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Guo Z, Xu W, Wei D, Zheng S, Liu L, Cai Y. Functional analysis of a dirigent protein AtsDIR23 in Acorustatarinowii. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 290:154098. [PMID: 37774564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Acorus tatarinowii (A. tatarinowii) is a medicinal plant of the Araceae family. Currently, pharmacology focuses on the study of volatile oils, but there are few reports of another important secondary metabolite, lignan. Dirigent protein is thought to play an important role in plant secondary metabolism and responds to a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the DIR gene family of A. tatarinowii has not been systematically analyzed, and it is unknown whether it affects lignan synthesis. In this study, a total of 27 AtsDIRs were identified by comprehensive analysis of the genome of the medicinal plant A. tatarinowii, and the candidate gene AtsDIR23 that may be involved in lignan synthesis was screened through bioinformatics and transcriptome analysis. It is worth noting that AtsDIR23 is significantly expressed in rhizomes and is a member of the DIR-a subfamily. Subsequently, subcellular localization revealed that AtsDIR23 was localized in chloroplasts. The functional verification of AtsDIR23 b y the transient transformation of A. tatarinowii and the stable transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana showed that the content of lignans in overexpressed plants increased. Co-expression analysis screening revealed the MYB transcription factor (AtsMYB91) that is highly correlated with AtsDIR23 expression, while yeast one-hybrid assays and double luciferase experiments showed that AtsMYB91 negatively regulated the expression of AtsDIR23 b y binding to the AtsDIR23 promoter. In conclusion, AtsDIR23 can promote the accumulation of lignans, which provides a reference for further research on the regulation of lignans by DIR genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihui Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Wei Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Dongyi Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Siyan Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Lin Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
| | - Yongping Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
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Mori T, Rai A, Tsugawa H, Yamada Y, Saito K. A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics strategy to explore plant metabolic diversity. Methods Enzymol 2023; 680:247-273. [PMID: 36710013 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Plants are expert chemists producing millions of metabolites, only a fraction of which are known to date. Plant metabolomics explores the rationale for highly diverse metabolites evolved and synthesized by plants. Over two-thirds of modern medicines are somehow inspired and/or derived from plants, making the identification of phytochemicals a means of discovering new medicines to challenge existing and emerging diseases. This chapter introduces our established liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based untargeted metabolomics approach centered around discovering specialized metabolites (so-called secondary metabolites) across broad lineages of nonmodel plant species. Detecting hundreds to thousands of metabolite peaks, including assigning chemical identity, makes metabolomics data generation and analysis a very complex process. Various mass spectrometry techniques are currently being developed to approach the comprehensive metabolome. Among them, untargeted metabolomics can provide new biological insights by simultaneously and unbiasedly measuring and analyzing all detected metabolites. We have provided a hands-on modular account for untargeted plant metabolomics, from preparing plant biological samples to data analysis and processing using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The methods described here offer a foundation and expert opinion on plant metabolome analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Mori
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Amit Rai
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Kanagawa, Japan; Plant Molecular Science Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tsugawa
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Kanagawa, Japan; RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan; Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yamada
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Kanagawa, Japan; Plant Molecular Science Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Aguilar-Galvez A, Pedreschi R, Carpentier S, Chirinos R, García-Ríos D, Campos D. Proteomic analysis of mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum) tubers subjected to postharvest treatments. Food Chem 2019; 305:125485. [PMID: 31522126 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum) is an important food in certain areas of the Andean region, where it is popularly believed to possess medicinal properties. Several studies have previously shown the potential of this tuber as a source of bioactive compounds. Traditionally, the tuber is exposed to the sun before consumption, in order to reduce its bitterness. The present work aims to study, at the proteome level, the differential abundance of proteins in tubers subjected to different postharvest treatments: sun-exposure (SUN), shade (SHA), refrigeration (COLD) and shade combined with sun-exposure (SHA-SUN) compared to recently harvested tubers (INIT). Results showed that sun exposure for prolonged times (9 days) resulted in increased abundance of proteins classified as heat shock proteins, intracellular traffic, disease/defense and protein degradation. Our results reflect that the sun treatment activates defense systems and osmoprotection adjustment against water loss and reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Aguilar-Galvez
- Universidad Nacional Agraria - La Molina, Instituto de Biotecnología, Av. La Molina s/n, Lima, Peru
| | - Romina Pedreschi
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Escuela de Agronomía, Calle San Francisco s/n, La Palma, Chile
| | - Sebastien Carpentier
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Belgium; SYBIOMA: Facility for Systems Biology Mass Spectrometry, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rosana Chirinos
- Universidad Nacional Agraria - La Molina, Instituto de Biotecnología, Av. La Molina s/n, Lima, Peru
| | - Diego García-Ríos
- Universidad Nacional Agraria - La Molina, Instituto de Biotecnología, Av. La Molina s/n, Lima, Peru
| | - David Campos
- Universidad Nacional Agraria - La Molina, Instituto de Biotecnología, Av. La Molina s/n, Lima, Peru.
