1
|
Stable Isotope Analysis of Food Web Structure and the Contribution of Carbon Sources in the Sea Adjacent to the Miaodao Archipelago (China). FISHES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes7010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The littoral zones around archipelagos are highly productive coastal habitats that serve as biodiversity hotspots and provide valuable ecosystem services that are different from those of the pelagic and profundal zones. The littoral zone has complex basal carbon sources from different primary producers and is an important ocean–land transition area. Macroalgae are the main primary producers of the littoral zone, but their carbon contribution to consumers is rarely studied. Basal carbon sources determine the structure of the food web. In order to determine the contribution of basal carbon sources and the food web structure of the littoral zone, we used carbon and nitrogen stable isotope techniques and a Bayesian mixing model to study the autumn benthic food web in the sea adjacent to the Miaodao Archipelago. The potential carbon sources of the benthic food web biota in the sea adjacent to the Miaodao Archipelago in autumn are mainly algae (including phytoplankton and macroalgae) and SOM, but the contribution of POM is low. Macroalgae may play a more important role in the littoral zone benthic food webs. Although there are certain uncertainties in the model results, invertebrates and fish have obvious differences in their use of carbon sources. The trophic importance of different primary producers varies with functional feeding groups, and the resource utilization of different functional feeding groups may have certain spatial characteristics.
Collapse
|
2
|
Trophic Niche Dynamics and Diet Partitioning of King Crab Lithodes santolla in Chile’s Sub-Antarctic Water. DIVERSITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/d14010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The southern king crab Lithodes santolla is one of the most economically important fishery species in the southern waters of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. A combination of stomach content and stable isotope analyses was used to reveal the potential dietary characteristics, isotopic niche, overlap among maturity stages and sexes, and trophic relationships of an L. santolla population in the Nassau Bay, Cape Horn region. Stable isotope analyses indicated that L. santolla assimilated energy from a basal carbon source, the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera, forming the trophic baseline of the benthic food web. Moreover, the trophic position of L. santolla varied among late juveniles and adults, suggesting that the southern king crab does undergo an ontogenetic diet shift. L. santolla exhibited intraspecific isotopic niche variation, reflecting niche differentiation which allows the species to partition resources. The trophic relationships of L. santolla with the associated fauna suggested some potential interactions for food resources/habitat use when they are limited. This study is the first attempt to characterize the trophic dynamics of the southern king crab in the Cape Horn area and, by generating more data, contributes to the conservation of the king crab population and the long-term management of local fisheries that rely on this resource.
Collapse
|
3
|
Ortiz P, Quiroga E, Montero P, Hamame M, Betti F. Trophic structure of benthic communities in a Chilean fjord (45°S) influenced by salmon aquaculture: Insights from stable isotopic signatures. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 173:113149. [PMID: 34813999 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Benthic marine food webs, which recycle organic matter and sustain unique biodiversity, are an important component of estuarine Patagonian fjords; however, these may be heavily influenced by salmon farming activities. Under the above conditions, this study collected several food sources (sediment organic matter, suspended particulate organic matter, macroalgae) and 26 benthic invertebrate species, and analyzed them using a Bayesian mixing model. Briefly, carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes analyses revealed that the highly variable isotopic niche widths respond to food supplies from marine and terrestrial organic matter. In addition, particulate and dissolved waste from salmon farming activities were found to modify isotopic composition ratios in many suspension feeders. Particularly, our results indicate high δ15N values in the sponge Cliona chilensis and the encrusting coral Incrustatus comauensis, which appear to be potential ecological indicators for evaluating stoichiometry imbalances and trace organic pollution sources in fjord environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ortiz
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Moraleda 16, Coyhaique 5951601, Chile.
