1
|
Basu S, Kumar G. Regulation of nitro-oxidative homeostasis: an effective approach to enhance salinity tolerance in plants. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:193. [PMID: 39008125 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03275-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Soil salinity is a major constraint for sustainable agricultural productivity, which together with the incessant climate change may be transformed into a severe threat to the global food security. It is, therefore, a serious concern that needs to be addressed expeditiously. The overproduction and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are the key events occurring during salt stress, consequently employing nitro-oxidative stress and programmed cell death in plants. However, very sporadic studies have been performed concerning different aspects of nitro-oxidative stress in plants under salinity stress. The ability of plants to tolerate salinity is associated with their ability to maintain the cellular redox equilibrium mediated by both non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant defense mechanisms. The present review emphasizes the mechanisms of ROS and RNS generation in plants, providing a detailed evaluation of how redox homeostasis is conserved through their effective removal. The uniqueness of this article stems from its incorporation of expression analyses of candidate genes for different antioxidant enzymes involved in ROS and RNS detoxification across various developmental stages and tissues of rice, utilizing publicly available microarray data. It underscores the utilization of modern biotechnological methods to improve salinity tolerance in crops, employing different antioxidants as markers. The review also explores how various transcription factors contribute to plants' ability to tolerate salinity by either activating or repressing the expression of stress-responsive genes. In summary, the review offers a thorough insight into the nitro-oxidative homeostasis strategy for extenuating salinity stress in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahana Basu
- Department of Life Science, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, 824236, Bihar, India
| | - Gautam Kumar
- Department of Life Science, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, 824236, Bihar, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mishra N, Jiang C, Chen L, Paul A, Chatterjee A, Shen G. Achieving abiotic stress tolerance in plants through antioxidative defense mechanisms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1110622. [PMID: 37332720 PMCID: PMC10272748 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1110622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Climate change has increased the overall impact of abiotic stress conditions such as drought, salinity, and extreme temperatures on plants. Abiotic stress adversely affects the growth, development, crop yield, and productivity of plants. When plants are subjected to various environmental stress conditions, the balance between the production of reactive oxygen species and its detoxification through antioxidant mechanisms is disturbed. The extent of disturbance depends on the severity, intensity, and duration of abiotic stress. The equilibrium between the production and elimination of reactive oxygen species is maintained due to both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidative defense mechanisms. Non-enzymatic antioxidants include both lipid-soluble (α-tocopherol and β-carotene) and water-soluble (glutathione, ascorbate, etc.) antioxidants. Ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione reductase (GR) are major enzymatic antioxidants that are essential for ROS homeostasis. In this review, we intend to discuss various antioxidative defense approaches used to improve abiotic stress tolerance in plants and the mechanism of action of the genes or enzymes involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Mishra
- Department of Botany, St. Joseph’s University, Bangalore, KA, India
| | - Chenkai Jiang
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | | | | | - Guoxin Shen
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ascorbate-Glutathione Cycle Genes Families in Euphorbiaceae: Characterization and Evolutionary Analysis. BIOLOGY 2022; 12:biology12010019. [PMID: 36671712 PMCID: PMC9855080 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ascorbate peroxidase (APX), Monodehydroascorbate Reductase (MDAR), Dehydroascorbate Reductase (DHAR) and Glutathione Reductase (GR) enzymes participate in the ascorbate-glutathione cycle, which exerts a central role in the antioxidant metabolism in plants. Despite the importance of this antioxidant system in different signal transduction networks related to development and response to environmental stresses, the pathway has not yet been comprehensively characterized in many crop plants. Among different eudicotyledons, the Euphorbiaceae family is particularly diverse with some species highly tolerant to drought. Here the APX, MDAR, DHAR, and GR genes in Ricinus communis, Jatropha curcas, Manihot esculenta, and Hevea brasiliensis were identified and characterized. The comprehensive phylogenetic and genomic analyses allowed the classification of the genes into different classes, equivalent to cytosolic, peroxisomal, chloroplastic, and mitochondrial enzymes, and revealed the duplication events that contribute to the expansion of these families within plant genomes. Due to the high drought stress tolerance of Ricinus communis, the expression patterns of ascorbate-glutathione cycle genes in response to drought were also analyzed in leaves and roots, indicating a differential expression during the stress. Altogether, these data contributed to the characterization of the expression pattern and evolutionary analysis of these genes, filling the gap in the proposed functions of core components of the antioxidant mechanism during stress response in an economically relevant group of plants.