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Liu P, Huang R, Hu X, Jia Y, Li J, Luo J, Liu Q, Luo L, Liu G, Chen Z. Physiological responses and proteomic changes reveal insights into Stylosanthes response to manganese toxicity. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:212. [PMID: 31113380 PMCID: PMC6530018 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1822-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Manganese (Mn), an essential element for plants, can be toxic when present in excess. Stylo (Stylosanthes) is a pioneer tropical legume with great potential for Mn tolerance, but its Mn tolerance mechanisms remain poorly understood. RESULTS In this study, variations in Mn tolerance were observed among nine stylo genotypes. Stylo genotype 'RY5' exhibited the highest Mn tolerance compared to the other tested genotypes, whereas 'TF2001' was a Mn-sensitive genotype. The mechanisms underlying the response of stylo to Mn toxicity were further investigated using these two genotypes with contrasting Mn tolerance. Results showed that stylo genotype RY5 exhibited Mn tolerance superior to that of genotype TF2001, showing lower reductions in leaf chlorophyll concentration, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, photosynthetic indexes and plant dry weight under Mn toxicity. A label-free quantitative proteomic analysis was conducted to investigate the protein profiles in the leaves and roots of RY5 in response to Mn toxicity. A total of 356 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified, including 206 proteins from leaves and 150 proteins from roots, which consisted of 71 upregulated, 62 downregulated, 127 strongly induced and 96 completely suppressed proteins. These DEPs were mainly involved in defense response, photosynthesis, carbon fixation, metabolism, cell wall modulation and signaling. The qRT-PCR analysis verified that 10 out of 12 corresponding gene transcription patterns correlated with their encoding proteins after Mn exposure. Finally, a schematic was constructed to reveal insights into the molecular processes in the leaves and roots of stylo in response to Mn toxicity. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that stylo plants may cope with Mn toxicity by enhancing their defense response and phenylpropanoid pathways, adjusting photosynthesis and metabolic processes, and modulating protein synthesis and turnover. This study provides a platform for the future study of Mn tolerance mechanisms in stylo and may lead to a better understanding of the potential mechanisms underlying tropical legume adaptation to Mn toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pandao Liu
- Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101 China
| | - Rui Huang
- Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101 China
| | - Xuan Hu
- Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101 China
| | - Yidan Jia
- Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101 China
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570110 China
| | - Jifu Li
- Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101 China
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570110 China
| | - Jiajia Luo
- Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101 China
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570110 China
| | - Qin Liu
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570110 China
| | - Lijuan Luo
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570110 China
| | - Guodao Liu
- Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101 China
| | - Zhijian Chen
- Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101 China
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570110 China
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Bruegmann T, Wetzel H, Hettrich K, Smeds A, Willför S, Kersten B, Fladung M. Knockdown of PCBER1, a gene of neolignan biosynthesis, resulted in increased poplar growth. PLANTA 2019; 249:515-525. [PMID: 30269193 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-3021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Poplar trees displayed an increased plant height due to the transgenic knockdown of PCBER1, a gene of lignan biosynthesis. The wood composition was slightly altered in both overexpression and knockdown lines. The gene PHENYLCOUMARAN BENZYLIC ETHER REDUCTASE1 (PCBER1) is well known as an important gene in the synthesis of lignans, a group of diverse phenylpropanoid derivatives. They are widely distributed in the plant kingdom and may have a role in both plant defense and growth regulation. To analyze its role in biomass formation and wood composition in poplar, both overexpression and knockdown approaches have been performed. Transgenic lines were analyzed on genetic and phenotypic levels, and partly in regard to their biomass composition. While the PCBER1 overexpression approach remained unremarkable concerning the plant height, biomass composition of obtained transgenic lines was modified. They had a significantly increased amount of ethanol extractives. The PCBER1 knockdown resulted in significantly deviating plants; after 17 months of greenhouse cultivation, transgenic plants were up to 38% higher compared to non-transgenic wild type. Most examined transgenic lines did not reveal a significantly enhanced stem diameter after three vegetation periods in the greenhouse. Significant changes were not obtained with regard to the three major wood components, lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses. As a slight but not significant reduction in ethanol extractives was detected, the hypothesis arises that the lignan content could be influenced. Lignans become important in the pharmaceutical industry and clinical studies concerning cancer and other diseases, thus further investigations on lignan formation in poplar and its connection to biomass formation seem promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bruegmann
- Thuenen Institute of Forest Genetics, Sieker Landstrasse 2, 22927, Grosshansdorf, Germany.