| | - Eduardo Quiroga
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, Avenida Universidad 330, Curauma, Valparaíso, Chile; Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Paulina Montero
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Moraleda 16, Coyhaique 5951601, Chile; Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Madeleine Hamame
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Moraleda 16, Coyhaique 5951601, Chile
| | - Federico Betti
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Friedlander AM, Ballesteros E, Goodell W, Hüne M, Muñoz A, Salinas-de-León P, Velasco-Charpentier C, Sala E. Marine communities of the newly created Kawésqar National Reserve, Chile: From glaciers to the Pacific Ocean. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249413. [PMID: 33852615 PMCID: PMC8046254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The newly created Kawésqar National Park (KNP) and National Reserve (KNR) in southern Chile consists of diverse terrestrial and marine habitats, which includes the southern terminus of the Andes, the Southern Patagonia Ice Fields, sub-Antarctic rainforests, glaciers, fjords, lakes, wetlands, valleys, channels, and islands. The marine environment is influenced by wide ranging hydrological factors such as glacier melt, large terrigenous inputs, high precipitation, strong currents, and open ocean water masses. Owing to the remoteness, rugged terrain, and harsh environmental conditions, little is known about this vast region, particularly the marine realm. To this end, we conducted an integrated ecological assessment using SCUBA and remote cameras down to 600 m to examine this unique and largely unexplored ecosystem. Kelp forests (primarily Macrocystis pyrifera) dominate the nearshore ecosystem and provide habitat for myriad benthic organisms. In the fjords, salinity was low and both turbidity and nutrients from terrigenous sources were high, with benthic communities dominated by active suspension feeders (e.g., Bivalvia, Ascidiacea, and Bryozoa). Areas closer to the Pacific Ocean showed more oceanic conditions with higher salinity and lower turbidity, with benthic communities experiencing more open benthic physical space in which predators (e.g., Malacostraca and Asteroidea) and herbivorous browsers (e.g., Echinoidea and Gastropoda) were more conspicuous components of the community compared to the inner fjords. Hagfish (Myxine sp.) was the most abundant and frequently occurring fish taxa observed on deep-sea cameras (80% of deployments), along with several taxa of sharks (e.g., Squaliformes, Etmopteridae, Somniosidae, Scyliorhinidae), which collectively were also observed on 80% of deep-sea camera deployments. The kelp forests, deep fjords, and other nearshore habitats of the KNR represent a unique ecosystem with minimal human impacts at present. The KNR is part of the ancestral territory of the indigenous Kawésqar people and their traditional knowledge, including the importance of the land-sea connection in structuring the marine communities of this region, is strongly supported by our scientific findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan M. Friedlander
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Hawaiʿi Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaiʿi, Kāneʻohe, Hawaiʿi, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Whitney Goodell
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Exploration Technology Lab, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Mathias Hüne
- Centro de Investigación para la Conservación de los Ecosistemas Australes (ICEA), Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Alex Muñoz
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Pelayo Salinas-de-León
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Charles Darwin Research Station, Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Galápagos, Ecuador
| | | | - Enric Sala
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ruiz-Ruiz PA, Contreras S, Urzúa Á, Quiroga E, Rebolledo L. Fatty acid biomarkers in three species inhabiting a high latitude Patagonian fjord (Yendegaia Fjord, Chile). Polar Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-020-02788-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
6
|
Aldea C, Novoa L, Alcaino S, Rosenfeld S. Diversity of benthic marine mollusks of the Strait of Magellan, Chile (Polyplacophora, Gastropoda, Bivalvia): a historical review of natural history. Zookeys 2020; 963:1-36. [PMID: 32922129 PMCID: PMC7458949 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.963.52234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An increase in richness of benthic marine mollusks towards high latitudes has been described on the Pacific coast of Chile in recent decades. This considerable increase in diversity occurs specifically at the beginning of the Magellanic Biogeographic Province. Within this province lies the Strait of Magellan, considered the most important channel because it connects the South Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. These characteristics make it an interesting area for marine research; thus, the Strait of Magellan has historically been the area with the greatest research effort within the province. However, despite efforts there is no comprehensive and updated list of the diversity of mollusks within the Strait of Magellan up to now. This study consisted of a complete bibliographic review of all available literature that included samples of mollusks in the Strait of Magellan. More than 300 articles were reviewed, covering 200 years of scientific knowledge. There were 2579 records belonging to 412 taxa, of which 347 are valid species. Of the total valid species, 44 (~13%) are considered of doubtful presence in the Strait. This work increases the known richness of mollusks of the Strait of Magellan by 228%; it is also the first report that integrates all available diversity studies of the three most speciose classes of benthic mollusks (Gastropoda, Bivalvia and Polyplacophora) from the Strait of Magellan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Aldea
- Centro de Investigación GAIA Antártica, Universidad de Magallanes, Av. Bulnes 01855, Punta Arenas, Chile.,Departamento de Ciencias y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Magallanes, Chile
