1
|
Stock P, Weber K. Deep Digging: Far Red Imaging for the Monitoring of Transplanted Hepatocytes in Rats. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1506:215-228. [PMID: 27830556 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6506-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Technologies for in vivo imaging of the distribution and integration of cell transplants gain significance for the use of novel cell therapy approaches in regenerative medicine. Applied to adequate animal models, they provide information on the spatio-temporal engraftment and functional performance of the cells transplanted. This chapter includes a detailed description of the in vivo tracking of transplanted hepatocytes in rat liver including the conjugation of antibodies to fluorochromes for far red imaging using a multispectral optical imager.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Stock
- Clinics and Policlinics of Visceral-, Transplantation-, Thoracic- and Vascular Surgery, Applied Molecular Hepatology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Kristin Weber
- Department of Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Martelli C, Dico AL, Diceglie C, Lucignani G, Ottobrini L. Optical imaging probes in oncology. Oncotarget 2016; 7:48753-48787. [PMID: 27145373 PMCID: PMC5217050 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease, characterized by alteration of different physiological molecular processes and cellular features. Keeping this in mind, the possibility of early identification and detection of specific tumor biomarkers by non-invasive approaches could improve early diagnosis and patient management.Different molecular imaging procedures provide powerful tools for detection and non-invasive characterization of oncological lesions. Clinical studies are mainly based on the use of computed tomography, nuclear-based imaging techniques and magnetic resonance imaging. Preclinical imaging in small animal models entails the use of dedicated instruments, and beyond the already cited imaging techniques, it includes also optical imaging studies. Optical imaging strategies are based on the use of luminescent or fluorescent reporter genes or injectable fluorescent or luminescent probes that provide the possibility to study tumor features even by means of fluorescence and luminescence imaging. Currently, most of these probes are used only in animal models, but the possibility of applying some of them also in the clinics is under evaluation.The importance of tumor imaging, the ease of use of optical imaging instruments, the commercial availability of a wide range of probes as well as the continuous description of newly developed probes, demonstrate the significance of these applications. The aim of this review is providing a complete description of the possible optical imaging procedures available for the non-invasive assessment of tumor features in oncological murine models. In particular, the characteristics of both commercially available and newly developed probes will be outlined and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Martelli
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Centre of Molecular and Cellular Imaging-IMAGO, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Lo Dico
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Umberto Veronesi Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Diceglie
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Centre of Molecular and Cellular Imaging-IMAGO, Milan, Italy
- Tecnomed Foundation, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lucignani
- Centre of Molecular and Cellular Imaging-IMAGO, Milan, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa Ottobrini
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Centre of Molecular and Cellular Imaging-IMAGO, Milan, Italy
- Institute for Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Almaki JH, Nasiri R, Idris A, Majid FAA, Salouti M, Wong TS, Dabagh S, Marvibaigi M, Amini N. Synthesis, characterization and in vitro evaluation of exquisite targeting SPIONs-PEG-HER in HER2+ human breast cancer cells. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:105601. [PMID: 26861770 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/10/105601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A stable, biocompatible and exquisite SPIONs-PEG-HER targeting complex was developed. Initially synthesized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) were silanized using 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APS) as the coupling agent in order to allow the covalent bonding of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to the SPIONs to improve the biocompatibility of the SPIONs. SPIONs-PEG were then conjugated with herceptin (HER) to permit the SPIONs-PEG-HER to target the specific receptors expressed over the surface of the HER2+ metastatic breast cancer cells. Each preparation step was physico-chemically analyzed and characterized by a number of analytical methods including AAS, FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, FESEM, TEM, DLS and VSM. The biocompatibility of SPIONs-PEG-HER was evaluated in vitro on HSF-1184 (human skin fibroblast cells), SK-BR-3 (human breast cancer cells, HER+), MDA-MB-231 (human breast cancer cells, HER-) and MDA-MB-468 (human breast cancer cells, HER-) cell lines by performing MTT and trypan blue assays. The hemolysis analysis results of the SPIONs-PEG-HER and SPIONs-PEG did not indicate any sign of lysis while in contact with erythrocytes. Additionally, there were no morphological changes seen in RBCs after incubation with SPIONs-PEG-HER and SPIONs-PEG under a light microscope. The qualitative and quantitative in vitro targeting studies confirmed the high level of SPION-PEG-HER binding to SK-BR-3 (HER2+ metastatic breast cancer cells). Thus, the results reflected that the SPIONs-PEG-HER can be chosen as a favorable biomaterial for biomedical applications, chiefly magnetic hyperthermia, in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javad Hamzehalipour Almaki