Collapse
|
4
|
Chauhan PK, Upadhyay SK, Tripathi M, Singh R, Krishna D, Singh SK, Dwivedi P. Understanding the salinity stress on plant and developing sustainable management strategies mediated salt-tolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and CRISPR/Cas9. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2022:1-37. [PMID: 36254096 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2022.2131958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity is a worldwide concern that decreases plant growth performance in agricultural fields and contributes to food scarcity. Salt stressors have adverse impacts on the plant's ionic, osmotic, and oxidative balance, as well as numerous physiological functions. Plants have a variety of coping strategies to deal with salt stress, including osmosensing, osmoregulation, ion-homeostasis, increased antioxidant synthesis, and so on. Not only does salt stress cause oxidative stress but also many types of stress do as well, thus plants have an effective antioxidant system to battle the negative effects of excessive reactive oxygen species produced as a result of stress. Rising salinity in the agricultural field affects crop productivity and plant development considerably; nevertheless, plants have a well-known copying mechanism that shields them from salt stress by facilitated production of secondary metabolites, antioxidants, ionhomeostasis, ABAbiosynthesis, and so on. To address this problem, various environment-friendly solutions such as salt-tolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, eco-friendly additives, and foliar applications of osmoprotectants/antioxidants are urgently needed. CRISPR/Cas9, a new genetic scissor, has recently been discovered to be an efficient approach for reducing salt stress in plants growing in saline soil. Understanding the processes underlying these physiological and biochemical responses to salt stress might lead to more effective crop yield control measures in the future. In order to address this information, the current review discusses recent advances in plant stress mechanisms against salinity stress-mediated antioxidant systems, as well as the development of appropriate long-term strategies for plant growth mediated by CRISPR/Cas9 techniques under salinity stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat K Chauhan
- Department of Environmental Science, V.B.S. Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, India
| | - Sudhir K Upadhyay
- Department of Environmental Science, V.B.S. Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, India
| | - Manikant Tripathi
- Biotechnology Program, Dr. RamManohar Lohia Avadh University, Ayodhya, India
| | - Rajesh Singh
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Deeksha Krishna
- College of agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Fiji National University, Fiji
| | - Sushil K Singh
- Department of Agri-Business, V.B.S. Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, India
| | - Padmanabh Dwivedi
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Foyer CH, Hanke G. ROS production and signalling in chloroplasts: cornerstones and evolving concepts. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:642-661. [PMID: 35665548 PMCID: PMC9545066 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as singlet oxygen, superoxide (O2●- ) and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) are the markers of living cells. Oxygenic photosynthesis produces ROS in abundance, which act as a readout of a functional electron transport system and metabolism. The concept that photosynthetic ROS production is a major driving force in chloroplast to nucleus retrograde signalling is embedded in the literature, as is the role of chloroplasts as environmental sensors. The different complexes and components of the photosynthetic electron transport chain (PETC) regulate O2●- production in relation to light energy availability and the redox state of the stromal Cys-based redox systems. All of the ROS generated in chloroplasts have the potential to act as signals and there are many sulphhydryl-containing proteins and peptides in chloroplasts that have the potential to act as H2 O2 sensors and function in signal transduction. While ROS may directly move out of the chloroplasts to other cellular compartments, ROS signalling pathways can only be triggered if appropriate ROS-sensing proteins are present at or near the site of ROS production. Chloroplast antioxidant systems serve either to propagate these signals or to remove excess ROS that cannot effectively be harnessed in signalling. The key challenge is to understand how regulated ROS delivery from the PETC to the Cys-based redox machinery is organised to transmit redox signals from the environment to the nucleus. Redox changes associated with stromal carbohydrate metabolism also play a key role in chloroplast signalling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine H. Foyer
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonB15 2TTUK
| | - Guy Hanke
- School of Biological and Chemical SciencesQueen Mary University of LondonMile End RoadLondonE1 4NSUK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Razmjooei Z, Etemadi M, Eshghi S, Ramezanian A, Mirazimi Abarghuei F, Alizargar J. Potential Role of Foliar Application of Azotobacter on Growth, Nutritional Value and Quality of Lettuce under Different Nitrogen Levels. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11030406. [PMID: 35161387 PMCID: PMC8839414 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Vegetables can be treated with biofertilizers as an alternative to chemical fertilizers because of their low toxicity. We investigated the effects of foliar spraying of Azotobacter under different levels of nitrogen (100, 150 and 200 mg/L in nutrient solution) on the growth, nutritional value, nitrate accumulation and antioxidant enzyme activities of hydroponically grown lettuce. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with four replicates in a factorial combination. Plants treated with Azotobacter and 200 mg/L nitrogen had greater leaf area and photosynthetic pigments than plants treated with 200 mg/L nitrogen without spraying with Azotobacter. Increasing nitrogen levels increased leaf number, fresh and dry weights, leaf area and nitrate accumulation in lettuce plants. Peroxidase (POD) activity increased by 95.4% at a nitrogen level of 200 mg/L compared to a nitrogen level of 100 mg/L. Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity and leaf phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) concentrations were the highest in plants treated with a nitrogen source of 100 mg/L without foliar application of Azotobacter. As nitrogen levels increased in all treatments, nitrate reductase (NR) activity decreased and reached a minimum at the 200 mg/L nitrogen level. In general, foliar application of Azotobacter sp. can be used to promote plant growth and reduce nitrate accumulation in lettuce.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Razmjooei
- Department of Horticultural Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71441-65186, Iran; (Z.R.); (S.E.); (A.R.); (F.M.A.)
| | - Mohammad Etemadi
- Department of Horticultural Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71441-65186, Iran; (Z.R.); (S.E.); (A.R.); (F.M.A.)