| | - Leslie Novoa
- Departamento de Ciencias y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Magallanes, Chile
| | - Samuel Alcaino
- Departamento de Ciencias y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Magallanes, Chile
| | - Sebastián Rosenfeld
- Facultad de Ciencias, Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratorio de Ecosistemas Marinos Antárticos y Subantárticos, Universidad de Magallanes, Chile.,Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mavraki N, Degraer S, Moens T, Vanaverbeke J. Functional differences in trophic structure of offshore wind farm communities: A stable isotope study. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 157:104868. [PMID: 32275504 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The proliferation of offshore wind energy installations causes a local change in biodiversity because these structures become heavily colonised by large quantities of fouling fauna, attract large mobile crustaceans and fish, and alter the macrofaunal communities in the soft sediments surrounding the wind turbines. Here, we analysed the stable isotope signals (δ13C and δ15N) of the faunal communities associated with a wind turbine, its scour protection layer (SPL) and the surrounding soft sediments. We hypothesised that structural differences in community composition would be reflected in food web complexity and that resource partitioning could be one of the mechanisms contributing to the co-existence of such dense communities. Sampling was conducted at a gravity-based foundation in the Belgian part of the North Sea, where both sessile and mobile organisms were collected along the depth gradient of the turbine, the SPL and the surrounding soft substrate. The results indicated that the structural differences of the communities are reflected in the food web complexity as indicated by the trophic niche size, the trophic diversity and the redundancy of the communities along the depth gradient. Higher food web complexity was associated with zones where high accumulation of organic matter occurs (soft substrate and SPL). Low food web complexity was observed in depth zones that are dominated by sessile suspension-feeding organisms (intertidal and Mytilus zone). The high trophic diversity and low redundancy observed within the trophic clusters of the soft substrate and the Metridium zone indicated that resource partitioning can be a mechanism allowing the co-existence of large densities of a wide variety of species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ninon Mavraki
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Operational Directorate Natural Environment, Marine Ecology and Management, Vautierstraat 29, 1000, Brussels, Belgium; Marine Biology Research Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S8, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Steven Degraer
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Operational Directorate Natural Environment, Marine Ecology and Management, Vautierstraat 29, 1000, Brussels, Belgium; Marine Biology Research Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S8, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Moens
- Marine Biology Research Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S8, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Vanaverbeke
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Operational Directorate Natural Environment, Marine Ecology and Management, Vautierstraat 29, 1000, Brussels, Belgium; Marine Biology Research Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S8, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Beaton EC, Küpper FC, van West P, Brewin PE, Brickle P. The influence of depth and season on the benthic communities of a Macrocystis pyrifera forest in the Falkland Islands. Polar Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-020-02662-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
9
|
González-Wevar CA, Hüne M, Rosenfeld S, Nakano T, Saucède T, Spencer H, Poulin E. Systematic revision of Nacella (Patellogastropoda: Nacellidae) based on a complete phylogeny of the genus, with the description of a new species from the southern tip of South America. Zool J Linn Soc 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio A González-Wevar
- Laboratorio de Genómica y Ecología Molecular Antártica y sub-Antártica, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas (ICML), Universidad Austral de Chile, Edificio Emilio Pugín, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia, XIV Región de los Ríos, Chile
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras #3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
- Centro FONDAP de Investigaciones en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile
| | - Mathias Hüne
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras #3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastián Rosenfeld
- Laboratorio de Ecosistemas Marinos Antárticos y Subantárticos, Universidad de Magallanes, Casilla, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Tomoyuki Nakano
- Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, Field Science Education and Research Centre, Kyoto University, Nishimuro, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Thomas Saucède
- IMBE-Institut Méditerranéen de Biologie et d’Ecologie marine et continentale, Station Marine d’Endoume, Marseille, France
| | - Hamish Spencer
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Elie Poulin
