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Mo J, Lv R, Qin X, Wu X, Chen H, Yan N, Shi J, Wu Y, Liu W, Kong RYC, Guo J. Mechanistic insights into hormesis induced by erythromycin in the marine alga Thalassiosira weissflogii. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 263:115242. [PMID: 37441949 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Erythromycin (ERY) is a typical macrolide antibiotic with large production and extensive use on a global scale. Detection of ERY in both freshwaters and coaster seawaters, as well as relatively high ecotoxicity of ERY have been documented. Notably, hormesis has been reported on several freshwater algae under ERY stress, where growth was promoted at relatively lower exposures but inhibited at higher treatment levels. On the contrary, there is limited information of ERY toxicity in marine algae, hampering the risk assessment on ERY in the coaster waters. The presence of hormesis may challenge the current concept of dose-response adopted in chemical risk assessment. Whether and how exposure to ERY can induce dose-dependent toxicity in marine algae remain virtually unknown, especially at environmentally relevant concentrations. The present study used a model marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii (T. weissflogii) to reveal its toxicological responses to ERY at different biological levels and decipher the underlying mechanisms. Assessment of multiple apical endpoints shows an evident growth promotion following ERY exposure at an environmentally relevant concentration (1 µg/L), associated with increased contents reactive oxygen species (ROS) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), activated signaling pathways related to ribosome biosynthesis and translation, and production of total soluble protein. By contrast, growth inhibition in the 750 and 2500 µg/L treatments was attributed to reduced viability, increased ROS formation, reduced content of total soluble protein, inhibited photosynthesis, and perturbed signaling pathways involved in xenobiotic metabolism, ribosome, metabolism of amino acid, and nitrogen metabolism. Measurements of multiple apical endpoints coupled with de novo transcriptomics analysis applied in the present study, a systems biology approach, can generate detailed mechanistic information of chemical toxicity including dose-response and species sensitivity difference used in environmental risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiezhang Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Runnan Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Xian Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Xintong Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Haibo Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Neng Yan
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jingchun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Yinglin Wu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524048, China
| | - Wenhua Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Richard Y C Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Jiahua Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
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Chen P, Yu K, He Y. The dynamics and transmission of antibiotic resistance associated with plant microbiomes. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 176:107986. [PMID: 37257204 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have been widely found and studied in soil and water environments. However, the propagation of ARGs in plant microbiomes has attracted insufficient attention. Plant microbiomes, especially the rhizosphere microorganisms, are closely connected with water, soil, and air, which allows ARGs to spread widely in ecosystems and pose a threat to human health after entering the human body with bacteria. Therefore, it is necessary to deeply understand and explore the dynamics and the transmission of ARGs in rhizosphere microorganisms and endophytes of plants. In this review, the transmission and influencing factors of ARGs in the microorganisms associated with plants, especially the influence of root exudates on plant microbiomes, are analyzed. Notably, the role of intrinsic genes of plants in determining root exudates and their potential effects on ARGs are proposed and analyzed. The important role of phyllosphere microorganisms and endophytes in the transmission of ARGs and co-resistance of antibiotics and other substances are also emphasized. The proliferation and transmission of ARGs associated with plant microbiomes addressed in this review is conducive to revealing the fate of ARGs in plant microorganisms and alleviating ARG pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chen
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Kaifeng Yu
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yiliang He
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