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Koga S, Oshima Y, Honkura N, Iimura T, Kameda K, Sato K, Yoshida M, Yamamoto Y, Watanabe Y, Hikita A, Imamura T. In vivo subcellular imaging of tumors in mouse models using a fluorophore-conjugated anti-carcinoembryonic antigen antibody in two-photon excitation microscopy. Cancer Sci 2014; 105:1299-306. [PMID: 25117702 PMCID: PMC4462348 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been growing interest in applying fluorescence imaging techniques to the study of various disease processes and complex biological phenomena in vivo. To apply these methods to clinical settings, several groups have developed protocols for fluorescence imaging using antibodies against tumor markers conjugated to fluorescent substances. Although these probes have been useful in macroscopic imaging, the specificity and sensitivity of these methods must be improved to enable them to detect micro-lesions in the early phases of cancer, resulting in better treatment outcomes. To establish a sensitive and highly specific imaging method, we used a fluorophore-conjugated anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) antibody to perform macroscopic and microscopic in vivo imaging of inoculated cancer cells expressing GFP with or without CEA. Macroscopic imaging by fluorescence zoom microscopy revealed that bio-conjugation of Alexa Fluor 594 to the anti-CEA antibody allowed visualization of tumor mass consisting of CEA-expressing human cancer cells, but the background levels were unacceptably high. In contrast, microscopic imaging using a two-photon excitation microscope and the same fluorescent antibody resulted in subcellular-resolution imaging that was more specific and sensitive than conventional imaging using a fluorescence zoom microscope. These results suggest that two-photon excitation microscopy in conjunction with fluorophore-conjugated antibodies could be widely adapted to detection of cancer-specific cell-surface molecules, both in cancer research and in clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shigehiro Koga
- Department of Molecular Medicine for Pathogenesis, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Ehime, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
|
6
|
Jang M, Yoon YI, Kwon YS, Yoon TJ, Lee HJ, Hwang SI, Yun BL, Kim SM. Trastuzumab-conjugated liposome-coated fluorescent magnetic nanoparticles to target breast cancer. Korean J Radiol 2014; 15:411-22. [PMID: 25053899 PMCID: PMC4105802 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2014.15.4.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To synthesize mesoporous silica-core-shell magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) encapsulated by liposomes (Lipo [MNP@m-SiO2]) in order to enhance their stability, allow them to be used in any buffer solution, and to produce trastuzumab-conjugated (Lipo[MNP@m-SiO2]-Her2Ab) nanoparticles to be utilized in vitro for the targeting of breast cancer. Materials and Methods The physiochemical characteristics of Lipo[MNP@m-SiO2] were assessed in terms of size, morphological features, and in vitro safety. The multimodal imaging properties of the organic dye incorporated into Lipo[MNP@m-SiO2] were assessed with both in vitro fluorescence and MR imaging. The specific targeting ability of trastuzumab (Her2/neu antibody, Herceptin®)-conjugated Lipo[MNP@m-SiO2] for Her2/neu-positive breast cancer cells was also evaluated with fluorescence and MR imaging. Results We obtained uniformly-sized and evenly distributed Lipo[MNP@m-SiO2] that demonstrated biological stability, while not disrupting cell viability. Her2/neu-positive breast cancer cell targeting by trastuzumab-conjugated Lipo[MNP@m-SiO2] was observed by in vitro fluorescence and MR imaging. Conclusion Trastuzumab-conjugated Lipo[MNP@m-SiO2] is a potential treatment tool for targeted drug delivery in Her2/neu-positive breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mijung Jang
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea
| | - Young Il Yoon
- Nanoimaging and Therapy Research Center, Institute of Nanoconvergence, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Korea
| | - Yong Soo Kwon
- NanoBio Materials Chemistry Lab., Department of Applied Bioscience, CHA University, Pocheon 487-010, Korea
| | - Tae-Jong Yoon
- Nanoimaging and Therapy Research Center, Institute of Nanoconvergence, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Korea. ; NanoBio Materials Chemistry Lab., Department of Applied Bioscience, CHA University, Pocheon 487-010, Korea
| | - Hak Jong Lee
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea. ; Nanoimaging and Therapy Research Center, Institute of Nanoconvergence, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Korea. ; Program in Nano Science and Technology, Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Seoul National University Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Suwon 443-270, Korea
| | - Sung Il Hwang
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea
| | - Bo La Yun
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea
| | - Sun Mi Kim
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang RE, Zhang Y, Tian L, Cai W, Cai J. Antibody-based imaging of HER-2: moving into the clinic. Curr Mol Med 2014; 13:1523-37. [PMID: 24206138 DOI: 10.2174/1566524013666131111120951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2) mediates a number of important cellular activities, and is up-regulated in a diverse set of cancer cell lines, especially breast cancer. Accordingly, HER-2 has been regarded as a common drug target in cancer therapy. Antibodies can serve as ideal candidates for targeted tumor imaging and drug delivery, due to their inherent affinity and specificity. Advanced by the development of a wide variety of imaging techniques, antibody-based imaging of HER-2 can allow for early detection and localization of tumors, as well as monitoring of drug delivery and tissue's response to drug treatment. In this review article, antibody-based imaging of HER-2 are summarized and discussed, with an emphasis on the involved imaging methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R E Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Hyperthermia