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An J, Wang L, Hong C, Gao H. Evolution and Functional Differentiation of the C-terminal Motifs of FtsZs During Plant Evolution. Mol Biol Evol 2024; 41:msae145. [PMID: 39004892 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msae145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Filamentous temperature-sensitive Z (FtsZ) is a tubulin-like GTPase that is highly conserved in bacteria and plants. It polymerizes into a ring at the division site of bacteria and chloroplasts and serves as the scaffold protein of the division complex. While a single FtsZ is present in bacteria and cyanobacteria, there are two subfamilies, FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 in the green lineage, and FtsZA and FtsZB in red algae. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the C-terminal motifs of AtFtsZ1 (Z1C) and AtFtsZ2-1 (Z2C) display distinct functions in the regulation of chloroplast division. Z1C exhibits weak membrane-binding activity, whereas Z2C engages in the interaction with the membrane protein AtARC6. Here, we provide evidence revealing the distinct traits of the C-terminal motifs of FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 throughout the plant evolutionary process. In a range of plant species, the C-terminal motifs of FtsZ1 exhibit diverse membrane-binding properties critical for regulating chloroplast division. In chlorophytes, the C-terminal motifs of FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 exhibit both membrane-binding and protein interaction functions, which are similar to those of cyanobacterial FtsZ and red algal FtsZA. During the transition from algae to land plants, the functions of the C-terminal motifs of FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 exhibit differentiation. FtsZ1 lost the function of interacting with ARC6 in land plants, and the membrane-binding activity of FtsZ2 was lost in ferns. Our findings reveal the functional differentiation of the C-terminal motifs of FtsZs during plant evolution, which is critical for chloroplast division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjie An
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Conghao Hong
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hongbo Gao
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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Wang L, Zeng F, Jiao Y, Zhou Q, An J, Gao H. Immunofluorescence staining of chloroplast proteins with frozen sections of plant tissues. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:168. [PMID: 38864883 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03255-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Immunofluorescence staining with frozen sections of plant tissues and a nest tube is convenient and effective, and broadens the applicability of immunofluorescence staining. Immunofluorescence staining is an indispensable and extensively employed technique for determining the subcellular localization of chloroplast division proteins. At present, it is difficult to effectively observe the localization of target proteins in leaves that are hard, or very thin, or have epidermal hair or glands with the current immunofluorescence staining methods. Moreover, signals of target proteins were predominantly detected in mesophyll cells, not the cells of other types. Thus, the method of immunofluorescence staining was further explored for improvement in this study. The plant tissue was embedded with 50% PEG4000 at -60℃, which was then cut into sections by a cryomacrotome. The sections were immediately immersed in fixation solution. Then, the sample was transferred into a special nested plastic tube, which facilitated the fixation and immunofluorescence staining procedures. The use of frozen sections in this method enabled a short processing time and reduced material requirements. By optimizing the thickness of the sections, a large proportion of the cells could be well stained. With this method, we observed the localization of a chloroplast division protein FtsZ1 in the wild-type Arabidopsis and various chloroplast division mutants. Meanwhile, the localization of FtsZ1 was also observed not only in mesophyll cells, but also in guard cells and epidermal cells in a lot of other plant species, including many species with hard leaf tissues. This method is not only easy to use, but also expands the scope of applicability for immunofluorescence staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration and State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Fang Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration and State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yongjuan Jiao
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration and State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qingqing Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration and State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jinjie An
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration and State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hongbo Gao
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration and State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Sun W, Li X, Huang H, Wei J, Zeng F, Huang Y, Sun Q, Miao W, Tian Y, Li Y, Gao L, Li X, Gao H. Mutation of CsARC6 affects fruit color and increases fruit nutrition in cucumber. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 136:111. [PMID: 37052704 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04337-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE A mutation of CsARC6 not only causes white fruit color in cucumber, but also affects plant growth and fruit quality. Fruit color of cucumber is a very important agronomic trait, but most of the genes affecting cucumber white fruit color are still unknow, and no further studies were reported on the effect of cucumber fruit quality caused by white fruit color genes. Here, we obtained a white fruit mutant em41 in cucumber by EMS mutagenesis. The mutant gene was mapped to a 548 kb region of chromosome 2. Through mutation site analysis, it was found to be a null allele of CsARC6 (CsaV3_2G029290). The Csarc6 mutant has a typical phenotype of arc6 mutant that mesophyll cells contained only one or two giant chloroplasts. ARC6 protein was not detected in em41, and the level of FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 was also reduced. In addition, FtsZ2 could not form FtsZ ring-like structures in em41. Although these are typical arc6 mutant phenotypes, some special phenotypes occur in Csarc6 mutant, such as dwarfness with shortened internodes, enlarged fruit epidermal cells, decreased carotenoid contents, smaller fruits, and increased fruit nutrient contents. This study discovered a new gene, CsARC6, which not only controls the white fruit color, but also affects plant growth and fruit quality in cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weike Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xu Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Tianjin Kernel Cucumber Research Institute, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Jingwei Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fang Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yichao Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qingqing Sun
