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Stone MH, Hornsby G, Mizuguchi S, Sato K, Gahreman D, Duca M, Carroll K, Ramsey MW, Stone ME, Haff GG. The Use of Free Weight Squats in Sports: A Narrative Review-Squatting Movements, Adaptation, and Sports Performance: Physiological. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1494-1508. [PMID: 39072660 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Stone, MH, Hornsby, G, Mizuguchi, S, Sato, K, Gahreman, D, Duca, M, Carroll, K, Ramsey, MW, Stone, ME, and Haff, GG. The use of free weight squats in sports: a narrative review-squatting movements, adaptation, and sports performance: physiological. J Strength Cond Res 38(8): 1494-1508, 2024-The squat and its variants can provide numerous benefits including positively affecting sports performance and injury prevention, injury severity reduction, and rehabilitation. The positive benefits of squat are likely the result of training-induced neural alterations and mechanical and morphological adaptations in tendons, skeletal muscles, and bones, resulting in increased tissue stiffness and cross-sectional area (CSA). Although direct evidence is lacking, structural adaptations can also be expected to occur in ligaments. These adaptations are thought to beneficially increase force transmission and mechanical resistance (e.g., resistance to mechanical strain) and reduce the likelihood and severity of injuries. Adaptations such as these, also likely play an important role in rehabilitation, particularly for injuries that require restricted use or immobilization of body parts and thus lead to a consequential reduction in the CSA and alterations in the mechanical properties of tendons, skeletal muscles, and ligaments. Both volume and particularly intensity (e.g., levels of loading used) of training seem to be important for the mechanical and morphological adaptations for at least skeletal muscles, tendons, and bones. Therefore, the training intensity and volume used for the squat and its variations should progressively become greater while adhering to the concept of periodization and recognized training principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Stone
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Guy Hornsby
- School of Sport Sciences, College of Applied Human Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Satoshi Mizuguchi
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | | | - Daniel Gahreman
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Marco Duca
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Kevin Carroll
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Michael W Ramsey
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Margaret E Stone
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - G Gregory Haff
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University. Joondalup, Western Australia
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Kanazawa Y, Ikeda-Matsuo Y, Sato H, Nagano M, Koinuma S, Takahashi T, Suzuki H, Miyachi R, Shigeyoshi Y. Effects of Obesity in Old Age on the Basement Membrane of Skeletal Muscle in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119209. [PMID: 37298161 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and aging are known to affect the skeletal muscles. Obesity in old age may result in a poor basement membrane (BM) construction response, which serves to protect the skeletal muscle, thus making the skeletal muscle more vulnerable. In this study, older and young male C57BL/6J mice were divided into two groups, each fed a high-fat or regular diet for eight weeks. A high-fat diet decreased the relative gastrocnemius muscle weight in both age groups, and obesity and aging individually result in a decline in muscle function. Immunoreactivity of collagen IV, the main component of BM, BM width, and BM-synthetic factor expression in young mice on a high-fat diet were higher than that in young mice on a regular diet, whereas such changes were minimal in obese older mice. Furthermore, the number of central nuclei fibers in obese older mice was higher than in old mice fed a regular diet and young mice fed a high-fat diet. These results suggest that obesity at a young age promotes skeletal muscle BM formation in response to weight gain. In contrast, this response is less pronounced in old age, suggesting that obesity in old age may lead to muscle fragility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Kanazawa
- Department of Physical Therapy, Hokuriku University, Ishikawa, Kanazawa 920-1180, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama 589-8511, Japan
| | - Yuri Ikeda-Matsuo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hokuriku University, Ishikawa, Kanazawa 920-1181, Japan
| | - Hiaki Sato
- Department of Medical Technology and Clinical Engineering, Hokuriku University, Ishikawa, Kanazawa 920-1180, Japan
| | - Mamoru Nagano
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama 589-8511, Japan
| | - Satoshi Koinuma
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama 589-8511, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Takahashi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hokuriku University, Ishikawa, Kanazawa 920-1181, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Suzuki
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry, Hokuriku University, Ishikawa, Kanazawa 920-1181, Japan
| | - Ryo Miyachi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Hokuriku University, Ishikawa, Kanazawa 920-1180, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Shigeyoshi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama 589-8511, Japan