- Correspondence: (M.E.); (J.A.); Tel.: +98-71-36138447 (M.E.)
| | - Saeid Eshghi
- Department of Horticultural Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71441-65186, Iran; (Z.R.); (S.E.); (A.R.); (F.M.A.)
| | - Asghar Ramezanian
- Department of Horticultural Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71441-65186, Iran; (Z.R.); (S.E.); (A.R.); (F.M.A.)
| | - Faezeh Mirazimi Abarghuei
- Department of Horticultural Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71441-65186, Iran; (Z.R.); (S.E.); (A.R.); (F.M.A.)
| | - Javad Alizargar
- Research Center for Healthcare Industry Innovation, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- School of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (M.E.); (J.A.); Tel.: +98-71-36138447 (M.E.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wei MY, Liu JY, Li H, Hu WJ, Shen ZJ, Qiao F, Zhu CQ, Chen J, Liu X, Zheng HL. Proteomic analysis reveals the protective role of exogenous hydrogen sulfide against salt stress in rice seedlings. Nitric Oxide 2021; 111-112:14-30. [PMID: 33839259 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important gaseous signal molecule which participates in various abiotic stress responses. However, the underlying mechanism of H2S associated salt tolerance remains elusive. In this study, sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS, donor of H2S) was used to investigate the protective role of H2S against salt stress at the biochemical and proteomic levels. Antioxidant activity and differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) of rice seedlings treated by NaCl or/and exogenous H2S were investigated by the methods of biochemical approaches and comparative proteomic analysis. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis was used for understanding the interaction networks of stress responsive proteins. In addition, relative mRNA levels of eight selected identified DEPs were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. The result showed that H2S alleviated oxidative damage caused by salt stress in rice seedling. The activities of some antioxidant enzymes and glutathione metabolism were mediated by H2S under salt stress. Proteomics analyses demonstrated that NaHS regulated antioxidant related proteins abundances and affected related enzyme activities under salt stress. Proteins related to light reaction system (PsbQ domain protein, plastocyanin oxidoreductase iron-sulfur protein), Calvin cycle (phosphoglycerate kinase, sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase precursor, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) and chlorophyll biosynthesis (glutamate-1-semialdehyde 2,1-aminomutase, coproporphyrinogen III oxidase) are important for NaHS against salt stress. ATP synthesis related proteins, malate dehydrogenase and 2, 3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase were up-regulated by NaHS under salt stress. Protein metabolism related proteins and cell structure related proteins were recovered or up-regulated by NaHS under salt stress. The PPI analysis further unraveled a complicated regulation network among above biological processes to enhance the tolerance of rice seedling to salt stress under H2S treatment. Overall, our results demonstrated that H2S takes protective roles in salt tolerance by mitigating oxidative stress, recovering photosynthetic capacity, improving primary and energy metabolism, strengthening protein metabolism and consolidating cell structure in rice seedlings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yue Wei
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, PR China
| | - Ji-Yun Liu
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, PR China
| | - Huan Li
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, PR China
| | - Wen-Jun Hu
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, PR China; Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310021, PR China
| | - Zhi-Jun Shen
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, PR China
| | - Fang Qiao
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, PR China
| | - Chun-Quan Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, PR China
| | - Juan Chen
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, PR China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, PR China
| | - Hai-Lei Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xiao M, Li Z, Zhu L, Wang J, Zhang B, Zheng F, Zhao B, Zhang H, Wang Y, Zhang Z. The Multiple Roles of Ascorbate in the Abiotic Stress Response of Plants: Antioxidant, Cofactor, and Regulator. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:598173. [PMID: 33912200 PMCID: PMC8072462 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.598173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbate (ASC) plays a critical role in plant stress response. The antioxidant role of ASC has been well-studied, but there are still several confusing questions about the function of ASC in plant abiotic stress response. ASC can scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and should be helpful for plant stress tolerance. But in some cases, increasing ASC content impairs plant abiotic stress tolerance, whereas, inhibiting ASC synthesis or regeneration enhances plant stress tolerance. This confusing phenomenon indicates that ASC may have multiple roles in plant abiotic stress response not just as an antioxidant, though many studies more or less ignored other roles of ASC in plant. In fact, ACS also can act as the cofactor of some enzymes, which are involved in the synthesis, metabolism, and modification of a variety of substances, which has important effects on plant stress response. In addition, ASC can monitor and effectively regulate cell redox status. Therefore, we believe that ASC has atleast triple roles in plant abiotic stress response: as the antioxidant to scavenge accumulated ROS, as the cofactor to involve in plant metabolism, or as the regulator to coordinate the actions of various signal pathways under abiotic stress. The role of ASC in plant abiotic stress response is important and complex. The detail role of ASC in plant abiotic stress response should be analyzed according to specific physiological process in specific organ. In this review, we discuss the versatile roles of ASC in the response of plants to abiotic stresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minggang Xiao
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zixuan Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayi Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Fuyu Zheng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Beiping Zhao
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Haiwen Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Yujie Wang,