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Weili Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Tianjin Kernel Cucumber Research Institute, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Yongqiang Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuhe Li
- Institute of Cucumber Research, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Lihong Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Hongbo Gao
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
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Wang L, Chen Y, Niu D, Tang M, An J, Xue S, Liu X, Gao H. Improvements for Tissue-Chopping-Based Immunofluorescence Staining Method of Chloroplast Proteins. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:841. [PMID: 36840189 PMCID: PMC9963192 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Immunofluorescence staining is a very common method for the subcellular localization study of proteins. A tissue-chopping-based immunofluorescence staining method for chloroplast proteins overcomes the restriction of plant cell wall, makes the operation simpler, and uses less experimental materials. Here we provide some improvements for this method. We found that the stained tissues can be directly observed with a confocal microscope without tissue lysis. Samples maintained at a low temperature (0-4 °C) throughout the process can reduce the intensity of chlorophyll autofluorescence and the background signal. A low temperature is also good for the storage of the sample. Fluorescence signal of the stained samples can be kept for several weeks if they are stored at -20 °C. FtsZ is an essential component of the chloroplast division apparatus. We demonstrated this method with the immunofluorescence staining of FtsZ1 in wildtype Arabidopsis and some chloroplast division mutants. We also successfully tested this method by the immunofluorescence staining of FtsZ1 in many other plants, including woody plants. With these procedures, the performance of tissue-chopping-based immunofluorescence staining method are further improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yajuan Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Di Niu
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Mingdong Tang
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jinjie An
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shanshan Xue
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hongbo Gao
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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He L, Zhu C, Dou H, Yu X, Jia J, Shu M. Keloid Core Factor CTRP3 Overexpression Significantly Controlled TGF- β1-Induced Propagation and Migration in Keloid Fibroblasts. DISEASE MARKERS 2023; 2023:9638322. [PMID: 37091895 PMCID: PMC10115533 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9638322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Keloid is a type of benign fibrous proliferative tumor characterized by excessive scarring. C1q/TNF-related protein 3 (CTRP3) has been proven to possess antifibrotic effect. Here, we explored the role of CTRP3 in keloid. In the current research, we examined the influence of CTRP3 on keloid fibroblasts (KFs) and investigated the potential molecular mechanism. Methods KF tissue specimens and adjacent normal fibroblast (NF) tissues were collected cultured from 10 keloid participants. For the TGF-β1 stimulation group, KFs were processed with human recombinant TGF-β1. Cell transfection of pcDNA3.1-CTRP3 or pcDNA3.1 was performed. The siRNA of CTRP3 (si-CTRP3) or negative control siRNA (si-scramble) was transfected into KFs. Results CTRP3 was downregulated in keloid tissues and KFs. CTRP3 overexpression significantly controlled TGF-β1-induced propagation and migration in KFs. Col I, α-SMA, and fibronectin mRNA and protein levels were enhanced by TGF-β1 stimulation, whereas they were inhibited by CTRP3 overexpression. In contrast, CTRP3 knockdown exhibited the opposite effect. In addition, CTRP3 attenuated TGF-β receptors TRI and TRII in TGF-β1-induced KFs. Furthermore, CTRP3 prevented TGF-β1-stimulated nuclear translocation of smad2 and smad3 and suppressed the expression levels of p-smad2 and p-smad3 in KFs. Conclusion CTRP3 exerted an antifibrotic role through inhibiting proliferation, migration, and ECM accumulation of KFs via regulating TGF-β1/Smad signal path.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin He
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Chan Zhu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Huicong Dou
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xueyuan Yu
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jing Jia
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Maoguo Shu
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
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Wang L, Tang M, Huang W, An J, Liu X, Gao H. A Tissue-Chopping Based Immunofluorescence Staining Method for Chloroplast Proteins. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:910569. [PMID: 35665184 PMCID: PMC9161302 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.910569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Immunofluorescence staining is an important method for detecting the localization of proteins in the cell. It is also frequently used in the localization study of chloroplast-division proteins. Although this method has been improved before by using protoplasts, it still has some limitations. Now we developed a new method to make it much easier. We just broke the plant leaf tissue with a serrated blade, stained the samples directly, and simply lysed the tissue into separatable cells. The localization of the target protein can then be observed with a clear view. Since this method directly uses broken leaf pieces, it is very fast. It can also be applied to the plants in which protoplasts are difficult to prepare. We first used this method to observe the localization of a chloroplast division protein FtsZ1 in the wild-type Arabidopsis. A ring was clearly seen in the middle of chloroplasts. In addition, we used this method to analyze the localization of FtsZ1 in arc3 and pdv2 mutants, as well as in dozens of other species, including some woody plants. This new immunofluorescence staining method is not only easy to use, but also has a wide applicability in various plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingdong Tang
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenwen Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinjie An
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbo Gao