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Wang L, Yao W, Zhang X, Tang Y, Van Nocker S, Wang Y, Zhang C. The putative ABCG transporter VviABCG20 from grapevine ( Vitis vinifera) is strongly expressed in the seed coat of developing seeds and may participate in suberin biosynthesis. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 29:23-34. [PMID: 36733832 PMCID: PMC9886760 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-022-01276-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Half-size ATP binding cassette G (ABCG) transporters participate in many biological processes by transporting specific substrates. Our previous study showed that VviABCG20 was strongly expressed in the seeds of seeded grape and the silencing of VviABCG20 homolog gene in tomato led to a reduction in seed number. To reveal the molecular mechanism of VviABCG20 gene involved in grape seed development/abortion, the gene expression and functional analysis of VviABCG20 were further carried out in the grapevine. It was shown that the gene expression of VviABCG20 was higher in seeds of seeded grapes compared with seedless. Further the expression of VviABCG20 in the seed coat was significantly higher than in ovules (young seeds) and endosperm. VviABCG20 was also induced by exogenous hormones (especially MeJA) in grape leaves. Subcellular localization analysis showed that VviABCG20 is a membrane protein. In overexpressed VviABCG20 transgenic callus of Thompson seedless, expression of genes GPAT5, FAR1 and FAR5 was increased significantly. After treatment with suberin precursors, the transgenic callus reduced the sensitivity to three cinnamic acid derivatives (cis-ferulic acid, caffeic acid, coumaric acid), succinic acid, and glycerol. In suspension cells, expression of VviABCG20 was increased significantly after treatment with suberin precursors. Our research suggested that VviABCG20 may function in seed development in grapevine, at least in part by participating in suberin biosynthesis in the seed coat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northwest Region), Ministry of Agriculture, P.R. China, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Wang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northwest Region), Ministry of Agriculture, P.R. China, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northwest Region), Ministry of Agriculture, P.R. China, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Yujin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northwest Region), Ministry of Agriculture, P.R. China, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Steve Van Nocker
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 48824 USA
| | - Yuejin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northwest Region), Ministry of Agriculture, P.R. China, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Chaohong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northwest Region), Ministry of Agriculture, P.R. China, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
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Coates J, Bostick KJ, Jones BA, Caston N, Ayalew M. What is the impact of aminoglycoside exposure on soil and plant root-associated microbiota? A systematic review protocol. ENVIRONMENTAL EVIDENCE 2022; 11:18. [PMID: 39294802 PMCID: PMC11378799 DOI: 10.1186/s13750-022-00274-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aminoglycosides are potent bactericidal antibiotics naturally produced by soil microorganisms and are commonly used in agriculture. Exposure to these antibiotics has the potential to cause shifts in the microorganisms that impact plant health. The systematic review described in this protocol will compile and synthesize literature on soil and plant root-associated microbiota, with special attention to aminoglycoside exposure. The systematic review should provide insight into how the soil and plant microbiota are impacted by aminoglycoside exposure with specific attention to the changes in the overall species richness and diversity (microbial composition), changes of the resistome (i.e. the changes in the quantification of resistance genes), and maintenance of plant health through suppression of pathogenic bacteria. Moreover, the proposed contribution will provide comprehensive information about data available to guide future primary research studies. This systematic review protocol is based on the question, "What is the impact of aminoglycoside exposure on the soil and plant root-associated microbiota?". METHODS A boolean search of academic databases and specific websites will be used to identify research articles, conference presentations and grey literature meeting the search criteria. All search results will be compiled and duplicates removed before title and abstract screening. Two reviewers will screen all the included titles and abstracts using a set of predefined inclusion criteria. Full-texts of all titles and abstracts meeting the eligibility criteria will be screened independently by two reviewers. Inclusion criteria will describe the eligible soil and plant root-associated microbiome populations of interest and eligible aminoglycosides constituting our exposure. Study validity will be evaluated using the CEE Critical Appraisal Tool Version 0.2 (Prototype) to evaluate the risk of bias in publications. Data from studies with a low risk of bias will be extracted and compiled into a narrative synthesis and summarized into tables and figures. If sufficient evidence is available, findings will be used to perform a meta-analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Coates
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Graduate Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Kathleen J Bostick
- Department of Biology, Spelman College, 350 Spelman Lane, Atlanta, GA, 30314, USA
| | - Brooke A Jones
- Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Miles College, 5500 Myron Massy Blvd, Fairfield, AL, 35064, USA
| | - Nymeer Caston
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Alabama A&M University, 4900 Meridian Street N, Huntsville, AL, 35811, USA
| | - Mentewab Ayalew
- Biology Department, Spelman College, 350 Spelman Lane, Atlanta, GA, 30314, USA.