| | - Zhijin Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhijin Zhang,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang J, Wu B, Yin H, Fan Z, Li X, Ni S, He L, Li J. Overexpression of CaAPX Induces Orchestrated Reactive Oxygen Scavenging and Enhances Cold and Heat Tolerances in Tobacco. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:4049534. [PMID: 28386551 PMCID: PMC5366785 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4049534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) acts indispensably in synthesizing L-ascorbate (AsA) which is pivotal to plant stress tolerance by detoxifying reactive oxygen species (ROS). Enhanced activity of APX has been shown to be a key step for genetic engineering of improving plant tolerance. However it needs a deeper understanding on the maintenance of cellular ROS homeostasis in response to stress. In this study, we identified and characterized an APX (CaAPX) gene from Camellia azalea. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that CaAPX was expressed in all tissues and peaked in immature green fruits; the expression levels were significantly upregulated upon cold and hot stresses. Transgenic plants displayed marked enhancements of tolerance under both cold and heat treatments, and plant growth was correlated with CaAPX expression levels. Furthermore, we monitored the activities of several ROS-scavenging enzymes including Cu/Zn-SOD, CAT, DHAR, and MDHAR, and we showed that stress tolerance was synchronized with elevated activities of ROS-scavenging. Moreover, gene expression analysis of ROS-scavenging enzymes revealed a role of CaAPX to orchestrate ROS signaling in response to temperature stresses. Overall, this study presents a comprehensive characterization of cellular response related to CaAPX expression and provides insights to breed crops with high temperature tolerances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangying Wang
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
- Lianyungang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Flower Research Center, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222000, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
| | - Hengfu Yin
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
| | - Zhengqi Fan
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
| | - Xinlei Li
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
| | - Sui Ni
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Libo He
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Jiyuan Li
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pandey S, Fartyal D, Agarwal A, Shukla T, James D, Kaul T, Negi YK, Arora S, Reddy MK. Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants: Myriad Roles of Ascorbate Peroxidase. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:581. [PMID: 28473838 PMCID: PMC5397514 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
One of the most significant manifestations of environmental stress in plants is the increased production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). These ROS, if allowed to accumulate unchecked, can lead to cellular toxicity. A battery of antioxidant molecules is present in plants for keeping ROS levels under check and to maintain the cellular homeostasis under stress. Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) is a key antioxidant enzyme of such scavenging systems. It catalyses the conversion of H2O2 into H2O, employing ascorbate as an electron donor. The expression of APX is differentially regulated in response to environmental stresses and during normal plant growth and development as well. Different isoforms of APX show differential response to environmental stresses, depending upon their sub-cellular localization, and the presence of specific regulatory elements in the upstream regions of the respective genes. The present review delineates role of APX isoforms with respect to different types of abiotic stresses and its importance as a key antioxidant enzyme in maintaining cellular homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Pandey
- Plant Molecular Biology Lab, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyNew Delhi, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Uttarakhand Technical UniversityDehradun, India
- *Correspondence: Saurabh Pandey
| | - Dhirendra Fartyal
- Plant Molecular Biology Lab, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyNew Delhi, India
| | - Aakrati Agarwal
- Plant Molecular Biology Lab, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyNew Delhi, India
- Plant Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Botany, University of DelhiNew Delhi, India
| | - Tushita Shukla
- Division of Plant Physiology, Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi, India
| | - Donald James
- Plant Molecular Biology Lab, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyNew Delhi, India
| | - Tanushri Kaul
- Plant Molecular Biology Lab, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyNew Delhi, India
| | - Yogesh K. Negi
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Forestry, VCSG Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry (UUHF)Ranichauri, India
| | - Sandeep Arora
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and TechnologyPantnagar, India
| | - Malireddy K. Reddy
- Plant Molecular Biology Lab, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyNew Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu H, Wang Y, Zhou X, Wang C, Wang C, Fu J, Wei T. Overexpression of a harpin-encoding gene popW from Ralstonia solanacearum primed antioxidant defenses with enhanced drought tolerance in tobacco plants. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:1333-44. [PMID: 27053225 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-016-1965-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The tobacco plants transformed with popW gene showed enhanced drought tolerance, and the mechanism was found with primed antioxidant defenses and reduced drought stress damages in the transgenic lines. Harpin proteins are elicitors produced by several gram-negative plant pathogenic bacteria, triggering multiple beneficial responses in plants, such as induction of defense response against diverse pathogens and insects, growth promotion, and drought tolerance. In this study, the harpin-encoding gene popW derived from Ralstonia solanacearum ZJ3721 was transferred to tobacco. We examined the tolerance of transgenic tobacco plants toward drought stress under greenhouse conditions and analyzed the molecular mechanisms underlying the enhanced drought tolerance. The results revealed that the transgenic lines primed antioxidant defenses and reduced drought stress damages. In addition, they displayed lower malondialdehyde and relative electrical conductivity, while higher relative water content and recovery intension than the tobacco plants transformed with empty vector pBI121 and the wild-type (WT) plants under drought stress. Furthermore, the transgenic lines displayed a significant increase in peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase activities, and ascorbic acid content compared with control plants under drought stress, and these levels were up to 1.95, 1.68, 1.34, and 1.43 times higher than those of WT plants, respectively. Overexpression of popW in tobacco also significantly enhanced the relative transcript levels of oxidative stress-responsive genes NtAPX, NtCAT1, NtGST, and NtCu/Zn-SOD under drought stress. The relative transcript levels of these genes in the transgenic line PW12 were up to 1.94, 2.36, 5.24, and 3.62 times higher than those of WT plants, respectively. These results confirmed that the popW gene, which was transformed into tobacco primed antioxidant responses, increased tolerance to drought stress in tobacco plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, China