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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Liu X, An J, Wang L, Sun Q, An C, Wu B, Hong C, Wang X, Dong S, Guo J, Feng Y, Gao H. A novel amphiphilic motif at the C-terminus of FtsZ1 facilitates chloroplast division. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:419-432. [PMID: 34755875 PMCID: PMC8773991 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In bacteria and chloroplasts, the GTPase filamentous temperature-sensitive Z (FtsZ) is essential for division and polymerizes to form rings that mark the division site. Plants contain two FtsZ subfamilies (FtsZ1 and FtsZ2) with different assembly dynamics. FtsZ1 lacks the C-terminal domain of a typical FtsZ protein. Here, we show that the conserved short motif FtsZ1Carboxyl-terminus (Z1C) (consisting of the amino acids RRLFF) with weak membrane-binding activity is present at the C-terminus of FtsZ1 in angiosperms. For a polymer-forming protein such as FtsZ, this activity is strong enough for membrane tethering. Arabidopsis thaliana plants with mutated Z1C motifs contained heterogeneously sized chloroplasts and parallel FtsZ rings or long FtsZ filaments, suggesting that the Z1C motif plays an important role in regulating FtsZ ring dynamics. Our findings uncover a type of amphiphilic beta-strand motif with weak membrane-binding activity and point to the importance of this motif for the dynamic regulation of protein complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jinjie An
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qingqing Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chuanjing An
- Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Bibo Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Conghao Hong
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaoya Wang
- Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Suwei Dong
- Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Junhua Guo
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yue Feng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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Xu Y, Lin J, Wu X, Xu X, Zhang D, Xie Y, Pan T, He Y, Wu A, Shao G. TiO2-Based Bioprobe Enabling Excellent SERS Activity in Detection of Diverse Circulating Tumor Cells. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:3808-3816. [DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00464j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs), can be the seeds of tumor metastasis, and are closely linked to cancer-related death. Fast and effective detection of CTCs is important for early diagnosis of...
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Wang W, Li J, Sun Q, Yu X, Zhang W, Jia N, An C, Li Y, Dong Y, Han F, Chang N, Liu X, Zhu Z, Yu Y, Fan S, Yang M, Luo SZ, Gao H, Feng Y. Structural insights into the coordination of plastid division by the ARC6-PDV2 complex. NATURE PLANTS 2017; 3:17011. [PMID: 28248291 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2017.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts divide by binary fission, which is accomplished by the simultaneous constriction of the FtsZ ring on the stromal side of the inner envelope membrane, and the ARC5 ring on the cytosolic side of the outer envelope membrane. The two rings are connected and coordinated mainly by the interaction between the inner envelope membrane protein ARC6 and the outer envelope membrane protein PDV2 in the intermembrane space. The underlying mechanism of this coordination is unclear to date. Here, we solved the crystal structure of the intermembrane space region of the ARC6-PDV2 complex. The results indicated that PDV2 inserts its carboxy terminus into a pocket formed in ARC6, and this interaction further induces the dimerization of the intermembrane space regions of two ARC6 molecules. A pdv2 mutant attenuating PDV2-induced ARC6 dimerization showed abnormal morphology of ARC6 rings and compromised chloroplast division in plant cells. Together, our data reveal that PDV2-induced dimerization of ARC6 plays a critical role in chloroplast division and provide insights into the coordination mechanism of the internal and external plastid division machineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhe Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jinyu Li
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qingqing Sun
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ning Jia
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chuanjing An
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yiqiong Li
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yanan Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fengjiao Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ning Chang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhiling Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - You Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shilong Fan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Maojun Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shi-Zhong Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hongbo Gao
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yue Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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10
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Chang N, Sun Q, Li Y, Mu Y, Hu J, Feng Y, Liu X, Gao H. PDV2 has a dosage effect on chloroplast division in Arabidopsis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2017; 36:471-480. [PMID: 27988788 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-016-2096-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
PDV2 has a dosage effect on chloroplast division in Arabidopsis thaliana , but this effect may vary in different plants. Chloroplasts have to be divided as plants grow to maintain an optimized number in the cell. Chloroplasts are divided by protein complexes across the double membranes from the stroma side to the cytosolic side. PDV2 is a chloroplast division protein on the chloroplast outer membrane. It recruits the dynamin-related GTPase ARC5 to the division site. The C-terminus of PDV2 and the C-terminus of ARC6 interact in the intermembrane space, which is important for the localization of PDV2. Previously, it was shown that overexpression of PDV2 can increase the division of chloroplasts in Arabidopsis and moss, so the authors concluded that PDV2 determines the rate of chloroplast division in land plants. PDV2 was also shown to inhibit the GTPase activity of ARC5 by in vitro experiment. These results look to be contradictory. Here, we identified a null allele of PDV2 in Arabidopsis and studied plants with different levels of PDV2. Our results suggested that the chloroplast division phenotype in Arabidopsis is sensitive to the level of PDV2, while this is not the case for ARC6. The level of PDV2 protein is reduced sharply in fast-growing leaves, while the level of ARC6 is not. The levels of PDV2 and ARC6 in several other plant species at different developmental stages were also investigated. The results indicated that their expression pattern varies in different species. Thus, PDV2 is an important positive factor of chloroplast division with an apparent dosage effect in Arabidopsis, but this effect for different chloroplast division proteins in different plants may vary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Chang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qingqing Sun
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yiqiong Li
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yajuan Mu
- Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jinglei Hu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yue Feng
- Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Hongbo Gao
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
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