is considered to be a promising tool for the treatment of tumours. Intensive research activities reveal a distinct impact not only on the cellular level but also on tumour physiology which favours the combination with the classical oncologic modalities radio- and chemotherapy. Different techniques have been established so far. Among them, magnetic hyperthermia exploits the intrinsic magnetic properties of iron oxide nanoparticles (magnetite and maghemite) which induce heating during the exposure to an alternating magnetic field. Beyond the advantage that heating is generated within the tumour and not from outside the body, the amounts of magnetic material and their intratumoral distribution patterns are key factors determining the therapeutic outcome. They can be influenced by the use of different application routes, which will be discussed in this paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Hilger
- Department of Experimental Radiology, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller Universität , Jena , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Alexander VM, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H. Fluorescent molecular imaging: technical progress and current preclinical and clinical applications in urogynecologic diseases. Curr Mol Med 2013; 13:1568-78. [PMID: 24206135 DOI: 10.2174/1566524013666131111125758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Many molecular imaging probes have been developed in recent years that hold great promise for both diagnostic and therapeutic functions in urogynecologic disease. Historically, optical probe designs were based on either endogenous or exogenous fluorophores. More recently, organic fluorophore probes have been engineered to target specific tissues and emit fluorescence only upon binding to targets. Several different photochemical mechanisms of activation exist. This review presents a discussion of the history and development of molecular imaging probe designs and provides an overview of successful preclinical and clinical models employing molecular probes for in vivo imaging of urogynecologic cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V M Alexander
- Molecular Imaging Program, NCI/NIH, Building 10, Room B3B69, MSC 1088, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tansi FL, Rüger R, Rabenhold M, Steiniger F, Fahr A, Kaiser WA, Hilger I. Liposomal encapsulation of a near-infrared fluorophore enhances fluorescence quenching and reliable whole body optical imaging upon activation in vivo. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:3659-3669. [PMID: 23650267 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201203211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, there has been significant progress in the development of water soluble near-infrared fluorochromes for use in a wide range of imaging applications. Fluorochromes with high photo and thermal stability, sensitivity, adequate pharmacological properties and absorption/emission maxima within the near infrared window (650-900 nm) are highly desired for in vivo imaging, since biological tissues show very low absorption and auto-fluorescence at this spectrum window. Taking these properties into consideration, a myriad of promising near infrared fluorescent probes has been developed recently. However, a hallmark of most of these probes is a rapid clearance in vivo, which hampers their application. It is hypothesized that encapsulation of the near infrared fluorescent dye DY-676-COOH, which undergoes fluorescence quenching at high concentrations, in the aqueous interior of liposomes will result in protection and fluorescence quenching, which upon degradation by phagocytes in vivo will lead to fluorescence activation and enable imaging of inflammation. Liposomes prepared with high concentrations of DY-676-COOH reveal strong fluorescence quenching. It is demonstrated that the non-targeted PEGylated fluorescence-activatable liposomes are taken up predominantly by phagocytosis and degraded in lysosomes. Furthermore, in zymosan-induced edema models in mice, the liposomes are taken up by monocytes and macrophages which migrate to the sites of inflammation. Opposed to free DY-676-COOH, prolonged stability and retention of liposomal-DY-676-COOH is reflected in a significant increase in fluorescence intensity of edema. Thus, protected delivery and fluorescence quenching make the DY-676-COOH-loaded liposomes a highly promising contrast agent for in vivo optical imaging of inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felista L Tansi
- Department of Experimental Radiology, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology I, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich, Schiller University Jena, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Optical imaging in breast cancer diagnosis: the next evolution. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2012; 2012:863747. [PMID: 23304141 PMCID: PMC3529498 DOI: 10.1155/2012/863747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among the population of the Western world. Diagnostic methods include mammography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance; meanwhile, nuclear medicine techniques have a secondary role, being useful in regional assessment and therapy followup. Optical imaging is a very promising imaging technique that uses near-infrared light to assess optical properties of tissues and is expected to play an important role in breast cancer detection. Optical breast imaging can be performed by intrinsic breast tissue contrast alone (hemoglobin, water, and lipid content) or with the use of exogenous fluorescent probes that target specific molecules for breast cancer. Major advantages of optical imaging are that it does not use any radioactive components, very high sensitivity, relatively inexpensive, easily accessible, and the potential to be combined in a multimodal approach with other technologies such as mammography, ultrasound, MRI, and positron emission tomography. Moreover, optical imaging agents could, potentially, be used as “theranostics,” combining the process of diagnosis and therapy.
