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Iraklis B, Kanda H, Nabeshima T, Onda M, Ota N, Koeda S, Hosokawa M. Digestion of chrysanthemum stunt viroid by leaf extracts of Capsicum chinense indicates strong RNA-digesting activity. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:1617-28. [PMID: 27053224 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-016-1977-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE CSVd could not infect Nicotiana benthamiana when the plants were pretreated with crude leaf extract of Capsicum chinense 'Sy-2'. C. chinense leaves were revealed to contain strong RNA-digesting activity. Several studies have identified active antiviral and antiviroid agents in plants. Capsicum plants are known to contain antiviral agents, but the mechanism of their activity has not been determined. We aimed to elucidate the mechanism of Capsicum extract's antiviroid activity. Chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd) was inoculated into Nicotiana benthamiana plants before or after treating the plants with a leaf extract of Capsicum chinense 'Sy-2'. CSVd infection was determined using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) 3 weeks after inoculation. When Capsicum extract was sprayed or painted onto N. benthamiana before inoculation, it was effective in preventing infection by CSVd. To evaluate CSVd digestion activity in leaf extracts, CSVd was mixed with leaf extracts of Mirabilis, Phytolacca, Pelargonium and Capsicum. CSVd-digesting activities were examined by quantifying undigested CSVd using qRT-PCR, and RNA gel blotting permitted visualization of the digested CSVd. Only Capsicum leaf extract digested CSVd, and in the Capsicum treatment, small digested CSVd products were detected by RNA gel blot analysis. When the digesting experiment was performed for various cultivars and species of Capsicum, only cultivars of C. chinense showed strong CSVd-digesting activity. Our observations indicated that Capsicum extract contains strong RNA-digesting activity, leading to the conclusion that this activity is the main mechanism for protection from infection by CSVd through spraying or painting before inoculation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a strong RNA-digesting activity by a plant extract.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroko Kanda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Nabeshima
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mayu Onda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nao Ota
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sota Koeda
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nara, Nara, 631-8505, Japan
| | - Munetaka Hosokawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
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Zhang Z, Lee Y, Sivertsen A, Skjeseth G, Haugslien S, Clarke JL, Wang QC, Blystad DR. Low Temperature Treatment Affects Concentration and Distribution of Chrysanthemum Stunt Viroid in Argyranthemum. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:224. [PMID: 26973607 PMCID: PMC4777735 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd) can infect Argyranthemum and cause serious economic loss. Low temperature treatment combined with meristem culture has been applied to eradicate viroids from their hosts, but without success in eliminating CSVd from diseased Argyranthemum. The objectives of this work were to investigate (1) the effect of low temperature treatment combined with meristem culture on elimination of CSVd, (2) the effect of low temperature treatment on CSVd distribution pattern in shoot apical meristem (SAM), and (3) CSVd distribution in flowers and stems of two infected Argyranthemum cultivars. After treatment with low temperature combined with meristem tip culture, two CSVd-free plants were found in 'Border Dark Red', but none in 'Yellow Empire'. With the help of in situ hybridization, we found that CSVd distribution patterns in the SAM showed no changes in diseased 'Yellow Empire' following 5°C treatment, compared with non-treated plants. However, the CSVd-free area in SAM was enlarged in diseased 'Border Dark Red' following prolonged 5°C treatment. Localization of CSVd in the flowers and stems of infected 'Border Dark Red' and 'Yellow Empire' indicated that seeds could not transmit CSVd in these two cultivars, and CSVd existed in phloem. Results obtained in the study contributed to better understanding of the distribution of CSVd in systemically infected plants and the combination of low temperature treatment and meristem tip culture for production of viroid-free plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Zhang
- The Plant Health and Biotechnology Division, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy ResearchÅs, Norway
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Northwest China, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - YeonKyeong Lee
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life ScienceÅs, Norway
| | - Astrid Sivertsen
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life ScienceÅs, Norway
| | - Gry Skjeseth
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life ScienceÅs, Norway
| | - Sissel Haugslien
- The Plant Health and Biotechnology Division, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy ResearchÅs, Norway
