan-Yuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 201102, People's Republic of China
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13
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Ibrahim AM, Elgharabawi NM, Makhlouf MM, Ibrahim OY. Chondrogenic differentiation of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. Microsc Res Tech 2015; 78:667-75. [PMID: 26096638 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Different therapeutic techniques have been developed for regeneration of articular cartilage injuries, but none has provided an optimal solution to their treatment. Human umbilical cord blood-mesenchymal Stem Cells (HUCB-MSCs) have been considered as promising alternative cell source for cartilage repair. OBJECTIVES Examining the success rate of MSCs isolation from HUCB as well as chondrogenic differentiation potential of HUCB-MSCs in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS 32 UCB samples were collected, in addition to 5 bone marrow (BM) and 5 peripheral blood (PB) samples, taken as reference controls. Samples were used for mononuclear cells isolation from which MSCs were expanded under complete aseptic conditions, were verified morphologically and through the presence of CD44 and CD105, and absence of CD34. RESULTS Success rate of UCB-MSCs isolation was (25%), a rate that was lower than those of PB (40%) and BM (80%). Accordingly, certain input parameters have been recommended for successful MSCs isolation from UCB. On selecting samples in which recommended parameters were fulfilled, success rate was increased to 72%. This was together with providing optimal experiment conditions; mainly type of expansion medium, success rate reached 80%. Then, successfully expanded MSCs were subjected to chondrogenic differentiation by culturing in pelleted micromass system in presence of transforming growth factor beta-1 and chondrogenic medium devoid of fetal bovine serum to evaluate their ability to undergo chondrogenesis. Differentiation was verified microscopically using special stains, and proved by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for expression of aggrecan and collagen II genes. In conclusion, in vitro differentiation into chondrocytes is possible from HUCB-MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza Mostafa Ibrahim
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, El-Kasr El-Aini Hospital, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nesrine Mohamed Elgharabawi
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, El-Kasr El-Aini Hospital, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Manal Mohamed Makhlouf
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, El-Kasr El-Aini Hospital, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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14
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Sun JM, Kurtzberg J. Cord blood for brain injury. Cytotherapy 2015; 17:775-785. [PMID: 25800775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recovery from neurological injuries is typically incomplete and often results in significant and permanent disabilities. Currently, most available therapies are limited to supportive or palliative measures, aimed at managing the symptoms of the condition. Because restorative therapies targeting the underlying cause of most neurological diseases do not exist, cell therapies targeting anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and regenerative potential hold great promise. Cord blood (CB) cells can induce repair through mechanisms that involve trophic or cell-based paracrine effects or cellular integration and differentiation. Both may be operative in emerging CB therapies for neurologic conditions, and there are numerous potential applications of CB-based regenerative therapies in neurological diseases, including genetic diseases of childhood, ischemic events such as stroke and neurodegenerative diseases of adulthood. CB appears to hold promise as an effective therapy for patients with brain injuries. In this Review, we describe the state of science and clinical applications of CB therapy for brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Sun
- Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA; The Robertston Clinical and Translational Cell Therapy Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
| | - Joanne Kurtzberg
- Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA; The Robertston Clinical and Translational Cell Therapy Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA; The Carolinas Cord Blood Bank, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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15
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O'Connell GD, Tan AR, Cui V, Bulinski JC, Cook JL, Attur M, Abramson SB, Ateshian GA, Hung CT. Human chondrocyte migration behaviour to guide the development of engineered cartilage. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2015; 11:877-886. [PMID: 25627968 DOI: 10.1002/term.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-engineering techniques have been successful in developing cartilage-like tissues in vitro using cells from animal sources. The successful translation of these strategies to the clinic will likely require cell expansion to achieve sufficient cell numbers. Using a two-dimensional (2D) cell migration assay to first identify the passage at which chondrocytes exhibited their greatest chondrogenic potential, the objective of this study was to determine a more optimal culture medium for developing three-dimensional (3D) cartilage-like tissues using human cells. We evaluated combinations of commonly used growth factors that have been shown to promote chondrogenic growth and development. Human articular chondrocytes (AC) from osteoarthritic (OA) joints were cultured in 3D environments, either in pellets or encapsulated in agarose. The effect of growth factor supplementation was dependent on the environment, such that matrix deposition differed between the two culture systems. ACs in pellet culture were more responsive to bone morphogenetic protein (BMP2) alone or combinations containing BMP2 (i.e. BMP2 with PDGF or FGF). However, engineered cartilage development within agarose was better for constructs cultured with TGFβ3. These results with agarose and pellet culture studies set the stage for the development of conditions appropriate for culturing 3D functional engineered cartilage for eventual use in human therapies. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace D O'Connell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Andrea R Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Victoria Cui