Collapse
|
12
|
Hellebust A, Richards-Kortum R. Advances in molecular imaging: targeted optical contrast agents for cancer diagnostics. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012; 7:429-45. [PMID: 22385200 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.12.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last three decades, our understanding of the molecular changes associated with cancer development and progression has advanced greatly. This has led to new cancer therapeutics targeted against specific molecular pathways; such therapies show great promise to reduce mortality, in part by enabling physicians to tailor therapy for patients based on a molecular profile of their tumor. Unfortunately, the tools for definitive cancer diagnosis - light microscopic examination of biopsied tissue stained with nonspecific dyes - remain focused on the analysis of tissue ex vivo. There is an important need for new clinical tools to support the molecular diagnosis of cancer. Optical molecular imaging is emerging as a technique to help meet this need. Targeted, optically active contrast agents can specifically label extra- and intracellular biomarkers of cancer. Optical images can be acquired in real time with high spatial resolution to image-specific molecular targets, while still providing morphologic context. This article reviews recent advances in optical molecular imaging, highlighting the advances in technology required to improve early cancer detection, guide selection of targeted therapy and rapidly evaluate therapeutic efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Hellebust
- Rice University, Bioengineering Department, 6100 Main Street, Bioengineering, MS 142, Houston, TX 77005-1892, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Krucker T, Sandanaraj BS. Optical imaging for the new grammar of drug discovery. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2011; 369:4651-4665. [PMID: 22006912 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2011.0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Optical technologies used in biomedical research have undergone tremendous development in the last decade and enabled important insight into biochemical, cellular and physiological phenomena at the microscopic and macroscopic level. Historically in drug discovery, to increase throughput in screening, or increase efficiency through automation of image acquisition and analysis in pathology, efforts in imaging were focused on the reengineering of established microscopy solutions. However, with the emergence of the new grammar for drug discovery, other requirements and expectations have created unique opportunities for optical imaging. The new grammar of drug discovery provides rules for translating the wealth of genomic and proteomic information into targeted medicines with a focus on complex interactions of proteins. This paradigm shift requires highly specific and quantitative imaging at the molecular level with tools that can be used in cellular assays, animals and finally translated into patients. The development of fluorescent targeted and activatable 'smart' probes, fluorescent proteins and new reporter gene systems as functional and dynamic markers of molecular events in vitro and in vivo is therefore playing a pivotal role. An enabling optical imaging platform will combine optical hardware refinement with a strong emphasis on creating and validating highly specific chemical and biological tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Krucker
- Global Imaging Group, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
A novel 18F-labeled two-helix scaffold protein for PET imaging of HER2-positive tumor. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2011; 38:1977-84. [PMID: 21761266 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-011-1879-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Two-helix scaffold proteins (~ 5 kDa) against human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2) have been discovered in our previous work. In this research we aimed to develop an (18)F-labeled two-helix scaffold protein for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of HER2-positive tumors. METHODS An aminooxy-functionalized two-helix peptide (AO-MUT-DS) with high HER2 binding affinity was synthesized through conventional solid phase peptide synthesis. The purified linear peptide was cyclized by I(2) oxidation to form a disulfide bridge. The cyclic peptide was then conjugated with a radiofluorination synthon, 4-(18)F-fluorobenzyl aldehyde ((18)F-FBA), through the aminooxy functional group at the peptide N terminus (30% yield, non-decay corrected). The binding affinities of the peptides were analyzed by Biacore analysis. Cell uptake assay of the resulting PET probe, (18)F-FBO-MUT-DS, was performed at 37°C. (18)F-FBO-MUT-DS with high specific activity (20-32 MBq/nmol, 88-140 μCi/μg, end of synthesis) was injected into mice xenograft model bearing SKOV3 tumor. MicroPET and biodistribution and metabolic stability studies were then conducted. RESULTS Cell uptake assays showed high and specific cell uptake (~12% applied activity at 1 h) by incubation of (18)F-FBO-MUT-DS with HER2 high-expressing SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells. The affinities (K(D)) of AO-MUT-DS and FBO-MUT-DS as tested by Biacore analysis were 2 and 1 nM, respectively. In vivo small animal PET demonstrated fast tumor targeting, high tumor accumulation, and good tumor to normal tissue contrast of (18)F-FBO-MUT-DS. Biodistribution studies further revealed that the probe had excellent tumor uptake (6.9%ID/g at 1 h post-injection) and was cleared through both liver and kidneys. Co-injection of the probe with 500 μg of HER2 Affibody protein reduced the tumor uptake (6.9 vs 1.8%ID/g, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION F-FBO-MUT-DS displays excellent HER2 targeting ability and tumor PET imaging quality. The two-helix scaffold proteins are suitable for development of (18)F-based PET probes.
Collapse
|
15
|
Optical and magnetic resonance imaging as complementary modalities in drug discovery. Future Med Chem 2011; 2:317-37. [PMID: 21426169 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.09.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Imaging has the ability to study various biological and chemical processes noninvasively in living subjects in a longitudinal way. For this reason, imaging technologies have become an integral part of the drug-discovery and development program and are commonly used in following disease processes and drug action in both preclinical and clinical stages. As the domain of imaging sciences transitions from anatomical/functional to molecular applications, the development of molecular probes becomes crucial for the advancement of the field. This review summarizes the role of two complementary techniques, magnetic resonance and fluorescence optical imaging, in drug discovery. While the first approach exploits intrinsic tissue characteristics as the source of image contrast, the second necessitates the use of appropriate probes for signal generation. The anatomical, functional, metabolic and molecular information that becomes accessible through imaging can provide invaluable insights into disease mechanisms and mechanisms of drug action.
