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Sun N, Hu J, Li C, Wang X, Gai Y, Jiang X. Fusion gene 4CL-CCR promotes lignification in tobacco suspension cells. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023; 42:939-952. [PMID: 36964306 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03002-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The fusion gene 4CL-CCR promotes lignification and activates lignin-related MYB expression in tobacco but inhibits auxin-related gene expression and hinders the auxin absorption of cells. Given the importance of lignin polymers in plant growth and their industrial value, it is necessary to investigate how plants synthesize monolignols and regulate the level of lignin in cell walls. In our previous study, expression of the Populus tomentosa fusion gene 4CL-CCR significantly promoted the production of 4-hydroxycinnamyl alcohols. However, the function of 4CL-CCR in organisms remains poorly understood. In this study, the fusion gene 4CL-CCR was heterologously expressed in tobacco suspension cells. We found that the transgenic suspension cells exhibited lignification earlier. Furthermore, 4CL-CCR significantly reduced the content of phenolic acids and increased the content of aldehydes in the medium, which led to an increase in lignin deposition. Moreover, transcriptome results showed that the genes related to lignin synthesis, such as PAL, 4CL, CCoAOMT and CAD, were significantly upregulated in the 4CL-CCR group. The expression of genes related to auxin, such as ARF3, ARF5 and ARF6, was significantly downregulated. The downregulation of auxin affected the expression of transcription factor MYBs. We hypothesize that the upregulated genes MYB306 and MYB315 are involved in the regulation of cell morphogenesis and lignin biosynthesis and eventually enhance lignification in tobacco suspension cells. Our findings provide insight into the function of 4CL-CCR in lignification and how secondary cell walls are formed in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology , Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiaqi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology , Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Can Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology , Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xuechun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology , Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ying Gai
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology , Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Xiangning Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology , Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Transcriptomic Analysis of Distal Parts of Roots Reveals Potentially Important Mechanisms Contributing to Limited Flooding Tolerance of Canola ( Brassica napus) Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415469. [PMID: 36555110 PMCID: PMC9779561 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since most of the root metabolic activities as well as root elongation and the uptake of water and mineral nutrients take place in the distal parts of roots, we aimed to gain insight into the physiological and transcriptional changes induced by root hypoxia in the distal parts of roots in canola (Brassica napus) plants, which are relatively sensitive to flooding conditions. Plants were subject to three days of root hypoxia via lowering oxygen content in hydroponic medium, and various physiological and anatomical features were examined to characterize plant responses. Untargeted transcriptomic profiling approaches were also applied to investigate changes in gene expression that took place in the distal root tissues in response to hypoxia. Plants responded to three days of root hypoxia by reducing growth and gas exchange rates. These changes were accompanied by decreases in leaf water potential (Ψleaf) and root hydraulic conductivity (Lpr). Increased deposition of lignin and suberin was also observed in the root tissues of hypoxic plants. The transcriptomic data demonstrated that the effect of hypoxia on plant water relations involved downregulation of most BnPIPs in the root tissues with the exception of BnPIP1;3 and BnPIP2;7, which were upregulated. Since some members of the PIP1 subfamily of aquaporins are known to transport oxygen, the increase in BnPIP1;3 may represent an important hypoxia tolerance strategy in plants. The results also demonstrated substantial rearrangements of different signaling pathways and transcription factors (TFs), which resulted in alterations of genes involved in the regulation of Lpr, TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle-related enzymes, antioxidant enzymes, and cell wall modifications. An integration of these data enabled us to draft a comprehensive model of the molecular pathways involved in the responses of distal parts of roots in B. napus. The model highlights systematic transcriptomic reprogramming aimed at explaining the relative sensitivity of Brassica napus to root hypoxia.