| | - Hendrik Wetzel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research, Geiselbergstraße 69, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Kay Hettrich
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research, Geiselbergstraße 69, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Annika Smeds
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Porthansgatan 3, 20500, Turku/Åbo, Finland
| | - Stefan Willför
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Porthansgatan 3, 20500, Turku/Åbo, Finland
| | - Birgit Kersten
- Thuenen Institute of Forest Genetics, Sieker Landstrasse 2, 22927, Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Matthias Fladung
- Thuenen Institute of Forest Genetics, Sieker Landstrasse 2, 22927, Grosshansdorf, Germany
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Reyes-Rivera J, Soto-Hernández M, Canché-Escamilla G, Terrazas T. Structural Characterization of Lignin in Four Cacti Wood: Implications of Lignification in the Growth Form and Succulence. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1518. [PMID: 30386367 PMCID: PMC6199501 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Wood lignin composition strongly depends on anatomical features and it has been used as a marker for characterizing major plant groups. Wood heterogeneity in Cactaceae is involved in evolutionary and adaptive processes within this group; moreover, it is highly correlated to the species growth form. Here we studied the lignin structure from different types of woods in four Cactaceae species with different stem morphologies (Pereskia lychnidiflora, tree/fibrous wood; Opuntia streptacantha and Pilosocereus chrysacanthus, tree/succulent fibrous wood; Ferocactus hamatacanthus, cylindrical stem/dimorphic wood) in order to determine their relationship with the wood anatomy in an evolutionary-adaptive context. Dioxane lignin was isolated and analyzed by pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (2D-NMR) and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The main linkages are the β-O-4' ether (67-85%), the β-β' resinol (10-26%) and the β-5' and α-O-4' linkages of the phenylcoumaran structures (≤7%). Spirodienone structures have a considerable abundance (5%) in the dimorphic wood of F. hamatacanthus. In addition, low contents (≤3%) of α,β-diaryl ether, α-oxidized β-O-4' ether and dibenzodioxocin structures were found. The sinapyl- and coniferyl acetates are not part of the wood lignin in any of the studied species. The low (≤5%) γ-acetylation in the F. hamatacanthus and P. chrysacanthus wood lignin is here interpreted as an evidence of a high specialization of the wood elements in the conduction/storage of water. The lignin of the studied Cactaceae is composed predominantly of guaiacyl and syringyl units (S/G: 0.9-16.4). High abundance of syringyl units (62-94%) in three of the four species is considered as a defense mechanism against oxidative agents, it is a very conspicuous trait in the most succulent species with dimorphic wood. Furthermore, it is also associated with ferulates and the herein called γ-acetylated guaiacyl-syringaresinol complexes acting as nucleation sites for lignification and as cross-links between lignin and carbohydrates at the wide-band tracheid-fiber junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Reyes-Rivera
- Programa de Botánica, Colegio de Postgraduados en Ciencias Agrícolas, Texcoco, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Marcos Soto-Hernández
- Programa de Botánica, Colegio de Postgraduados en Ciencias Agrícolas, Texcoco, Estado de México, Mexico
| | | | - Teresa Terrazas
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Paulownia fortunei Response to Phytoplasma Infection with Dimethyl Sulfate Treatment. Int J Genomics 2017; 2017:6542075. [PMID: 29038787 PMCID: PMC5605944 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6542075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Paulownia fortunei is a widely cultivated economic forest tree species that is susceptible to infection with phytoplasma, resulting in Paulownia witches' broom (PaWB) disease. Diseased P. fortunei is characterized by stunted growth, witches' broom, shortened internodes, and etiolated and smaller leaves. To understand the molecular mechanism of its pathogenesis, we applied isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry approaches to study changes in the proteomes of healthy P. fortunei, PaWB-infected P. fortunei, and PaWB-infected P. fortunei treated with 15 mg·L−1 or 75 mg·L−1 dimethyl sulfate. We identified 2969 proteins and 104 and 32 differentially abundant proteins that were phytoplasma infection responsive and dimethyl sulfate responsive, respectively. Based on our analysis of the different proteomes, 27 PaWB-related proteins were identified. The protein-protein interactions of these 27 proteins were analyzed and classified into four groups (photosynthesis-related, energy-related, ribosome-related, and individual proteins). These PaWB-related proteins may help in developing a deeper understanding of how PaWB affects the morphological characteristics of P. fortunei and further establish the mechanisms involved in the response of P. fortunei to phytoplasma.
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