Collapse
|
16
|
Optical imaging of CCK₂/gastrin receptor-positive tumors with a minigastrin near-infrared probe. Invest Radiol 2011; 46:196-201. [PMID: 21139504 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0b013e3181fef020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A variety of tumors in different organs with good accessibility to near-infrared light express the cholecystokinin-2 (CCK₂)/gastrin receptor. Therefore, the applicability of fluorescence optical imaging was assessed using a novel peptide probe. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was approved by the regional animal committee. Our optical peptide probe (DY-minigastrin) was synthesized by coupling a hemicyanine dye to a gastrin derivative peptide (minigastrin). In vitro CCK₂/gastrin receptor identification was performed in receptor-positive HT-29 and negative A-375 cells using flow cytometry, laser scanning microscopy, and macroscopic near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) imaging. For in vivo studies, tumor cells were implanted into mice, and DY-minigastrin in presence or absence of nonlabeled minigastrin (control of signaling specificity) was applied intravenously. Fluorescence signals in tumors and organs were recorded and statistically analyzed. RESULTS Flow cytometry, laser scanning microscopy, and in vitro macroscopic imaging of cell pellets revealed a distinct accumulation of our minigastrin probe in HT-29 cells, showing distinct probe internalization. In vivo NIRF whole-body animal imaging, again, demonstrated a clear depiction of HT-29 tumors, which was reversed by blocking with nonlabeled minigastrin. Semi-quantitative fluorescence analysis and histologic observations were in agreement with these observations. A distinct probe organ distribution was observed. CONCLUSIONS Our observations indicate that DY-minigastrin-based NIRF optical imaging of CCK₂/gastrin receptor protein is feasible. Because of its widespread occurrence in different tumor types, endoscopic, laparoscopic, and tomographic receptor imaging could be accomplished in the near future.
Collapse
|
17
|
Hamann FM, Brehm R, Pauli J, Grabolle M, Frank W, Kaiser WA, Fischer D, Resch-Genger U, Hilger I. Controlled modulation of serum protein binding and biodistribution of asymmetric cyanine dyes by variation of the number of sulfonate groups. Mol Imaging 2011; 10:258-69. [PMID: 21521558 DOI: 10.2310/7290.2011.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the suitability of asymmetric cyanine dyes for in vivo fluoro-optical molecular imaging, a comprehensive study on the influence of the number of negatively charged sulfonate groups governing the hydrophilicity of the DY-67x family of asymmetric cyanines was performed. Special attention was devoted to the plasma protein binding capacity and related pharmacokinetic properties. Four members of the DY-67x cyanine family composed of the same main chromophore, but substituted with a sequentially increasing number of sulfonate groups (n = 1-4; DY-675, DY-676, DY-677, DY-678, respectively), were incubated with plasma proteins dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline. Protein binding was assessed by absorption spectroscopy, gel electrophoresis, ultrafiltration, and dialysis. Distribution of dye in organs was studied by intraveneous injection of 62 nmol dye/kg body weight into mice (n = 12; up to 180 minutes postinjection) using whole-body near-infrared fluorescence imaging. Spectroscopic studies, gel electrophoresis, and dialysis demonstrated reduced protein binding with increasing number of sulfonate groups. The bovine serum albumin binding constant of the most hydrophobic dye, DY-675, is 18 times higher than that of the most hydrophilic fluorophore, DY-678. In vivo biodistribution analysis underlined a considerable influence of dye hydrophilicity on biodistribution and excretion pathways, with the more hydrophobic dyes, DY-675 and DY-676, accumulating in the liver, followed by strong fluorescence signals in bile and gut owing to accumulation in feces and comparatively hydrophilic DY-678-COOH accumulating in the bladder. Our results demonstrate the possibility of selectively controlling dye-protein interactions and, thus, biodistribution and excretion pathways via proper choice of the fluorophore's substitution pattern. This underlines the importance of structure-property relationships for fluorescent labels. Moreover, our data could provide the basis for the rationalization of future contrast agent developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska M Hamann
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Samanta A, Vendrell M, Yun SW, Guan Z, Xu QH, Chang YT. A Photostable Near-Infrared Protein Labeling Dye for In Vivo Imaging. Chem Asian J 2011; 6:1353-7. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201100041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
19
|
In situ spectral imaging of marker proteins in gastric cancer with near-infrared and visible quantum dots probes. Talanta 2011; 85:136-41. [PMID: 21645682 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the investigation of bioconjugating ability of near-infrared (NIR) CdSeTe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) (710 nm) and visible CdSe QDs (595 nm) in immunofluorescent staining for cancer biomarkers in gastric cancer tissues probed with the homemade Hadamard transform (HT) spectral imaging microscope and a commercial multispectral imaging system. The results show that imunostaining ability of NIR QDs probes is stronger than that of visible QDs when the two kinds of QDs are simultaneously used to probe the cancer biomarkers such as cytokeratin 20 (CK20) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in gastric cancer tissues. Moreover, when the two QDs probes are used for immunostaining successively for the same target molecules, staining order has great influences on the final results due to their different conjugating ability to the marker proteins. The results imply that NIR QDs hold more promise for real-time imaging of tumor tissues due to its higher sensitivity and contrast. In addition, the results also demonstrate the potential of Hadamard transform spectral imaging as a useful tool in biomedical analysis and quantitative evaluation for tumor tissues.