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Wang XJ, Luo Q, Li T, Meng PH, Pu YT, Liu JX, Zhang J, Liu H, Tan GF, Xiong AS. Origin, evolution, breeding, and omics of Apiaceae: a family of vegetables and medicinal plants. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac076. [PMID: 38239769 PMCID: PMC10795576 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Many of the world's most important vegetables and medicinal crops, including carrot, celery, coriander, fennel, and cumin, belong to the Apiaceae family. In this review, we summarize the complex origins of Apiaceae and the current state of research on the family, including traditional and molecular breeding practices, bioactive compounds, medicinal applications, nanotechnology, and omics research. Numerous molecular markers, regulatory factors, and functional genes have been discovered, studied, and applied to improve vegetable and medicinal crops in Apiaceae. In addition, current trends in Apiaceae application and research are also briefly described, including mining new functional genes and metabolites using omics research, identifying new genetic variants associated with important agronomic traits by population genetics analysis and GWAS, applying genetic transformation, the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system, and nanotechnology. This review provides a reference for basic and applied research on Apiaceae vegetable and medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Wang
- Key laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Qing Luo
- Institute of Horticulture, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guizhou 550006, China
| | - Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ping-Hong Meng
- Institute of Horticulture, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guizhou 550006, China
| | - Yu-Ting Pu
- Key laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Jie-Xia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 210095, China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guo-Fei Tan
- Institute of Horticulture, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guizhou 550006, China
| | - Ai-Sheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Comparison of growth characteristics, functional qualities, and texture of hydroponically grown and soil-grown lettuce. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Dong Y, Gao M, Qiu W, Song Z. Uptake of microplastics by carrots in presence of As (III): Combined toxic effects. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 411:125055. [PMID: 33482507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Current research on the migration of microplastics into plants is in its most important phase; however, there is no such research on root vegetables, even though the edible parts of root vegetables are in direct contact with microplastics. Considering arsenic (As)-containing groundwater used in hydroponics and the degradation of plastic materials in hydroponic facilities, we investigated the impacts of As and polystyrene (PS) microplastics on carrot growth. We found that PS microplastics sized 1 µm can enter carrot roots and accumulate in the intercellular layer but are unable to enter the cells; those sized 0.2 µm can migrate to the leaves. Larger microplastics can enter the roots (PS particles sized 1219.7 nm) and leaves (607.2 nm) in presence of As (III). Gaussian analysis shows that As increases the negatively charged area of PS and causes a greater amount of microplastics to enter the carrot. As also causes cell walls to distort and deform, allowing PS particles (< 200 nm) to enter the cells. PS and 4 mg L-1 As can induce oxidative bursts in carrot tissue, reducing the carrot quality. Moreover, As exacerbates the effect of PS on carrots. Molecular docking results show that the presence of PS in carrots destroys the tertiary structure of pectin methyl esterase and causes carrots to lose their crispness. These findings indicate that plastic material in hydroponic facilities can be leached to crops. Microplastics produced by the degradation of such materials not only reduce the nutritional value of carrots, leading to economic losses, but also pose potential risks to human health. The presence of As in the hydroponic solution results in more PS entering the carrot tissue and even the cells, bringing greater health threats for the consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youming Dong
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Minling Gao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Weiwen Qiu
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Zhengguo Song
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
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Lin SJ, Yang YZ, Teng RM, Liu H, Li H, Zhuang J. Identification and expression analysis of caffeoyl-coenzyme A O-methyltransferase family genes related to lignin biosynthesis in tea plant (Camellia sinensis). PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:115-127. [PMID: 32929631 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-020-01555-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Tea plant, an economically important crop, is used in producing tea, which is a non-alcoholic beverage. Lignin, the second most abundant component of the cell wall, reduces the tenderness of tea leaves and affects tea quality. Caffeoyl-coenzyme A O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT) involved in lignin biosynthesis affects the efficiency of lignin synthesis and lignin composition. A total of 10 CsCCoAOMTs were identified based on tea plant genome. Systematic analysis of CCoAOMTs was conducted for its physicochemical properties, phylogenetic relationships, conserved motifs, gene structure, and promoter cis-element prediction. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that all the CsCCoAOMT proteins can be categorized into three clades. The promoters of six CsCCoAOMT genes possessed lignin-specific cis-elements, indicating they are possibly essential for lignin biosynthesis. According to the distinct tempo-spatial expression profiles, five genes were substantially expressed in eight tested tissues. Most CsCCoAOMT genes were expressed in stems and leaves in three tea plant cultivars 'Longjing 43,' 'Anjibaicha,' and 'Fudingdabai' by RT-qPCR detection and analysis. The expression levels of two genes (CsCCoAOMT5 and CsCCoAOMT6) were higher than those of the other genes. The expression levels of most CsCCoAOMT genes in 'Longjing 43' were significantly higher than that those in 'Anjibaicha' and 'Fudingdabai.' Correlation analysis revealed that only the expression levels of CsCCoAOMT6 were positively correlated with lignin content in the leaves and stems. These results lay a foundation for the future exploration of the roles of CsCCoAOMTs in lignin biosynthesis in tea plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jia Lin
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, 210095, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Zhuo Yang
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, 210095, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Min Teng
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, 210095, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Liu
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, 210095, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, 210095, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhuang
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, 210095, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
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Effects of shading on lignin biosynthesis in the leaf of tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze). Mol Genet Genomics 2020; 296:165-177. [PMID: 33112986 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-020-01737-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Shading can effectively reduce photoinhibition and improve the quality of tea. Lignin is one of the most important secondary metabolites that play vital functions in plant growth and development. However, little is known about the relationship between shading and xylogenesis in tea plant. To investigate the effects of shading on lignin accumulation in tea plants, 'Longjing 43' was treated with no shading (S0), 40% (S1) and 80% (S2) shading treatments, respectively. The leaf area and lignin content of tea plant leaves decreased under shading treatments (especially S2). The anatomical characteristics showed that lignin is mainly distributed in the xylem of tea leaves. Promoter analysis indicated that the genes involved in lignin pathway contain several light recognition elements. The transcript abundances of 12 lignin-associated genes were altered under shading treatments. Correlation analysis indicated that most genes showed strong positive correlation with lignin content, and CsPAL, Cs4CL, CsF5H, and CsLAC exhibited significant positively correlation under 40% and 80% shading treatments. The results showed that shading may have an important effect on lignin accumulation in tea leaves. This work will potentially helpful to understand the regulation mechanism of lignin pathway under shading treatment, and provide reference for reducing lignin content and improving tea quality through shading treatment in field operation.