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras #3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Calizza E, Careddu G, Sporta Caputi S, Rossi L, Costantini ML. Time- and depth-wise trophic niche shifts in Antarctic benthos. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194796. [PMID: 29570741 PMCID: PMC5865725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change is expected to affect resource-consumer interactions underlying stability in polar food webs. Polar benthic organisms have adapted to the marked seasonality characterising their habitats by concentrating foraging and reproductive activity in summer months, when inputs from sympagic and pelagic producers increase. While this enables the persistence of biodiverse food webs, the mechanisms underlying changes in resource use and nutrient transfer are poorly understood. Thus, our understanding of how temporal and spatial variations in the supply of resources may affect food web structure and functioning is limited. By means of C and N isotopic analyses of two key Antarctic benthic consumers (Adamussium colbecki, Bivalvia, and Sterechinus neumayeri, Echinoidea) and Bayesian mixing models, we describe changes in trophic niche and nutrient transfer across trophic levels associated with the long- and short-term diet and body size of specimens sampled in midsummer in both shallow and deep waters. Samplings occurred soon after the sea-ice broke up at Tethys Bay, an area characterised by extreme seasonality in sea-ice coverage and productivity in the Ross Sea. In the long term, the trophic niche was broader and variation between specimens was greater, with intermediate-size specimens generally consuming a higher number of resources than small and large specimens. The coupling of energy channels in the food web was consequently more direct than in the short term. Sediment and benthic algae were more frequently consumed in the long term, before the sea-ice broke up, while consumers specialised on sympagic algae and plankton in the short term. Regardless of the time scale, sympagic algae were more frequently consumed in shallow waters, while plankton was more frequently consumed in deep waters. Our results suggest a strong temporal relationship between resource availability and the trophic niche of benthic consumers in Antarctica. Potential climate-driven changes in the timing and quality of nutrient inputs may have profound implications for the structure of polar food webs and the persistence of their constituent species, which have adapted their trophic niches to a highly predictable schedule of resource inputs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Calizza
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- CoNISMa-Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio Careddu
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Loreto Rossi
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- CoNISMa-Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Maria Letizia Costantini
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- CoNISMa-Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rosenfeld S, Marambio J, Ojeda J, Juan Pablo Rodríguez, González-Wevar C, Gerard K, Tamara Contador, Pizarro G, Mansilla A. Trophic ecology of two co-existing Sub-Antarctic limpets of the genus Nacella: spatio-temporal variation in food availability and diet composition of Nacella magellanica and N. deaurata. Zookeys 2018:1-25. [PMID: 29670417 PMCID: PMC5904503 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.738.21175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between algae and herbivores can be affected by various factors, such as seasonality and habitat structure. Among herbivores inhabiting marine systems, species of the order Patellogastropoda are considered key organisms in many rocky coasts of the world. Nacella species are one of the most dominant macro-herbivores on the rocky shores of the sub-Antarctic ecoregion of Magellan. However, the importance of its key role must be associated with its trophic ecology. The objective of this work was to evaluate spatial and temporal variabilities in the dietary composition of two intertidal Nacella species, considering grazing on macro- (macroalgae) and microscopic (periphyton) food. The composition of periphyton and the availability of macroalgae in the winter and summer seasons were examined at two localities of the Magellanic province, alongside the gut contents of N.magellanica and N.deaurata. The dietary composition differed between the two Nacella species, as well as between seasons and locations. The differences observed in the diet of the two species of Nacella may be mainly due to their respective distributions in the intertidal zone. Both species presented a generalist strategy of grazing, which is relationed to the seasonality of micro- and macroalgae availability and to the variability of the assemblages between the localities. This research was the first to perform a detailed study of the diet of intertidal Nacella species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Rosenfeld
- Laboratorio de Ecosistemas Marinos Antárticos y Subantárticos, Universidad de Magallanes, Casilla 113-D, Punta Arenas, Chile.,Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB) Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
| | - Johanna Marambio
- Laboratorio de Ecosistemas Marinos Antárticos y Subantárticos, Universidad de Magallanes, Casilla 113-D, Punta Arenas, Chile.,Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB) Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime Ojeda
- Laboratorio de Ecosistemas Marinos Antárticos y Subantárticos, Universidad de Magallanes, Casilla 113-D, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Ecosistemas Marinos Antárticos y Subantárticos, Universidad de Magallanes, Casilla 113-D, Punta Arenas, Chile.,Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB) Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio González-Wevar
- Laboratorio de Ecosistemas Marinos Antárticos y Subantárticos, Universidad de Magallanes, Casilla 113-D, Punta Arenas, Chile.,Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB) Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile.,GAIA Antártica - Universidad de Magallanes, Departamento de Recursos Naturales, Bulnes 01890, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Karin Gerard
- Laboratorio de Ecosistemas Marinos Antárticos y Subantárticos, Universidad de Magallanes, Casilla 113-D, Punta Arenas, Chile.,GAIA Antártica - Universidad de Magallanes, Departamento de Recursos Naturales, Bulnes 01890, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Tamara Contador
- Parque Etnobotánico Omora, Universidad de Magallanes, Teniente Muñoz 396, Puerto Williams, Chile
| | - Gemita Pizarro
- Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, Casilla 101, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Andrés Mansilla
- Laboratorio de Ecosistemas Marinos Antárticos y Subantárticos, Universidad de Magallanes, Casilla 113-D, Punta Arenas, Chile.,Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB) Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|