Collapse
|
20
|
Grosenick D, Hagen A, Steinkellner O, Poellinger A, Burock S, Schlag PM, Rinneberg H, Macdonald R. A multichannel time-domain scanning fluorescence mammograph: performance assessment and first in vivo results. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2011; 82:024302. [PMID: 21361617 DOI: 10.1063/1.3543820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We present a scanning time-domain fluorescence mammograph capable to image the distribution of a fluorescent contrast agent within a female breast, slightly compressed between two parallel glass plates, with high sensitivity. Fluorescence of the contrast agent is excited using a near infrared picosecond diode laser module. Four additional picosecond diode lasers with emission wavelengths between 660 and 1066 nm allow to measure the intrinsic optical properties of the breast tissue. By synchronously moving a source fiber and seven detection fiber bundles across the breast, distributions of times of flight of photons are recorded simultaneously for selected source-detector combinations in transmission and reflection geometry either at the fluorescence wavelength or at the selected laser wavelengths. To evaluate the performance of the mammograph, we used breastlike rectangular phantoms comprising fluorescent and absorbing objects using the fluorescent dye Omocyanine as contrast agent excited at 735 nm. We compare two-dimensional imaging of the phantom based on transmission and reflection data. Furthermore, we developed an improved tomosynthesis algorithm which permits three-dimensional reconstruction of fluorescence and absorption properties of lesions with good spatial resolution. For illustration, we present fluorescence mammograms of one patient recorded 30 min after administration of the contrast agent indocyanine green showing the carcinoma at high contrast originating from fluorescence of the extravasated dye, excited at 780 nm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Grosenick
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Napp J, Mathejczyk JE, Alves F. Optical imaging in vivo with a focus on paediatric disease: technical progress, current preclinical and clinical applications and future perspectives. Pediatr Radiol 2011; 41:161-75. [PMID: 21221568 PMCID: PMC3032188 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-010-1907-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To obtain information on the occurrence and location of molecular events as well as to track target-specific probes such as antibodies or peptides, drugs or even cells non-invasively over time, optical imaging (OI) technologies are increasingly applied. Although OI strongly contributes to the advances made in preclinical research, it is so far, with the exception of optical coherence tomography (OCT), only very sparingly applied in clinical settings. Nevertheless, as OI technologies evolve and improve continuously and represent relatively inexpensive and harmful methods, their implementation as clinical tools for the assessment of children disease is increasing. This review focuses on the current preclinical and clinical applications as well as on the future potential of OI in the clinical routine. Herein, we summarize the development of different fluorescence and bioluminescence imaging techniques for microscopic and macroscopic visualization of microstructures and biological processes. In addition, we discuss advantages and limitations of optical probes with distinct mechanisms of target-detection as well as of different bioluminescent reporter systems. Particular attention has been given to the use of near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probes enabling observation of molecular events in deeper tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Napp
- Department of Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany ,Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julia E. Mathejczyk
- Department of Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Frauke Alves
- Department of Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany ,Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Detection of Cancer Metastases with a Dual-labeled Near-Infrared/Positron Emission Tomography Imaging Agent. Transl Oncol 2010; 3:307-217. [PMID: 20885893 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.10139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED By dual labeling a targeting moiety with both nuclear and optical probes, the ability for noninvasive imaging and intraoperative guidance may be possible. Herein, the ability to detect metastasis in an immunocompetent animal model of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2)-positive cancer metastases using positron emission tomography (PET) and near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging is demonstrated. METHODS ((64)Cu-DOTA)(n)-trastuzumab-(IRDye800)(m) was synthesized, characterized, and administered to female Balb/c mice subcutaneously inoculated with highly metastatic 4T1.2neu/R breast cancer cells. ((64)Cu-DOTA)(n)-trastuzumab-(IRDye800)(m) (150 µg, 150 µCi, m = 2, n = 2) was administered through the tail vein at weeks 2 and 6 after implantation, and PET/computed tomography and NIR fluorescence imaging were performed 24 hours later. Results were compared with the detection capabilities of F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)FDG-PET). RESULTS Primary tumors were visualized with (18)FDG and ((64)Cu-DOTA)(n)-trastuzumab-(IRDye800)(m), but resulting metastases were identified only with the dual-labeled imaging agent. (64)Cu-PET imaging detected lung metastases, whereas ex vivo NIR fluorescence showed uptake in regions of lung, skin, skeletal muscle, and lymph nodes, which corresponded with the presence of cancer cells as confirmed by histologic hematoxylin and eosin stains. In addition to detecting the agent in lymph nodes, the high signal-to-noise ratio from NIR fluorescence imaging enabled visualization of channels between the primary tumor and the axillary lymph nodes, suggesting a lymphatic route for trafficking cancer cells. Because antibody clearance occurs through the liver, we could not distinguish between nonspecific uptake and liver metastases. CONCLUSION ((64)Cu-DOTA)(n)-trastuzumab-(IRDye800)(m) may be an effective diagnostic imaging agent for staging HER-2-positive breast cancer patients and intraoperative resection.