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Wang C, Yang Y, Wang H, Ran X, Li B, Zhang J, Zhang H. Ectopic expression of a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase gene PtCYP714A3 from Populus trichocarpa reduces shoot growth and improves tolerance to salt stress in transgenic rice. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:1838-51. [PMID: 26970512 PMCID: PMC5069455 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa, the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 714 protein family represents a unique group of CYP monooxygenase, which functions as a shoot-specific regulator in plant development through gibberellin deactivation. Here, we report the functional characterizations of PtCYP714A3, an OsCYP714D1/Eui homologue from Populus trichocarpa. PtCYP714A3 was ubiquitously expressed with the highest transcript level in cambium-phloem tissues, and was greatly induced by salt and osmotic stress in poplar. Subcellular localization analyses indicated that PtCYP714A3-YFP fusion protein was targeted to endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Expression of PtCYP714A3 in the rice eui mutant could rescue its excessive-shoot-growth phenotype. Ectopic expression of PtCYP714A3 in rice led to semi-dwarfed phenotype with promoted tillering and reduced seed size. Transgenic lines which showed significant expression of PtCYP714A3 also accumulated lower GA level than did the wild-type (WT) plants. The expression of some GA biosynthesis genes was significantly suppressed in these transgenic plants. Furthermore, transgenic rice plants exhibited enhanced tolerance to salt and maintained more Na(+) in both shoot and root tissues under salinity stress. All these results not only suggest a crucial role of PtCYP714A3 in shoot responses to salt toxicity in rice, but also provide a molecular basis for genetic engineering of salt-tolerant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiting Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Haihai Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojuan Ran
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bei Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiantao Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Mentewab A, Matheson K, Adebiyi M, Robinson S, Elston B. RNA-seq analysis of the effect of kanamycin and the ABC transporter AtWBC19 on Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings reveals changes in metal content. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109310. [PMID: 25310285 PMCID: PMC4195610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are exposed to antibiotics produced by soil microorganisms, but little is known about their responses at the transcriptional level. Likewise, few endogenous mechanisms of antibiotic resistance have been reported. The Arabidopsis thaliana ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) transporter AtWBC19 (ABCG19) is known to confer kanamycin resistance, but the exact mechanism of resistance is not well understood. Here we examined the transcriptomes of control seedlings and wbc19 mutant seedlings using RNA-seq analysis. Exposure to kanamycin indicated changes in the organization of the photosynthetic apparatus, metabolic fluxes and metal uptake. Elemental analysis showed a 60% and 80% reduction of iron uptake in control and wbc19 mutant seedlings respectively, upon exposure to kanamycin. The drop in iron content was accompanied by the upregulation of the gene encoding for FERRIC REDUCTION OXIDASE 6 (FRO6) in mutant seedlings but not by the differential expression of other transport genes known to be induced by iron deficiency. In addition, wbc19 mutants displayed a distinct expression profile in the absence of kanamycin. Most notably the expression of several zinc ion binding proteins, including ZINC TRANSPORTER 1 PRECURSOR (ZIP1) was increased, suggesting abnormal zinc uptake. Elemental analysis confirmed a 50% decrease of zinc content in wbc19 mutants. Thus, the antibiotic resistance gene WBC19 appears to also have a role in zinc uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayalew Mentewab
- Biology Department, Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kinnari Matheson
- Biology Department, Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Molecular Biology Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Morayo Adebiyi
- Biology Department, Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shanice Robinson
- Biology Department, Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Brianna Elston
- Biology Department, Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- College of Health Care Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, Florida, United States of America
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ATP-Binding Cassette and Multidrug and Toxic Compound Extrusion Transporters in Plants. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 309:303-46. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800255-1.00006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kang J, Park J, Choi H, Burla B, Kretzschmar T, Lee Y, Martinoia E. Plant ABC Transporters. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2011; 9:e0153. [PMID: 22303277 PMCID: PMC3268509 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