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Effect of Partial Excision of Early Taproots on Growth and Components of Hydroponic Carrots. HORTICULTURAE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae6010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hydroponics provides a stable root environment that can be easily controlled. In this paper, we investigated the effect of partial excision of early taproots of hydroponic carrots on their growth and components. Carrot taproots were excised after 30 days from sowing at 5 cm, 10 cm, and 15 cm from the stem base (C5, C10, and C15) and compared with nonexcised control plants. Time-course measurements revealed the taproot lengths of C10 and C15 plants gradually decreased. After 28 days of treatment, C5 taproot tips showed the most rounded shape among root-excised plants. Control plants possessed long taproots that were not enlarged at the site more than 15 cm from the stem base. Taproot fresh weight was lower in C5 plants and higher in C15 plants compared with controls. Although taproot sugar concentrations did not differ between treatments, total phenol concentration was higher in C5 taproots. These data suggest that partial removal of early taproots can regulate the shape and ingredients of hydroponic carrots.
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Que F, Hou XL, Wang GL, Xu ZS, Tan GF, Li T, Wang YH, Khadr A, Xiong AS. Advances in research on the carrot, an important root vegetable in the Apiaceae family. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:69. [PMID: 31231527 PMCID: PMC6544626 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0150-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Carrots (Daucus carota L.), among the most important root vegetables in the Apiaceae family, are cultivated worldwide. The storage root is widely utilized due to its richness in carotenoids, anthocyanins, dietary fiber, vitamins and other nutrients. Carrot extracts, which serve as sources of antioxidants, have important functions in preventing many diseases. The biosynthesis, metabolism, and medicinal properties of carotenoids in carrots have been widely studied. Research on hormone regulation in the growth and development of carrots has also been widely performed. Recently, with the development of high-throughput sequencing technology, many efficient tools have been adopted in carrot research. A large amount of sequence data has been produced and applied to improve carrot breeding. A genome editing system based on CRISPR/Cas9 was also constructed for carrot research. In this review, we will briefly summarize the origins, genetic breeding, resistance breeding, genome editing, omics research, hormone regulation, and nutritional composition of carrots. Perspectives about future research work on carrots are also briefly provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Que
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Xi-Lin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Guang-Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, 210095 Nanjing, China
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, 223003 Huaian, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Guo-Fei Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Ya-Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Ahmed Khadr
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, 210095 Nanjing, China
- Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Ai-Sheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, 210095 Nanjing, China
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Screening and evaluation of adventitious root lines of Panax notoginseng by morphology, gene expression, and metabolite profiles. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:4405-4415. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09778-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Wang YH, Wu XJ, Sun S, Xing GM, Wang GL, Que F, Khadr A, Feng K, Li T, Xu ZS, Xiong AS. DcC4H and DcPER Are Important in Dynamic Changes of Lignin Content in Carrot Roots under Elevated Carbon Dioxide Stress. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:8209-8220. [PMID: 29980166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In our study, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) was conducted to determine the significantly changed proteins in the fleshy roots of carrots under different carbon dioxide (CO2) treatments. A total of 1523 proteins were identified, of which 257 were differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). On the basis of annotation analysis, the DEPs were identified to be involved in energy metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and some other metabolic processes. DcC4H and DcPER, two lignin-related proteins, were identified from the DEPs. Under elevated CO2 stress, both carrot lignin content and the expression profiles of lignin biosynthesis genes changed significantly. The protein-protein interactions among lignin-related enzymes proved the importance of DcC4H and DcPER. The results of our study provided potential new insights into the molecular mechanism of lignin content changes in carrot roots under elevated CO2 stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Jun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Sun
- College of Horticulture , Shanxi Agricultural University , Taigu 030801 , People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Ming Xing
- College of Horticulture , Shanxi Agricultural University , Taigu 030801 , People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Que
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ahmed Khadr
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Sheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , People's Republic of China
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