| | - Xiaosi Zhou
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Cui Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jia Fu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Tian Wei
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hossain MS, Dietz KJ. Tuning of Redox Regulatory Mechanisms, Reactive Oxygen Species and Redox Homeostasis under Salinity Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:548. [PMID: 27242807 PMCID: PMC4861717 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity is a crucial environmental constraint which limits biomass production at many sites on a global scale. Saline growth conditions cause osmotic and ionic imbalances, oxidative stress and perturb metabolism, e.g., the photosynthetic electron flow. The plant ability to tolerate salinity is determined by multiple biochemical and physiological mechanisms protecting cell functions, in particular by regulating proper water relations and maintaining ion homeostasis. Redox homeostasis is a fundamental cell property. Its regulation includes control of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, sensing deviation from and readjustment of the cellular redox state. All these redox related functions have been recognized as decisive factors in salinity acclimation and adaptation. This review focuses on the core response of plants to overcome the challenges of salinity stress through regulation of ROS generation and detoxification systems and to maintain redox homeostasis. Emphasis is given to the role of NADH oxidase (RBOH), alternative oxidase (AOX), the plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) and the malate valve with the malate dehydrogenase isoforms under salt stress. Overwhelming evidence assigns an essential auxiliary function of ROS and redox homeostasis to salinity acclimation of plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl-Josef Dietz
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of BielefeldBielefeld, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Luke LP, Mohamed Sathik MB, Thomas M, Kuruvilla L, Sumesh KV, Annamalainathan K. Quantitative expression analysis of drought responsive genes in clones of Hevea with varying levels of drought tolerance. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 21:179-186. [PMID: 25964712 PMCID: PMC4411388 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-015-0288-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to meet the ever rising global demand for natural rubber, cultivation of Hevea is being extended to non-traditional regions of India where extreme climatic conditions like drought and low temperature negatively influence the crop performance. In order to ensure maximum productivity, identification of drought tolerant clones of Hevea which can cope up with stress and give better crop yield is essential. Several attempts have been made previously to identify genes that are associated with drought tolerance in Hevea. In the present study, quantitative expression analysis was made using quantitative PCR for seven drought associated transcripts in four clones of Hevea with varying levels of drought tolerance. Among the seven genes studied, Mitogen Activated Protein (MAP) kinase, Myeloblastosis (Myb) transcription factor, C-repeat responsive element/Dehydration Responsive Element (CRT/DRE) binding factor and Nuclear Factor Y subunit A (NFYA) showed a positive association with drought tolerance. Transcripts of ascorbate peroxidase and heat shock protein 70 (HSP 70) did not show any correlation with drought tolerance. Interestingly, catalase gene was found down regulated in all the clones under drought condition. The possible role of these genes based on their level of gene expression in four different clones of Hevea with varying levels of drought tolerance is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisha P. Luke
- Rubber Research Institute of India, Rubber Board P.O., Kottayam, 686009 Kerala India
| | - M. B. Mohamed Sathik
- Rubber Research Institute of India, Rubber Board P.O., Kottayam, 686009 Kerala India
| | - Molly Thomas
- Rubber Research Institute of India, Rubber Board P.O., Kottayam, 686009 Kerala India
| | - Linu Kuruvilla
- Rubber Research Institute of India, Rubber Board P.O., Kottayam, 686009 Kerala India
| | - K. V. Sumesh
- Rubber Research Institute of India, Rubber Board P.O., Kottayam, 686009 Kerala India
| | - K. Annamalainathan
- Rubber Research Institute of India, Rubber Board P.O., Kottayam, 686009 Kerala India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Venkatesh J, Park SW. Role of L-ascorbate in alleviating abiotic stresses in crop plants. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2014; 55:38. [PMID: 28510969 PMCID: PMC5432849 DOI: 10.1186/1999-3110-55-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is a major antioxidant in plants and plays a significant role in mitigation of excessive cellular reactive oxygen species activities caused by number of abiotic stresses. Plant ascorbate levels change differentially in response to varying environmental stress conditions, depending on the degree of stress and species sensitivity. Successful modulation of ascorbate biosynthesis through genetic manipulation of genes involved in biosynthesis, catabolism and recycling of ascorbate has been achieved. Recently, role of ascorbate in alleviating number of abiotic stresses has been highlighted in crop plants. In this article, we discuss the current understanding of ascorbate biosynthesis and its antioxidant role in order to increase our comprehension of how ascorbate helps plants to counteract or cope with various abiotic stresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jelli Venkatesh
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1, Hwayang-dong, Seoul, Gwangjin-gu South Korea
| | - Se Won Park
