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Nielsen MB, Vogensen TK, Thyrring J, Sørensen JG, Sejr MK. Freshening increases the susceptibility to heat stress in intertidal mussels (Mytilus edulis) from the Arctic. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:1515-1524. [PMID: 33713446 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Temperatures in the Arctic are increasing at a faster pace than at lower latitudes resulting in range expansion of boreal species. In Greenland, the warming also drives accelerating melt of the Greenland Ice Sheet resulting in more meltwater entering Greenland fjords in summer. Our aim was to determine if increasing summer temperatures combined with lower salinity can induce the expression of stress-related proteins, for example, heat shock protein, in boreal intertidal mussels in Greenland, and whether low salinity reduces the upper thermal limit at which mortality occurs. We conducted a mortality experiment, using 12 different combinations of salinity and air temperature treatments during a simulated tidal regime, and quantified the change in mRNA levels of five stress-related genes (hsp24, hsp70, hsp90, sod and p38) in surviving mussels to discern the level of sublethal stress. Heat-induced mortality occurred in mussels exposed to an air temperature of 30°C and mortality was higher in treatments with lowered salinity (5 and 15‰), which confirms that low habitat salinity decreases the upper thermal limit of Mytilus edulis. The gene expression analysis supported the mortality results, with the highest gene expression found at combinations of high temperature and low salinity. Combined with seasonal measurements of intertidal temperatures in Greenland, we suggest heat stress occurs in low salinity intertidal area, and that further lowered salinity in coastal water due to increased run-off can make intertidal bivalves more susceptible to summer heat stress. This study thus provides an example of how different impacts of climate warming can work synergistically to stress marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin B Nielsen
- Department of Biology, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Trine K Vogensen
- Department of Biology, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jakob Thyrring
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Bioscience, Marine Ecology, Aarhus University, Silkeborg, Denmark.,British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK.,Homerton College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jesper G Sørensen
- Department of Biology, Section for Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mikael K Sejr
- Department of Biology, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Department of Bioscience, Marine Ecology, Aarhus University, Silkeborg, Denmark
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Barth-Jensen C, Koski M, Varpe Ø, Glad P, Wangensteen OS, Præbel K, Svensen C. Temperature-dependent egg production and egg hatching rates of small egg-carrying and broadcast-spawning copepods Oithona similis, Microsetella norvegica and Microcalanus pusillus. JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH 2020; 42:564-580. [PMID: 32939156 PMCID: PMC7484935 DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fbaa039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive rates of copepods are temperature-dependent, but poorly known for small copepods at low temperatures, hindering the predictions of population dynamics and secondary production in high-latitude ecosystems. We investigated egg hatching rates, hatching success and egg production of the small copepods Oithona similis and Microsetella norvegica (sac spawners) and Microcalanus pusillus (broadcast spawner) between March and August. Incubations were performed at ecologically relevant temperatures between 1.3 and 13.2°C, and egg production rates were calculated. All egg hatching rates were positively correlated to temperature, although with large species-specific differences. At the lowest temperatures, M. pusillus eggs hatched within 4 days, whereas the eggs from sac spawners took 3-8 weeks to hatch. The egg hatching success was ≤25% for M. pusillus, >75% for O. similis and variable for M. norvegica. The maximum weight-specific egg production rate (μg C μg-1 C d-1) of M. pusillus was higher (0.22) than O. similis (0.12) and M. norvegica (0.06). M. norvegica reproduction peaked at 6-8°C, the prevailing in situ temperatures during its reproductive period. The difference in reproductive rates indicates species-specific thermal plasticity for the three copepods, which could have implications for present and future population dynamics of the species in arctic fjords.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marja Koski
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR AQUATIC RESOURCES, TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF DENMARK, LYNGBY, DENMARK
| | - Øystein Varpe
- NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE FOR NATURE RESEARCH, BERGEN, NORWAY
- DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN, BERGEN, NORWAY
| | - Peter Glad
- FACULTY OF BIOSCIENCES, FISHERIES AND ECONOMICS, UIT THE ARCTIC UNIVERSITY OF NORWAY, TROMSø, NORWAY
| | - Owen S Wangensteen
- FACULTY OF BIOSCIENCES, FISHERIES AND ECONOMICS, UIT THE ARCTIC UNIVERSITY OF NORWAY, TROMSø, NORWAY
| | - Kim Præbel
- FACULTY OF BIOSCIENCES, FISHERIES AND ECONOMICS, UIT THE ARCTIC UNIVERSITY OF NORWAY, TROMSø, NORWAY
| | - Camilla Svensen
- FACULTY OF BIOSCIENCES, FISHERIES AND ECONOMICS, UIT THE ARCTIC UNIVERSITY OF NORWAY, TROMSø, NORWAY
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