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Chloe Bulinski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - James L Cook
- Missouri Orthopedic Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mukundan Attur
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, and NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven B Abramson
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, and NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gerard A Ateshian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Clark T Hung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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16
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Pievani A, Scagliotti V, Russo FM, Azario I, Rambaldi B, Sacchetti B, Marzorati S, Erba E, Giudici G, Riminucci M, Biondi A, Vergani P, Serafini M. Comparative analysis of multilineage properties of mesenchymal stromal cells derived from fetal sources shows an advantage of mesenchymal stromal cells isolated from cord blood in chondrogenic differentiation potential. Cytotherapy 2014; 16:893-905. [PMID: 24794181 PMCID: PMC4062948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background aims Cord blood (CB) and amniotic fluid (AF) could represent new and attractive mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) sources, but their potential therapeutic applications are still limited by lack of standardized protocols for isolation and differentiation. In particular, chondrogenic differentiation has never been deeply investigated. Methods MSCs were obtained from CB and AF samples collected during cesarean sections at term and compared for their biological and differentiation properties, with particular interest in cartilage differentiation, in which quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical analyses were performed to evaluate the expression of type 2 collagen, type 10 collagen, SRY-box9 and aggrecan. Results We were able to isolate MSCs from 12 of 30 (40%) and 5 of 20 (25%) CB and AF units, respectively. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis indicated the fetal origin of isolated MSC strains. Both populations expressed mesenchymal but not endothelial and hematopoietic markers, even though we observed a lower expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) I in CB-MSCs. No differences in proliferation rate and cell cycle analysis could be detected. After osteogenic induction, both populations showed matrix mineralization and typical marker expression. Under chondrogenic conditions, pellets derived from CB-MSCs, in contrast with AF-MSCs pellets, were significantly larger, showed cartilage-like morphology and resulted positive for chondrocyte-associated markers, such as type 2 collagen, type 10 collagen, SRY-box9 and aggrecan. Conclusions Our results show that CB-MSCs and AF-MSCs collected at term differ from each other in their biological and differentiation properties. In particular, only CB-MSCs showed a clear chondrogenic potential and thus could represent an ideal candidate for cartilage-tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Pievani
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute at Tettamanti Research Center, Pediatric Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Tettamanti Research Center, Pediatric Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Valeria Scagliotti
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute at Tettamanti Research Center, Pediatric Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Tettamanti Research Center, Pediatric Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | | | - Isabella Azario
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute at Tettamanti Research Center, Pediatric Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Tettamanti Research Center, Pediatric Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Benedetta Rambaldi
- Tettamanti Research Center, Pediatric Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | | | - Simona Marzorati
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute at Tettamanti Research Center, Pediatric Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Tettamanti Research Center, Pediatric Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Eugenio Erba
- Department of Oncology, Flow Cytometry Unit, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Giudici
- Tettamanti Research Center, Pediatric Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Mara Riminucci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Biondi
- Pediatric Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Fondazione MBBM/San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Patrizia Vergani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Marta Serafini
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute at Tettamanti Research Center, Pediatric Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Tettamanti Research Center, Pediatric Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy.
