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Basedow SL, McKee D, Lefering I, Gislason A, Daase M, Trudnowska E, Egeland ES, Choquet M, Falk-Petersen S. Remote sensing of zooplankton swarms. Sci Rep 2019; 9:686. [PMID: 30679810 PMCID: PMC6346024 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37129-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Zooplankton provide the key link between primary production and higher levels of the marine food web and they play an important role in mediating carbon sequestration in the ocean. All commercially harvested fish species depend on zooplankton populations. However, spatio-temporal distributions of zooplankton are notoriously difficult to quantify from ships. We know that zooplankton can form large aggregations that visibly change the color of the sea, but the scale and mechanisms producing these features are poorly known. Here we show that large surface patches (>1000 km2) of the red colored copepod Calanus finmarchicus can be identified from satellite observations of ocean color. Such observations provide the most comprehensive view of the distribution of a zooplankton species to date, and alter our understanding of the behavior of this key zooplankton species. Moreover, our findings suggest that high concentrations of astaxanthin-rich zooplankton can degrade the performance of standard blue-green reflectance ratio algorithms in operational use for retrieving chlorophyll concentrations from ocean color remote sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sünnje L Basedow
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - David McKee
- Physics Department, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ina Lefering
- Physics Department, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Malin Daase
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Emilia Trudnowska
- Marine Ecology Department, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland
| | | | - Marvin Choquet
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Stig Falk-Petersen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Akvaplan-niva AS, Tromsø, Norway
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Havermans C. Have we so far only seen the tip of the iceberg? Exploring species diversity and distribution of the giant amphipod Eurythenes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/14888386.2016.1172257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Havermans
- OD Nature, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
- Marine Zoology, BreMarE – Bremen Marine Ecology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- Functional Ecology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
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Olsen GH, Coquillé N, Le Floch S, Geraudie P, Dussauze M, Lemaire P, Camus L. Sensitivity of the deep-sea amphipod Eurythenes gryllus to chemically dispersed oil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:6497-6505. [PMID: 26635217 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5869-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In the context of an oil spill accident and the following oil spill response, much attention is given to the use of dispersants. Dispersants are used to disperse an oil slick from the sea surface into the water column generating a cloud of dispersed oil droplets. The main consequence is an increasing of the sea water-oil interface which induces an increase of the oil biodegradation. Hence, the use of dispersants can be effective in preventing oiling of sensitive coastal environments. Also, in case of an oil blowout from the seabed, subsea injection of dispersants may offer some benefits compared to containment and recovery of the oil or in situ burning operation at the sea surface. However, biological effects of dispersed oil are poorly understood for deep-sea species. Most effects studies on dispersed oil and also other oil-related compounds have been focusing on more shallow water species. This is the first approach to assess the sensitivity of a macro-benthic deep-sea organism to dispersed oil. This paper describes a toxicity test which was performed on the macro-benthic deep-sea amphipod (Eurythenes gryllus) to determine the concentration causing lethality to 50% of test individuals (LC50) after an exposure to dispersed Brut Arabian Light (BAL) oil. The LC50 (24 h) was 101 and 24 mg L(-1) after 72 h and 12 mg L(-1) at 96 h. Based on EPA scale of toxicity categories to aquatic organisms, an LC50 (96 h) of 12 mg L(-1) indicates that the dispersed oil was slightly to moderately toxic to E. gryllus. As an attempt to compare our results to others, a literature study was performed. Due to limited amount of data available for dispersed oil and amphipods, information on other crustacean species and other oil-related compounds was also collected. Only one study on dispersed oil and amphipods was found, the LC50 value in this study was similar to the LC50 value of E. gryllus in our study. Since toxicity data are important input to risk assessment and net environmental benefit analyses, and since such data are generally lacking on deep-sea species, the data set produced in this study is of interest to the industry, stakeholders, environmental management, and ecotoxicologists. However, studies including more deep-sea species covering different functional groups are needed to evaluate the sensitivity of the deep-sea compartments to dispersed oil relative to other environmental compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gro Harlaug Olsen
- Akvaplan-niva, High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, 9296, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Nathalie Coquillé
- Cedre, Centre de Documentation, de Recherche et d'Expérimentations sur les Pollutions Accidentelles des Eaux, 715 rue Alain Colas, CS 41 836, Brest Cedex 2, France
| | - Stephane Le Floch
- Cedre, Centre de Documentation, de Recherche et d'Expérimentations sur les Pollutions Accidentelles des Eaux, 715 rue Alain Colas, CS 41 836, Brest Cedex 2, France
| | - Perrine Geraudie
- Akvaplan-niva, High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, 9296, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Matthieu Dussauze