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Jafarnejad S, Hooshiar S, Esmaili H, Taherian A. Exercise, Advanced Glycation End Products, and Their Effects on Cardiovascular Disorders: A Narrative Review. HEART AND MIND 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/hm.hm_31_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Kanazawa Y, Nagano M, Koinuma S, Sugiyo S, Shigeyoshi Y. Effects of Endurance Exercise on Basement Membrane in the Soleus Muscle of Aged Rats. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2021; 54:167-175. [PMID: 34764525 PMCID: PMC8569134 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.21-00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The basement membrane (BM)-related factors, including collagen IV, are important for the maintenance and recovery of skeletal muscles. Aging impairs the expression of BM-related factors during recovery after disuse atrophy. Muscle activity facilitates collagen synthesis that constitutes the BM. However, the effect of endurance exercise on the BM of aged muscles is unclear. Thus, to understand the effect of endurance exercise on the BM of the skeletal muscle in aged rats, we prescribed treadmill running in aged rats and compared the differences in the expression of BM-related factors between the aged rats with and without exercise habits. Aged rats were subjected to endurance exercise via treadmill running. Exercise increased the mRNA expression levels of the BM-related factors, the area and intensity of collagen IV-immunoreactivity and the width of lamina densa in the soleus muscle of aged rats. These finding suggests that endurance exercise promotes BM construction in aged rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Kanazawa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Mamoru Nagano
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Satoshi Koinuma
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Shinichi Sugiyo
- Department of Physical Therapy, Osaka University of Human Sciences
| | - Yasufumi Shigeyoshi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine
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Myricitrin Alleviates Oxidative Stress-induced Inflammation and Apoptosis and Protects Mice against Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44239. [PMID: 28287141 PMCID: PMC5347164 DOI: 10.1038/srep44239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) has been increasingly considered as a main cause of heart failure and death in diabetic patients. At present, no effective treatment exists to prevent its development. In the present study, we describe the potential protective effects and mechanisms of myricitrin (Myr) on the cardiac function of streptozotosin-induced diabetic mice and on advanced glycation end products (AGEs)-induced H9c2 cardiomyocytes. In vitro experiments revealed that pretreatment with Myr significantly decreased AGEs-induced inflammatory cytokine expression, limited an increase in ROS levels, and reduced cell apoptosis, fibrosis, and hypertrophy in H9c2 cells. These effects are correlated with Nrf2 activation and NF-κB inhibition. In vivo investigation demonstrated that oral administration of Myr at 300 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks remarkably decreased the expression of enzymes associated with cardiomyopathy, as well as the expression of inflammatory cytokines and apoptotic proteins. Finally, Myr improved diastolic dysfunction and attenuated histological abnormalities. Mechanistically, Myr attenuated diabetes-induced Nrf2 inhibition via the regulation of Akt and ERK phosphorylation in the diabetic heart. Collectively, these results strongly indicate that Myr exerts cardioprotective effects against DCM through the blockage of inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. This suggests that Myr might be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of DCM.
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Hou J, Zheng D, Fung G, Deng H, Chen L, Liang J, Jiang Y, Hu Y. Mangiferin suppressed advanced glycation end products (AGEs) through NF-κB deactivation and displayed anti-inflammatory effects in streptozotocin and high fat diet-diabetic cardiomyopathy rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 94:332-40. [PMID: 26751764 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2015-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Given the importance of the aggregation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and cardiac inflammation in the onset and progression of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), our objective in this study was to demonstrate the cardioprotective effect of mangiferin, an antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory agent, on diabetic rat model. The DCM model was established by a high-fat diet and a low dose of streptozotocin. DCM rats were treated orally with mangiferin (20 mg/kg) for 16 weeks. Serum and left ventricular myocardium were collected for determination of inflammatory cytokines. AGEs mRNA and protein expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and receptor for AGEs (RAGE) in myocardium were assayed by real-time PCR and Western blot. ROS levels were measured by dihydroethidium fluorescence staining. NF-κB binding activity was assayed by TransAM NF-κB p65 ELISA kit. Chronic treatment with mangiferin decreased the levels of myocardial enzymes (CK-MB, LDH) and inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β). Meanwhile, NF-κB is inhibited by the reduction of nuclear translocation of p65 subunit, and mangiferin reduced AGE production and decreased the mRNA and protein expression of RAGE in DCM rats. Our data indicated that mangiferin could significantly ameliorate DCM by preventing the release of inflammatory cytokines, and inhibiting ROS accumulation, AGE/RAGE production, and NF-κB nuclear translocation, suggesting that mangiferin treatment might be beneficial in DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hou
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, China
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Dezhi Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Jinan Military General Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Gabriel Fung
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Haoyu Deng
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiali Liang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Jinan Military General Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yonghe Hu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, China