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1, Hwayang-dong, Seoul, Gwangjin-gu South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Xu J, Yang J, Duan X, Jiang Y, Zhang P. Increased expression of native cytosolic Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase improves tolerance to oxidative and chilling stresses in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:208. [PMID: 25091029 PMCID: PMC4236755 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0208-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a tropical root crop, and is therefore, extremely sensitive to low temperature; its antioxidative response is pivotal for its survival under stress. Timely turnover of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plant cells generated by chilling-induced oxidative damages, and scavenging can be achieved by non-enzymatic and enzymatic reactions in order to maintain ROS homeostasis. RESULTS Transgenic cassava plants that co-express cytosolic superoxide dismutase (SOD), MeCu/ZnSOD, and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), MeAPX2, were produced and tested for tolerance against oxidative and chilling stresses. The up-regulation of MeCu/ZnSOD and MeAPX2 expression was confirmed by the quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and enzymatic activity analyses in the leaves of transgenic cassava plant lines with a single-transgene integration site. Upon exposure to ROS-generating agents, 100 μM ROS-generating reagent methyl viologen and 0.5 M H₂O₂, higher levels of enzymatic activities of SOD and APX were detected in transgenic plants than the wild type. Consequently, the oxidative stress parameters, such as lipid peroxidation, chlorophyll degradation and H₂O₂ synthesis, were lower in the transgenic lines than the wild type. Tolerance to chilling stress at 4°C for 2 d was greater in transgenic cassava, as observed by the higher levels of SOD, catalase, and ascorbate-glutathione cycle enzymes (e.g., APX, monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reducatase and glutathione reductase) and lower levels of malondialdehyde content. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the expression of native cytosolic SOD and APX simultaneously activated the antioxidative defense mechanisms via cyclic ROS scavenging, thereby improving its tolerance to cold stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xu
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, 3888 Chenhua Road, Shanghai 201602, China
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Shanghai), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, 3888 Chenhua Road, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Xiaoguang Duan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Shanghai), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, 3888 Chenhua Road, Shanghai 201602, China
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Shanghai), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tang X, Mu X, Shao H, Wang H, Brestic M. Global plant-responding mechanisms to salt stress: physiological and molecular levels and implications in biotechnology. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2014; 35:425-37. [PMID: 24738851 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2014.889080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The increasing seriousness of salinization aggravates the food, population and environmental issues. Ameliorating the salt-resistance of plants especially the crops is the most effective measure to solve the worldwide problem. The salinity can cause damage to plants mainly from two aspects: hyperosmotic and hyperionic stresses leading to the restrain of growth and photosynthesis. To the adverse effects, the plants derive corresponding strategies including: ion regulation and compartmentalization, biosynthesis of compatible solutes, induction of antioxidant enzymes and plant hormones. With the development of molecular biology, our understanding of the molecular and physiology knowledge is becoming clearness. The complex signal transduction underlying the salt resistance is being illuminated brighter and clearer. The SOS pathway is the central of the cell signaling in salt stress. The accumulation of the compatible solutes and the activation of the antioxidant system are the effective measures for plants to enhance the salt resistance. How to make full use of our understanding to improve the output of crops is a huge challenge for us, yet the application of the genetic engineering makes this possible. In this review, we will discuss the influence of the salt stress and the response of the plants in detail expecting to provide a particular account for the plant resistance in molecular, physiological and transgenic fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Tang
- a Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology & Bioresources Utilization , Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Yantai , China .,b University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Xingmin Mu
- c Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , China .,d Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources , Yangling , China
| | - Hongbo Shao
- a Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology & Bioresources Utilization , Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Yantai , China .,c Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , China .,d Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources , Yangling , China .,e Institute for Life Sciences, Qingdao University of Science & Technology (QUST) , Qingdao , China , and
| | - Hongyan Wang
- a Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology & Bioresources Utilization , Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Yantai , China .,b University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Marian Brestic
- a Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology & Bioresources Utilization , Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Yantai , China .,f Department of Plant Physiology , Slovak Agricultural University , Nitra , Slovak Republic
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kong F, Deng Y, Wang G, Wang J, Liang X, Meng Q. LeCDJ1, a chloroplast DnaJ protein, facilitates heat tolerance in transgenic tomatoes. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 56:63-74. [PMID: 24148796 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The roles of a tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) chloroplast-targeted DnaJ protein (LeCDJ1) were investigated using wild-type (WT) and sense transgenic tomatoes. The LeCDJ1 expression was upregulated by 38 °C, 42 °C, 45 °C, NaCl, PEG, methyl viologen (MV) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), but not by 30 °C and 35 °C. Meanwhile, LeCDJ1 was involved in the response of plants to abscisic acid (ABA). Under heat stress, the sense plants showed better growth, higher chlorophyll content, lower malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation and relative electrical conductivity (REC), and also less PSII photoinhibition than WT. Interestingly, the sense plants treated with streptomycin (SM), an inhibitor of organellar translation, still showed higher maximum photochemistry efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) and D1 protein levels than the SM-untreated WT, suggesting that the protective effect of LeCDJ1 on PSII was, at least partially, independent of D1 protein synthesis. Furthermore, the relatively lower superoxide radical (O2(•-)) and H2O2 levels in the sense plants were considered to be due to the higher ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, which seemed unlikely dependent on their transcription level. These results indicated that LeCDJ1 overexpression facilitated heat tolerance in transgenic tomatoes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanying Kong