| | - Jihong Liu Clarke
- The Plant Health and Biotechnology Division, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy ResearchÅs, Norway
| | - Qiao-Chun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Northwest China, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Dag-Ragnar Blystad
- The Plant Health and Biotechnology Division, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy ResearchÅs, Norway
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Kovalskaya N, Hammond RW. Molecular biology of viroid-host interactions and disease control strategies. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 228:48-60. [PMID: 25438785 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Viroids are single-stranded, covalently closed, circular, highly structured noncoding RNAs that cause disease in several economically important crop plants. They replicate autonomously and move systemically in host plants with the aid of the host machinery. In addition to symptomatic infections, viroids also cause latent infections where there is no visual evidence of infection in the host; however, transfer to a susceptible host can result in devastating disease. While there are non-hosts for viroids, no naturally occurring durable resistance has been observed in most host species. Current effective control methods for viroid diseases include detection and eradication, and cultural controls. In addition, heat or cold therapy combined with meristem tip culture has been shown to be effective for elimination of viroids for some viroid-host combinations. An understanding of viroid-host interactions, host susceptibility, and non-host resistance could provide guidance for the design of viroid-resistant plants. Efforts to engineer viroid resistance into host species have been underway for several years, and include the use of antisense RNA, antisense RNA plus ribozymes, a dsRNase, and siRNAs, among others. The results of those efforts and the challenges associated with creating viroid resistant plants are summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kovalskaya
- USDA ARS BARC Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Rosemarie W Hammond
- USDA ARS BARC Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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Zhang Z, Lee Y, Spetz C, Clarke JL, Wang Q, Blystad DR. Invasion of shoot apical meristems by Chrysanthemum stunt viroid differs among Argyranthemum cultivars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 6:53. [PMID: 25763000 PMCID: PMC4329803 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd) is a damaging pathogen attacking Argyranthemum plants. Our study attempted to reveal distribution patterns of CSVd in shoot apical meristems (SAM) and to explore reasons for differential ability of CSVd to invade SAM of selected Argyranthemum cultivars. Symptom development was also observed on greenhouse-grown Argyranthemum plants. Viroid localization using in situ hybridization revealed that the ability of CSVd to invade SAM differed among cultivars. In diseased 'Yellow Empire' and 'Butterfly', CSVd was found in all tissues including the uppermost cell layers in the apical dome (AD) and the youngest leaf primordia 1 and 2. In diseased 'Border Dark Red' and 'Border Pink', CSVd was detected in the lower part of the AD and elder leaf primordia, leaving the upper part of the AD, and leaf primordia 1 and 2 free of viroid. Histological observations and transmission electron microscopy showed similar developmental patterns of vascular tissues and plasmodesmata (PD) in the SAM of 'Yellow Empire' and 'Border Dark Red', while immunolocalization studies revealed a major difference in the number of callose (β-1, 3-glucan) particles deposited at PD in SAM. A lower number of callose particles were found deposited at PD of SAM of 'Yellow Empire' than 'Border Dark Red'. This difference is most likely responsible for the differences in ability of CSVd to invade SAM among Argyranthemum cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture of China – College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, YanglingChina
- Bioforsk-Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, ÅsNorway
| | - YeonKyeong Lee
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, ÅsNorway
| | - Carl Spetz
- Bioforsk-Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, ÅsNorway
| | - Jihong Liu Clarke
- Bioforsk-Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, ÅsNorway
| | - Qiaochun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture of China – College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, YanglingChina
| | - Dag-Ragnar Blystad
- Bioforsk-Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, ÅsNorway