- Laboratoire ORPHY EA4324, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 6 Avenue le Gorgeu, CS 93 837, 29 238, Brest Cedex 3, France
| | - Philippe Lemaire
- Total Fluides SAS, 24 cours Michelet-La Defense 10, 92069, Paris La Défense Cedex, France
| | - Lionel Camus
- Akvaplan-niva, High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, 9296, Tromsø, Norway
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Havermans C, Sonet G, d’Udekem d’Acoz C, Nagy ZT, Martin P, Brix S, Riehl T, Agrawal S, Held C. Genetic and morphological divergences in the cosmopolitan deep-sea amphipod Eurythenes gryllus reveal a diverse abyss and a bipolar species. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74218. [PMID: 24086322 PMCID: PMC3783426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Eurythenes gryllus is one of the most widespread amphipod species, occurring in every ocean with a depth range covering the bathyal, abyssal and hadal zones. Previous studies, however, indicated the existence of several genetically and morphologically divergent lineages, questioning the assumption of its cosmopolitan and eurybathic distribution. For the first time, its genetic diversity was explored at the global scale (Arctic, Atlantic, Pacific and Southern oceans) by analyzing nuclear (28S rDNA) and mitochondrial (COI, 16S rDNA) sequence data using various species delimitation methods in a phylogeographic context. Nine putative species-level clades were identified within E. gryllus. A clear distinction was observed between samples collected at bathyal versus abyssal depths, with a genetic break occurring around 3,000 m. Two bathyal and two abyssal lineages showed a widespread distribution, while five other abyssal lineages each seemed to be restricted to a single ocean basin. The observed higher diversity in the abyss compared to the bathyal zone stands in contrast to the depth-differentiation hypothesis. Our results indicate that, despite the more uniform environment of the abyss and its presumed lack of obvious isolating barriers, abyssal populations might be more likely to show population differentiation and undergo speciation events than previously assumed. Potential factors influencing species' origins and distributions, such as hydrostatic pressure, are discussed. In addition, morphological findings coincided with the molecular clades. Of all specimens available for examination, those of the bipolar bathyal clade seemed the most similar to the 'true' E. gryllus. We present the first molecular evidence for a bipolar distribution in a macro-benthic deep-sea organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Havermans
- Direction Natural Environment, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
- Biodiversity Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, Catholic University of Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Gontran Sonet
- Direction Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cédric d’Udekem d’Acoz
- Direction Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Zoltán T. Nagy
- Direction Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick Martin
- Direction Natural Environment, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
- Direction Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Saskia Brix
- Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research, Senckenberg Research Institute c/o Biocentrum Grindel, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Torben Riehl
- Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research, Senckenberg Research Institute c/o Biocentrum Grindel, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Shobhit Agrawal
- Section Functional Ecology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Christoph Held
- Section Functional Ecology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
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Elde AC, Pettersen R, Bruheim P, Järnegren J, Johnsen G. Pigmentation and spectral absorbance signatures in deep-water corals from the Trondheimsfjord, Norway. Mar Drugs 2012; 10:1400-1411. [PMID: 22822381 PMCID: PMC3397448 DOI: 10.3390/md10061400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The pigmentation and corresponding in vivo and in vitro absorption characteristics in three different deep-water coral species: white and orange Lophelia pertusa, Paragorgia arborea and Primnoa resedaeformis, collected from the Trondheimsfjord are described. Pigments were isolated and characterized by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (LC-TOF MS). The main carotenoids identified for all three coral species were astaxanthin and a canthaxanthin-like carotenoid. Soft tissue and skeleton of orange L. pertusa contained 2 times more astaxanthin g−1 wet weight compared to white L. pertusa. White and orange L. pertusa were characterized with in vivo absorbance peaks at 409 and 473 nm, respectively. In vivo absorbance maxima for P. arborea and P. resedaeformis was typically at 475 nm. The shapes of the absorbance spectra (400–700 nm) were species-specific, indicated by in vivo, in vitro and the corresponding difference spectra. The results may provide important chemotaxonomic information for pigment when bonded to their proteins in vivo, bio-prospecting, and for in situ identification, mapping and monitoring of corals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette C. Elde
- Trondheim Biological Station, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim NO-7491, Norway; (A.C.E.); (R.P.)
| | - Ragnhild Pettersen
- Trondheim Biological Station, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim NO-7491, Norway; (A.C.E.); (R.P.)
| | - Per Bruheim
- Department of Bio-Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Sem Sælands vei 8, Trondheim NO-7491, Norway;
| | - Johanna Järnegren
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim NO-7485, Norway;
| | - Geir Johnsen
- Trondheim Biological Station, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim NO-7491, Norway; (A.C.E.); (R.P.)
- The University Centre on Svalbard (UNIS), P.O. Box 156, Longyearbyen NO-9171, Norway
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +47-7359-1581; Fax: +47-7359-1597
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