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liu Z, Bao H, Cai J, Han J, Zhou L. A novel thylakoid ascorbate peroxidase from Jatrophacurcas enhances salt tolerance in transgenic tobacco. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 15:171-85. [PMID: 24368517 PMCID: PMC3907804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15010171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) plays an important role in the metabolism of hydrogen peroxide in higher plants. In the present study, a novel APX gene (JctAPX) was cloned from Jatropha curcas L. The deduced amino acid sequence was similar to that of APX of some other plant species. JctAPX has a chloroplast transit peptide and was localized to the chloroplasts by analysis with a JctAPX-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis showed that JctAPX was constitutively expressed in different tissues from J. curcas and was upregulated by NaCl stress. To characterize its function in salt tolerance, the construct p35S: JctAPX was created and successfully introduced into tobacco by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Compared with wild type (WT), the transgenic plants exhibited no morphological abnormalities in the no-stress condition. However, under 200 mM NaCl treatment, JctAPX over-expressing plants showed increased tolerance to salt during seedling establishment and growth. In addition, the transgenic lines showed higher chlorophyll content and APX activity, which resulted in lower H2O2 content than WT when subjected to 400 mM NaCl stress. These results suggest that the increased APX activity in the chloroplasts from transformed plants increased salt tolerance by enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging capacity under short-term NaCl stress conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China; E-Mails: (Z.L.); (H.B.); (J.H.)
| | - Han Bao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China; E-Mails: (Z.L.); (H.B.); (J.H.)
| | - Jin Cai
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China; E-Mail:
| | - Jun Han
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China; E-Mails: (Z.L.); (H.B.); (J.H.)
| | - Lirong Zhou
- Architecture & Environment Department, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Racchi ML. Antioxidant Defenses in Plants with Attention to Prunus and Citrus spp. Antioxidants (Basel) 2013; 2:340-69. [PMID: 26784469 PMCID: PMC4665512 DOI: 10.3390/antiox2040340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This short review briefly introduces the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as by-products of oxidation/reduction (redox) reactions, and the ways in which the antioxidant defense machinery is involved directly or indirectly in ROS scavenging. Major antioxidants, both enzymatic and non enzymatic, that protect higher plant cells from oxidative stress damage are described. Biochemical and molecular features of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) are discussed because they play crucial roles in scavenging ROS in the different cell compartments and in response to stress conditions. Among the non enzymatic defenses, particular attention is paid to ascorbic acid, glutathione, flavonoids, carotenoids, and tocopherols. The operation of ROS scavenging systems during the seasonal cycle and specific developmental events, such as fruit ripening and senescence, are discussed in relation to the intense ROS formation during these processes that impact fruit quality. Particular attention is paid to Prunus and Citrus species because of the nutritional and antioxidant properties contained in these commonly consumed fruits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milvia Luisa Racchi
- Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Sciences, Section of Agricultural Genetics-DISPAA, University of Florence, via Maragliano 77, Firenze 50144, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Agarwal PK, Shukla PS, Gupta K, Jha B. Bioengineering for salinity tolerance in plants: state of the art. Mol Biotechnol 2013; 54:102-23. [PMID: 22539206 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-012-9538-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Genetic engineering of plants for abiotic stress tolerance is a challenging task because of its multifarious nature. Comprehensive studies for developing abiotic stress tolerance are in progress, involving genes from different pathways including osmolyte synthesis, ion homeostasis, antioxidative pathways, and regulatory genes. In the last decade, several attempts have been made to substantiate the role of "single-function" gene(s) as well as transcription factor(s) for abiotic stress tolerance. Since, the abiotic stress tolerance is multigenic in nature, therefore, the recent trend is shifting towards genetic transformation of multiple genes or transcription factors. A large number of crop plants are being engineered by abiotic stress tolerant genes and have shown the stress tolerance mostly at laboratory level. This review presents a mechanistic view of different pathways and emphasizes the function of different genes in conferring salt tolerance by genetic engineering approach. It also highlights the details of successes achieved in developing salt tolerance in plants thus far.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep K Agarwal
- Discipline of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), G.B. Road, Bhavnagar, 364021 Gujarat, India.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sun WH, Wang Y, He HG, Li X, Song W, Du B, Meng QW. Reduction of methylviologen-mediated oxidative stress tolerance in antisense transgenic tobacco seedlings through restricted expression of StAPX. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2013; 14:578-85. [PMID: 23825143 PMCID: PMC3709062 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1200190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ascorbate peroxidases are directly involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging by reducing hydrogen peroxide to water. The tomato thylakoid-bound ascorbate peroxidase gene (StAPX) was introduced into tobacco. RNA gel blot analysis confirmed that StAPX in tomato leaves was induced by methylviologen-mediated oxidative stress. The sense transgenic seedlings exhibited higher tAPX activity than that of the wild type (WT) plants under oxidative stress conditions, while the antisense seedlings exhibited lower tAPX activity. Lower APX activities of antisense transgenic seedlings caused higher malondialdehyde contents and relative electrical conductivity. The sense transgenic seedlings with higher tAPX activity maintained higher chlorophyll content and showed the importance of tAPX in maintaining the optimal chloroplast development under methylviologen stress conditions, whereas the antisense lines maintained lower chlorophyll content than WT seedlings. Results indicated that the over-expression of StAPX enhanced tolerance to methylviologen-mediated oxidative stress in sense transgenic tobacco early seedlings, whereas the suppression of StAPX in antisense transgenic seedlings showed high sensitivity to oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hong Sun