Collapse
|
23
|
Foy SP, Manthe RL, Foy ST, Dimitrijevic S, Krishnamurthy N, Labhasetwar V. Optical imaging and magnetic field targeting of magnetic nanoparticles in tumors. ACS NANO 2010; 4:5217-24. [PMID: 20731413 PMCID: PMC2947615 DOI: 10.1021/nn101427t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
To address efficacy issues of cancer diagnosis and chemotherapy, we have developed a magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) formulation with combined drug delivery and imaging properties that can potentially be used in image-guided drug therapy. Our MNP consists of an iron-oxide magnetic core coated with oleic acid (OA) and stabilized with an amphiphilic block copolymer. Previously, we reported that our MNP formulation can provide prolonged contrast for tumor magnetic resonance imaging and can be loaded with hydrophobic anticancer agents for sustained drug delivery. In this study, we developed MNPs with optical imaging properties using new near-infrared dyes to quantitatively determine their long-term biodistribution and tumor localization with and without an external magnetic field in mice with xenograft breast tumors. MNPs localized slowly in the tumor, reaching a peak 48 h post-injection before slowly declining over the next 11 days. One hour exposure of the tumor to a magnetic field further enhanced MNP localization to tumors. Our MNPs can be developed with combined drug delivery and multimodal imaging properties to improve cancer diagnosis, provide sustained treatment, and monitor therapeutic effects in tumors over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan P. Foy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Rachel L. Manthe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Steven T. Foy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Sanja Dimitrijevic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Nishanth Krishnamurthy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Vinod Labhasetwar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Author for correspondence: Vinod Labhasetwar, Ph.D., Department of Biomedical Engineering/ND20, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, Tel: 216/445-9364, Fax 216/444-9198,
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
|
25
|
Kobayashi H, Ogawa M, Alford R, Choyke PL, Urano Y. New strategies for fluorescent probe design in medical diagnostic imaging. Chem Rev 2010; 110:2620-40. [PMID: 20000749 PMCID: PMC3241938 DOI: 10.1021/cr900263j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1516] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pauli J, Brehm R, Spieles M, Kaiser WA, Hilger I, Resch-Genger U. Novel fluorophores as building blocks for optical probes for in vivo near infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging. J Fluoresc 2010; 20:681-93. [PMID: 20213244 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-010-0603-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aiming at the identification of new fluorescent reporters for targeted optical probes, we assessed the application-relevant features of a novel asymmetric cyanine, DY-681, in comparison to the only clinically approved dye indocyanine green (ICG), the golden imaging standard Cy5.5, and the asymmetric cyanine DY-676 successfully exploited by us for the design of different contrast agents. This comparison included the analysis of the spectroscopic properties of the free fluorophores and their thermal stability in aqueous solution as well as their cytotoxic potential. In addition, the absorption and emission features of IgG-conjugated DY-681 were examined. The trimethine DY-681 exhibited spectral features closely resembling that of the pentamethine Cy5.5. Its high thermal stability in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution in conjunction with its low cytotoxicity, reaching similar values as determined for Cy5.5 and DY-676, renders this dye more attractive as ICG and, due to its improved fluorescence quantum yield in PBS, also superior to DY-676. Although in PBS, Cy5.5 was still more fluorescent, the fluorescence quantum yields (Phi(f)) of DY-681 and Cy5.5 in PBS containing 5 mass-% bovine serum albumin (BSA) were comparable. Labeling experiments with DY-681 and the model antibody IgG revealed promisingly high Phi(f) values of the bioconjugated dye.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Pauli
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Division I.5, Richard-Willstaetter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ma Q, Su X. Near-infrared quantum dots: synthesis, functionalization and analytical applications. Analyst 2010; 135:1867-77. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00233j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
28
|
Te Velde EA, Veerman T, Subramaniam V, Ruers T. The use of fluorescent dyes and probes in surgical oncology. Eur J Surg Oncol 2009; 36:6-15. [PMID: 19926438 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2009.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS AND BACKGROUND Improved visualization of surgical targets inside of the patient helps to improve radical resection of the tumor while sparing healthy surrounding tissue. In order to achieve an image, optical contrast must be generated by properties intrinsic to the tissue, or require the attachment of special visualization labels to the tumor. In this overview the current status of the clinical use of fluorescent dyes and probes are reviewed. METHODS In this review, all experimental and clinical studies concerning fluorescent imaging were included. In addition, in the search for the optimal fluorescent imaging modality, all characteristics of a fluorescent dye were described. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS Although the technique of imaging through fluorescence sounds promising and several animal models show efficacy, official approval of these agents for further clinical evaluation, is eagerly awaited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E A Te Velde
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Near-infrared fluorescence: application to in vivo molecular imaging. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2009; 14:71-9. [PMID: 19879798 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 727] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Molecular imaging often relies on the use of targeted and activatable reporters to quantitate and visualize targets, biological processes, and cells in vivo. The use of optical probes with near-infrared fluorescence allows for improved photon penetration through tissue and minimizes the effects of tissue autofluorescence. There are several parameters that define the effectiveness of imaging agents in vivo. These factors include probe targeting, activation, pharmacokinetics, biocompatibility, and photophysics. Recent advances in our understanding of these variables as they pertain to the application of optical reporters for in vivo imaging are discussed in this review.
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
A novel fluorescent imaging agent for diffuse optical tomography of the breast: first clinical experience in patients. Mol Imaging Biol 2009; 12:343-8. [PMID: 19798535 PMCID: PMC2864903 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-009-0269-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Revised: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This is the first clinical evaluation of a novel fluorescent imaging agent (Omocianine) for breast cancer detection with diffuse optical tomography (DOT). Procedures Eleven women suspected of breast cancer were imaged with DOT at multiple time points (up to 24 h) after receiving an intravenous injection of Omocianine (doses 0.01 to 0.1 mg/kg bodyweight). Breast MRI was obtained for comparison. Results Histopathology showed invasive cancer in ten patients and fibroadenoma in one patient. With the lowest dose of Omocianine, two of three lesions were detected; with the second dose, three of three lesions were detected; with the two highest doses, none of five lesions were detected. Lesion location on DOT showed excellent agreement with MRI. Optimal lesion-to-background signals were obtained after 8 h. No adverse events occurred. Conclusions Lowest doses of Omocianine performed best in lesion detection; DOT using a low-dose fluorescent agent is feasible and safe for breast cancer visualization in patients.