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Zotz TG, Capriglione LGA, Zotz R, Noronha L, Viola De Azevedo ML, Fiuza Martins HR, Silveira Gomes AR. Acute effects of stretching exercise on the soleus muscle of female aged rats. Acta Histochem 2016; 118:1-9. [PMID: 26651952 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED It has been shown that stretching exercises can improve the flexibility and independence of the elderly. However, although these exercises commonly constitute training programs, the morphological adaptations induced by stretching exercises in aged skeletal muscle are still unclear. OBJECTIVE To assess the acute effects of passive mechanical static stretching on the morphology, sarcomerogenesis and modulation of important components of the extracellular matrix of the soleus muscle of aged female rats. METHODS Fifteen old female rats with 26 months were divided into two groups: stretching (n=8, SG) and control (n=7, CG): The stretching protocol consisted of 4 repetitions each of 1 min with 30s interval between sets. Stretching was performed on the left soleus muscle, 3 times a week for 1 week. After three sessions, the rats were anesthetized to remove the left soleus muscle, and then euthanized. The following analyses were carried out: muscle fiber cross-sectional area and serial sarcomere number; immunohistochemistry for the quantification of collagen I, III and TGFβ-1. RESULTS a decrease in muscle fiber cross-sectional area of the SG was observed when compared to the CG (p=0.0001, Kruskal-Wallis); the percentage of type I collagen was significantly lower in the SG when compared to the CG (p=0.01, Kruskal-Wallis), as well as the percentage of TGFβ-1 (p=0.04, Kruskal-Wallis); collagen III was significantly higher in the SG than in the CG (7.06±6.88% vs 4.92±5.30%, p=0.01, Kruskal-Wallis). CONCLUSION Although the acute stretching induced muscle hypotrophy, an antifibrotic action was detected.
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Gianelo MCS, Polizzelo JC, Chesca D, Mattiello-Sverzut AC. Three days of intermittent stretching after muscle disuse alters the proteins involved in force transmission in muscle fibers in weanling rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 49:e4118. [PMID: 26648091 PMCID: PMC4712484 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20154118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of intermittent passive manual stretching on various proteins involved in force transmission in skeletal muscle. Female Wistar weanling rats were randomly assigned to 5 groups: 2 control groups containing 21- and 30-day-old rats that received neither immobilization nor stretching, and 3 test groups that received 1) passive stretching over 3 days, 2) immobilization for 7 days and then passive stretching over 3 days, or 3) immobilization for 7 days. Maximal plantar flexion in the right hind limb was imposed, and the stretching protocol of 10 repetitions of 30 s stretches was applied. The soleus muscles were harvested and processed for HE and picrosirius staining; immunohistochemical analysis of collagen types I, III, IV, desmin, and vimentin; and immunofluorescence labeling of dystrophin and CD68. The numbers of desmin- and vimentin-positive cells were significantly decreased compared with those in the control following immobilization, regardless of whether stretching was applied (P<0.05). In addition, the semi-quantitative analysis showed that collagen type I was increased and type IV was decreased in the immobilized animals, regardless of whether the stretching protocol was applied. In conclusion, the largest changes in response to stretching were observed in muscles that had been previously immobilized, and the stretching protocol applied here did not mitigate the immobilization-induced muscle changes. Muscle disuse adversely affected several proteins involved in the transmission of forces between the intracellular and extracellular compartments. Thus, the 3-day rehabilitation period tested here did not provide sufficient time for the muscles to recover from the disuse maladaptations in animals undergoing postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C S Gianelo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Reabilitação e Desempenho Funcional, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - J C Polizzelo
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - D Chesca
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - A C Mattiello-Sverzut
- Departamento de Biomecânica, Medicina e Reabilitação do Aparelho Locomotor, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
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Kristensen M, Pötzelsberger B, Scheiber P, Bergdahl A, Hansen CN, Andersen JL, Narici M, Salvioli S, Conte M, Müller E, Dela F. Alpine Skiing With total knee ArthroPlasty (ASWAP): metabolism, inflammation, and skeletal muscle fiber characteristics. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 25 Suppl 2:40-8. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Kristensen
- Xlab; Center for Healthy Ageing; Department of Biomedicine; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - B. Pötzelsberger
- Department of Sport Science; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - P. Scheiber
- Department of Sport Science; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - A. Bergdahl
- Department of Exercise Science; Concordia University; Montreal Canada
| | - C. N. Hansen
- Xlab; Center for Healthy Ageing; Department of Biomedicine; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - J. L. Andersen
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen; Center for Healthy Ageing; Bispebjerg University Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - M. Narici
- School of Medicine; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
| | - S. Salvioli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - M. Conte
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - E. Müller
- Department of Sport Science; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - F. Dela
- Xlab; Center for Healthy Ageing; Department of Biomedicine; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