ABC transporters constitute one of the largest protein families found in all living organisms. ABC transporters are driven by ATP hydrolysis and can act as exporters as well as importers. The plant genome encodes for more than 100 ABC transporters, largely exceeding that of other organisms. In Arabidopsis, only 22 out of 130 have been functionally analyzed. They are localized in most membranes of a plant cell such as the plasma membrane, the tonoplast, chloroplasts, mitochondria and peroxisomes and fulfill a multitude of functions. Originally identified as transporters involved in detoxification processes, they have later been shown to be required for organ growth, plant nutrition, plant development, response to abiotic stresses, pathogen resistance and the interaction of the plant with its environment. To fulfill these roles they exhibit different substrate specifies by e.g. depositing surface lipids, accumulating phytate in seeds, and transporting the phytohormones auxin and abscisic acid. The aim of this review is to give an insight into the functions of plant ABC transporters and to show their importance for plant development and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joohyun Kang
- POSTECH-UZH Global Research Laboratory, Division of Molecular Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, Korea
| | - Jiyoung Park
- POSTECH-UZH Global Research Laboratory, Division of Molecular Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, Korea
| | - Hyunju Choi
- POSTECH-UZH Global Research Laboratory, Division of Molecular Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, Korea
| | - Bo Burla
- Institute of Plant Biology, University Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Kretzschmar
- Institute of Plant Biology, University Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Youngsook Lee
- POSTECH-UZH Global Research Laboratory, Division of Molecular Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, Korea
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, World Class University Program, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, Korea
| | - Enrico Martinoia
- POSTECH-UZH Global Research Laboratory, Division of Molecular Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, Korea
- Institute of Plant Biology, University Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
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Wang H, Wang C, Liu H, Tang R, Zhang H. An efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and regeneration system for leaf explants of two elite aspen hybrid clones Populus alba × P. berolinensis and Populus davidiana × P. bolleana. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2011; 30:2037-44. [PMID: 21717184 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-011-1111-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic technology has been successfully used for gene function analyses and trait improvement in cereal plants. However, its usage is limited in woody plants, especially in the difficult-to-transform but commercially viable hybrid poplar. In this work, an efficient regeneration and transformation system was established for the production of two hybrid aspen clones: Populus alba × P. berolinensis and Populus davidiana × P. bolleana. A plant transformation vector designed to express the reporter gene uidA, encoding β-glucuronidase (GUS), driven by the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter, was used to detect transformation event at early stages of plant regeneration, and to optimize the parameters that may affect poplar transformation efficiency. Bacterium strain and age of leaf explant are two major factors that affect transformation efficiency. Addition of thidiazuron (TDZ) improved both regeneration and transformation efficiency. The transformation efficiency is approximately 9.3% for P. alba × P. berolinensis and 16.4% for P. davidiana × P. bolleana. Using this system, transgenic plants were usually produced in less than 1 month after co-cultivation. The growth characteristics and morphology of transgenic plants were identical to the untransformed wild type plants, and the transgenes could be inherited by vegetative propagation, as confirmed by PCR, Southern blotting, RT-PCR and β-glucuronidase staining analyses. The establishment of this system will help to facilitate the studies of gene functions in tree growth and development at a genome level, and as well as the introduction of some valuable traits in aspen breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihai Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Conte SS, Lloyd AM. Exploring multiple drug and herbicide resistance in plants--spotlight on transporter proteins. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 180:196-203. [PMID: 21421361 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2010.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Multiple drug resistance (MDR) has been extensively studied in bacteria, yeast, and mammalian cells due to the great clinical significance of this problem. MDR is not well studied in plant systems, although plant genomes contain large numbers of genes encoding putative MDR transporters (MDRTs). Biochemical pathways in the chloroplast are the targets of many herbicides and antibiotics, yet very little data is available regarding mechanisms of drug transport across the chloroplast membrane. MDRTs typically have broad substrate specificities, and may transport essential compounds and metabolites in addition to toxins. Indeed, plant transporters belonging to MDR families have also been implicated in the transport of a wide variety of compounds including auxins, flavonoids, glutathione conjugates, metal chelators, herbicides and antibiotics, although definitive evidence that a single transporter is capable of moving both toxins and metabolites has not yet been provided. Current understanding of plant MDR can be expanded via the characterization of candidate genes, especially MDRTs predicted to localize to the chloroplast, and also via traditional forward genetic approaches. Novel plant MDRTs have the potential to become endogenous selectable markers, aid in phytoremediation strategies, and help us to understand how plants have evolved to cope with toxins in their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S Conte
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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