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Cartilage tissue engineering: molecular control of chondrocyte differentiation for proper cartilage matrix reconstruction. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2414-40. [PMID: 24608030 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Articular cartilage defects are a veritable therapeutic problem because therapeutic options are very scarce. Due to the poor self-regeneration capacity of cartilage, minor cartilage defects often lead to osteoarthritis. Several surgical strategies have been developed to repair damaged cartilage. Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) gives encouraging results, but this cell-based therapy involves a step of chondrocyte expansion in a monolayer, which results in the loss in the differentiated phenotype. Thus, despite improvement in the quality of life for patients, reconstructed cartilage is in fact fibrocartilage. Successful ACI, according to the particular physiology of chondrocytes in vitro, requires active and phenotypically stabilized chondrocytes. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review describes the unique physiology of cartilage, with the factors involved in its formation, stabilization and degradation. Then, we focus on some of the most recent advances in cell therapy and tissue engineering that open up interesting perspectives for maintaining or obtaining the chondrogenic character of cells in order to treat cartilage lesions. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Current research involves the use of chondrocytes or progenitor stem cells, associated with "smart" biomaterials and growth factors. Other influential factors, such as cell sources, oxygen pressure and mechanical strain are considered, as are recent developments in gene therapy to control the chondrocyte differentiation/dedifferentiation process. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This review provides new information on the mechanisms regulating the state of differentiation of chondrocytes and the chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells that will lead to the development of new restorative cell therapy approaches in humans. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Matrix-mediated cell behaviour and properties.
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Brady K, Dickinson SC, Guillot PV, Polak J, Blom AW, Kafienah W, Hollander AP. Human fetal and adult bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells use different signaling pathways for the initiation of chondrogenesis. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 23:541-54. [PMID: 24172175 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cartilage injuries and osteoarthritis are leading causes of disability in developed countries. The regeneration of damaged articular cartilage using cell transplantation or tissue engineering holds much promise but requires the identification of an appropriate cell source with a high proliferative propensity and consistent chondrogenic capacity. Human fetal mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been isolated from a range of perinatal tissues, including first-trimester bone marrow, and have demonstrated enhanced expansion and differentiation potential. However, their ability to form mature chondrocytes for use in cartilage tissue engineering has not been clearly established. Here, we compare the chondrogenic potential of human MSCs isolated from fetal and adult bone marrow and show distinct differences in their responsiveness to specific growth factors. Transforming growth factor beta 3 (TGFβ3) induced chondrogenesis in adult but not fetal MSCs. In contrast, bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) induced chondrogenesis in fetal but not adult MSCs. When fetal MSCs co-stimulated with BMP2 and TGFβ3 were used for cartilage tissue engineering, they generated tissue with type II collagen and proteoglycan content comparable to adult MSCs treated with TGFβ3 alone. Investigation of the TGFβ/BMP signaling pathway showed that TGFβ3 induced phosphorylation of SMAD3 in adult but not fetal MSCs. These findings demonstrate that the initiation of chondrogenesis is modulated by distinct signaling mechanisms in fetal and adult MSCs. This study establishes the feasibility of using fetal MSCs in cartilage repair applications and proposes their potential as an in vitro system for modeling chondrogenic differentiation and skeletal development studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla Brady
- 1 Faculty of Medical and Veterinary Sciences, School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol , Bristol, United Kingdom
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Beane OS, Darling EM. Isolation, characterization, and differentiation of stem cells for cartilage regeneration. Ann Biomed Eng 2012; 40:2079-97. [PMID: 22907257 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-012-0639-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The goal of tissue engineering is to create a functional replacement for tissues damaged by injury or disease. In many cases, impaired tissues cannot provide viable cells, leading to the investigation of stem cells as a possible alternative. Cartilage, in particular, may benefit from the use of stem cells since the tissue has low cellularity and cannot effectively repair itself. To address this need, researchers are investigating the chondrogenic capabilities of several multipotent stem cell sources, including adult and extra-embryonic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), embryonic stem cells (ESCs), and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Comparative studies indicate that each cell type has advantages and disadvantages, and while direct comparisons are difficult to make, published data suggest some sources may be more promising for cartilage regeneration than others. In this review, we identify current approaches for isolating and chondrogenically differentiating MSCs from bone marrow, fat, synovium, muscle, and peripheral blood, as well as cells from extra-embryonic tissues, ESCs, and iPSCs. Additionally, we assess chondrogenic induction with growth factors, identifying standard cocktails used for each stem cell type. Cell-only (pellet) and scaffold-based studies are also included, as is a discussion of in vivo results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia S Beane
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Castro NJ, Hacking SA, Zhang LG. Recent Progress in Interfacial Tissue Engineering Approaches for Osteochondral Defects. Ann Biomed Eng 2012; 40:1628-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-012-0605-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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