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Maly MR, Robbins SM. Osteoarthritis year in review 2014: rehabilitation and outcomes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22:1958-88. [PMID: 25456293 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To highlight research studies examining rehabilitation for hip and knee osteoarthritis (OA), as well as the outcome measures used to assess treatment efficacy, published in 2013. DESIGN A systematic search was performed in Medline, CIHAHL and Embase databases from January to December 2013. The search was limited to 2013, human studies, and English. Rehabilitation intervention studies included were prospective controlled designs. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system was used to evaluate the quality of evidence. First, individual articles were rated for quality. Second, articles were grouped based on outcome: OA disease markers, pain, physical function (self-reported, performance), and health. RESULTS Of 503 titles reviewed, 36 studies were included. The outcome measures related to OA disease markers were organized into subthemes of anthropometrics, biomechanics and physiology. The quality of evidence was of moderate, high, and low quality for anthropometric, biomechanical and physiological measures respectively. These studies supported the use of diet for weight loss combined with exercise. Bodies of evidence that showed the efficacy of exercise and passive strategies (thermal/electrical modalities, traction, manual therapy) for reducing pain were of low and moderate quality respectively. The evidence supporting diet and exercise, physiotherapy, and passive strategies to improve physical function was of moderate quality. Evidence supporting exercise to improve psychological factors was of moderate quality. CONCLUSIONS Exercise combined with diet for weight loss should be the mainstays of rehabilitation for people with knee and hip OA to provide benefit to OA disease markers, pain, physical function, and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Maly
- School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Canada.
| | - S M Robbins
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation, Constance Lethbridge Rehabilitation Centre, School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Canada.
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Serrão PRMS, Vasilceac FA, Gramani-Say K, Lessi GC, Reiff RBM, Mattiello-Sverzut AC, Mattiello SM. Expression of receptors of advanced glycation end product (RAGE) and types I, III and IV collagen in the vastus lateralis muscle of men in early stages of knee osteoarthritis. Connect Tissue Res 2014; 55:331-8. [PMID: 25039336 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2014.947368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in the contractile and non-contractile proteins of the skeletal muscle may reduce muscle function in knee osteoarthritis (OA), and the formation and accumulation of advanced glycation end products, particularly in collagen, can influence the quality of these muscle proteins. The objective of this study was to evaluate the reactivity of types I, III and IV collagen and the expression and localization of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle in early stages of knee OA. The hypothesis was that these patients present a higher expression of RAGE and increased immunoreactivity in the collagen. Thirty-five men were divided into two groups: the control group (CG; n = 17) and the osteoarthritis group (OAG; n = 18). All participants were submitted to a biopsy of the VL. The muscle samples were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for collagen and for RAGE and laminin. The expression of RAGE was counted (intracellular, extracellular and total). Student's t-test for independent samples and Mann-Whitney U test were used for the RAGE's intergroup analysis (α ≤ 0.05). A semiquantitative analysis was performed to assess the collagen reactivity. No significant differences were observed in the intracellular, extracellular or total localization of RAGE (p > 0.05). Higher immunoreactivity was observed in the OAG for all types of collagen, with more reactivity for collagen III and IV. We concluded that in the initial stages of knee OA, no differences were observed for RAGE levels between the groups. However, the OAG's higher collagen expression may represent adaptations for reducing muscle stiffness and avoiding injury.
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Abstract
The extracellular matrix network of skeletal muscle and tendon connective tissue is primarily composed of collagen and connects the muscle contractile protein to the bones in the human body. The mechanical properties of the connective tissue are important for the effectiveness of which the muscle force is transformed into movement. Periods of unloading and exercise affect the synthesis rate of connective tissue collagen protein, whereas only sparse information exits regarding collagen protein degradation. It is likely, though, that changes in both collagen protein synthesis and degradation are required for remodeling of the connective tissue internal structure that ultimately results in altered mechanical properties of the connective tissue. Both unloading and exercise lead to increased production of growth factors and inflammatory mediators that are involved in connective tissue remodeling. Despite the fact that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs seem to inhibit the healing process of connective tissue and the stimulating effect of exercise on connective tissue protein synthesis, these drugs are often consumed in relation to connective tissue injury and soreness. However, the potential effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on connective tissue needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Dideriksen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M 81, Bispebjerg Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark and
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