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Hosokawa M. Leaf Primordia-Free Shoot Apical Meristem Culture: A New Method for Production of Viroid-Free Plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.2503/jjshs1.77.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Tissue culture of ornamental pot plant: A critical review on present scenario and future prospects. Biotechnol Adv 2006; 24:531-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2006.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2005] [Revised: 05/03/2006] [Accepted: 05/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hosokawa M, Matsushita Y, Uchida H, Yazawa S. Direct RT-PCR method for detecting two chrysanthemum viroids using minimal amounts of plant tissue. J Virol Methods 2006; 131:28-33. [PMID: 16102850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2005] [Revised: 07/05/2005] [Accepted: 07/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A direct reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method for detecting the chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd) and chrysanthemum chlorotic mottle viroid (CChMVd) to screen for a viroid-free chrysanthemum plant at a small plant size was established and named microtissue direct RT-PCR. A razor or syringe needle was used for RNA template preparations. Under a stereoscopic microscope, a razor or syringe needle was used to pierce, a tissue sample to a depth of 0.1-0.2mm, and the sample was directly transferred to the RT mixtures. Methods using razors or needles for the preparation of templates could detect CSVd and CChMVd with a high sensitivity. The most sensitive method used a razor or syringe needle to acquire template from the shoot tips. Using the microtissue direct RT-PCR method, both viroids could be detected from the high- and low-viroid-concentration plants. The microtissue direct RT-PCR method was more sensitive than a conventional template preparation method. Using the microtissue direct RT-PCR method established in this study, the laborious subculture step could be omitted because detecting viroids and screening for viroid-free plants even at a small plant size before the subculture could be possible. In addition, the microtissue direct RT-PCR method could also be a powerful tool for clarifing the viroid distribution among microtissues, such as shoot apical meristems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hosokawa
- Laboratory of Vegetable and Ornamental Horticulture, Department of Agronomy and Horticultural Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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Hosokawa M, Matsushita Y, Ohishi K, Yazawa S. Elimination of Chrysanthemum Chlorotic Mottle Viroid (CChMVd) Recently Detected in Japan by Leaf-primordia Free Shoot Apical Meristem Culture from Infected Cultivars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.2503/jjshs.74.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Munetaka Hosokawa
- Laboratory of Vegetable and Ornamental Horticulture, Department of Agronomy and Horticultural Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
| | - Yosuke Matsushita
- Laboratory of Vegetable and Ornamental Horticulture, Department of Agronomy and Horticultural Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
| | | | - Susumu Yazawa
- Laboratory of Vegetable and Ornamental Horticulture, Department of Agronomy and Horticultural Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
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Hosokawa M, Ueda E, Ohishi K, Otake A, Yazawa S. Chrysanthemum stunt viroid disturbs the photoperiodic response for flowering of chrysanthemum plants. PLANTA 2004; 220:64-70. [PMID: 15549375 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-004-1318-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2004] [Accepted: 05/19/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chrysanthemum ( Dendranthema grandiflorum Kitam.) is one of the qualitative short-day flowering plants. Therefore, the flowering of chrysanthemum can usually be controlled by photoperiod. However, it was noted that 'Piato' plants infected by the chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd) flowered autonomously even under long-day conditions. In this study, CSVd-free and CSVd-infected plants were prepared by culturing different-sized dissected shoot apical meristems (SAMs) of 'Piato'. Using these CSVd-free and CSVd-infected plants, we clarified the relationship between CSVd infection and the autonomous flowering of 'Piato'. Under natural short-day conditions, the flowering of plants regenerated from SAMs containing leaf primordia (LPs) was 1 month earlier than plants regenerated from LP-free SAMs. CSVd was detected from these early flowering plants by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. On the other hand, CSVd was not detected in plants regenerated from LP-free SAMs. CSVd-infected and CSVd-free plants were grown under long-day conditions simulated by night-break lighting at 22:00 p.m. to 2:00 a.m. All CSVd-infected plants flowered autonomously even under long-day conditions; on the other hand, CSVd-free chrysanthemum plants maintained their vegetative growth. When the CSVd-free plants were inoculated with CSVd by grafting them to CSVd-infected rootstocks, they flowered autonomously even under night-break lighting. In this study, the results suggest that CSVd may control the qualitative development process, flowering, i.e. CSVd can induce the autonomous flowering of chrysanthemum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munetaka Hosokawa
- Laboratory of Vegetable and Ornamental Horticulture, Department of Agronomy and Horticultural Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan,
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