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Hua-Gang He
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xue Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Wan Song
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Bin Du
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Qing-Wei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gest N, Gautier H, Stevens R. Ascorbate as seen through plant evolution: the rise of a successful molecule? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:33-53. [PMID: 23109712 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbate is a widespread and efficient antioxidant that has multiple functions in plants, traditionally associated with the reactions of photosynthesis. This review aims to look at ascorbate from an evolutionary perspective. Cyanobacteria, algae, and bryophytes contain lower concentrations of ascorbate than higher plants, where the molecule accumulates in high concentrations in both photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic organs and tissues. This increase in ascorbate concentration is paralleled by an increase in the number of isoforms of ascorbate peroxidase and the ascorbate regenerating enzymes mono- and dehydroascorbate reductase. One way of understanding the rise in ascorbate concentrations is to consider ascorbate as a molecule among others that has been subject to selection pressures during evolution, due to its cost or benefit for the cell and the organism. Ascorbate has a low cost in terms of synthesis and toxicity, and its benefits include protection of the glutathione pool and proper functioning of a range of enzymes. The hypothesis presented here is that these features would have favoured increasing roles for the molecule in the development and growth of multicellular organisms. This review then focuses on this diversity of roles for ascorbate in both photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic tissues of higher plants, including fruits and seeds, as well as further functions the molecule may possess by looking at other species. The review also highlights one of the trade-offs of domestication, which has often reduced or diluted ascorbate content in the quest for increased fruit growth and yield, with unknown consequences for the corresponding functional diversity, particularly in terms of stress resistance and adaptive responses to the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noé Gest
- INRA, UR1052, Génétique et amélioration des fruits et légumes, Domaine St Maurice, 84143 Montfavet, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Caverzan A, Passaia G, Rosa SB, Ribeiro CW, Lazzarotto F, Margis-Pinheiro M. Plant responses to stresses: Role of ascorbate peroxidase in the antioxidant protection. Genet Mol Biol 2012; 35:1011-9. [PMID: 23412747 PMCID: PMC3571416 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572012000600016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
When plants are exposed to stressful environmental conditions, the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) increases and can cause significant damage to the cells. Antioxidant defenses, which can detoxify ROS, are present in plants. A major hydrogen peroxide detoxifying system in plant cells is the ascorbate-glutathione cycle, in which, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzymes play a key role catalyzing the conversion of H(2)O(2) into H(2)O, using ascorbate as a specific electron donor. Different APX isoforms are present in distinct subcellular compartments, such as chloroplasts, mitochondria, peroxisome, and cytosol. The expression of APX genes is regulated in response to biotic and abiotic stresses as well as during plant development. The APX responses are directly involved in the protection of plant cells against adverse environmental conditions. Furthermore, mutant plants APX genes showed alterations in growth, physiology and antioxidant metabolism revealing those enzymes involvement in the normal plant development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andréia Caverzan
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gisele Passaia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Silvia Barcellos Rosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carolina Werner Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Lazzarotto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Márcia Margis-Pinheiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Duan M, Feng HL, Wang LY, Li D, Meng QW. Overexpression of thylakoidal ascorbate peroxidase shows enhanced resistance to chilling stress in tomato. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 169:867-77. [PMID: 22475501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis provides a strong reducing power and a high risk for generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) particularly under chilling stress. Ascorbate peroxidases (APXs) reduce H(2)O(2) to water and play an important role in the antioxidant system of plants. Though thylakoid ascorbate peroxidase (tAPX) has been thought to be key regulator of intracellular levels of H(2)O(2), its physiological significance in the response to chilling stress is still under discussion. To study the contribution of tAPX to the ROS scavenging, a tomato thylakoidal ascorbate peroxidase gene (LetAPX) was isolated and transgenic tomatoes were obtained. The LetAPX-GFP fusion protein was targeted to chloroplast in Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplast. RNA blotting analysis revealed that the LetAPX transcript expression was up-regulated by chilling, high light, exogenous salicylic acid (SA) and methyl viologen (MV). Over expression of LetAPX in tomatoes conferred tolerance to chilling stress by maintaining higher reduced glutathione (GSH) content, chlorophyll and APX activities compared with wild type (WT) plants. Furthermore, transgenic plants showed lower levels of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and ion leakage, lower malendialdehyde (MDA) content, higher net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and higher maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm). The oxidizable P700 decreased more obviously in WT than that in transgenic plants under chilling stress in low irradiance. The results suggested that over expression of tAPX played a key role both in alleviating photo inhibition of PSI and PSII and enhancing their tolerance to chilling stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Duan
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|