Collapse
|
32
|
Pauli J, Vag T, Haag R, Spieles M, Wenzel M, Kaiser WA, Resch-Genger U, Hilger I. An in vitro characterization study of new near infrared dyes for molecular imaging. Eur J Med Chem 2009; 44:3496-503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Revised: 12/06/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
33
|
van de Ven SMWY, Elias SG, Wiethoff AJ, van der Voort M, Nielsen T, Brendel B, Bontus C, Uhlemann F, Nachabe R, Harbers R, van Beek M, Bakker L, van der Mark MB, Luijten P, Mali WPTM. Diffuse optical tomography of the breast: preliminary findings of a new prototype and comparison with magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Radiol 2009; 19:1108-13. [PMID: 19137304 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-008-1268-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents an evaluation of a prototype diffuse optical tomography (DOT) system. Seventeen women with 18 breast lesions (10 invasive carcinomas, 2 fibroadenomas, and 6 benign cysts; diameters 13-54 mm) were evaluated with DOT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A substantial fraction of the original 36 recruited patients could not be examined using this prototype due to technical problems. A region of interest (ROI) was drawn at the lesion position as derived from MRI and at the mirror image site in the contralateral healthy breast. ROIs were assessed quantitatively and qualitatively by two observers independently in two separate readings. Intra- and interobserver agreements were calculated using kappa statistics (k) and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Discriminatory values for presence of malignancy were determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses. Intraobserver agreements were excellent (k 0.88 and 0.88; ICC 0.978 and 0.987), interobserver agreements were good to excellent (k 0.77-0.95; ICC 0.96-0.98). Discriminatory values for presence of malignancy were 0.92-0.93 and 0.97-0.99 for quantitative and qualitative ROC analysis, respectively. This DOT system has the potential to discriminate malignant from benign breast tissue in a reproducible qualitative and quantitative manner. Important technical improvements are required before this technique is ready for clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M W Y van de Ven
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, E.01.132, Heidelberglaan 100, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
The ability to measure biochemical and molecular processes underlies progress in breast cancer biology and treatment. These assays have traditionally been performed by analysis of cell culture or tissue samples. More recently, functional and molecular imaging has allowed the in vivo assay of biochemistry and molecular biology, which is highly complementary to tissue-based assays. This review briefly describes different imaging modalities used in molecular imaging and then reviews applications of molecular imaging to breast cancer, with a focus on translational work. It includes sections describing work in functional and physiological tumor imaging, imaging gene product expression, imaging the tumor microenvironment, reporter gene imaging, and cell labeling. Work in both animal models and human is discussed with an eye towards studies that have relevance to breast cancer treatment in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Mankoff
- Seattle Cancer Care Alliance and University of Washington, Radiology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
van de Ven SMWY, Elias SG, van den Bosch MAAJ, Luijten P, Mali WPTM. Optical imaging of the breast. Cancer Imaging 2008; 8:206-15. [PMID: 19028613 PMCID: PMC2590880 DOI: 10.1102/1470-7330.2008.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides a summary of the current state of optical breast imaging and describes its potential future clinical applications in breast cancer imaging. Optical breast imaging is a novel imaging technique that uses near-infrared light to assess the optical properties of breast tissue. In optical breast imaging, two techniques can be distinguished, i.e. optical imaging without contrast agent, which only makes use of intrinsic tissue contrast, and optical imaging with a contrast agent, which uses exogenous fluorescent probes. In this review the basic concepts of optical breast imaging are described, clinical studies on optical imaging without contrast agent are summarized, an outline of preclinical animal studies on optical breast imaging with contrast agents is provided, and, finally, potential applications of optical breast imaging in clinical practice are addressed. Based on the present literature, diagnostic performance of optical breast imaging without contrast agent is expected to be insufficient for clinical application. Development of contrast agents that target specific molecular changes associated with breast cancer formation is the opportunity for clinical success of optical breast imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M W Y van de Ven
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
van de Ven S, Elias S, Wiethoff A, van der Voort M, Leproux A, Nielsen T, Brendel B, Bakker L, van der Mark M, Mali W, Luijten P. Diffuse optical tomography of the breast: initial validation in benign cysts. Mol Imaging Biol 2008; 11:64-70. [PMID: 19030937 PMCID: PMC2696611 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-008-0176-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Revised: 05/31/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to validate a newly developed diffuse optical tomography (DOT) system on benign cysts in the breast. Procedures Eight patients with 20 benign cysts were included. Study procedures consisted of optical breast imaging and breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for comparison. A reconstruction algorithm computed three-dimensional images for each of the four near-infrared wavelengths used by our DOT system (Philips Healthcare, Best, The Netherlands). These images were combined using a spectroscopic model to assess tissue composition and lesion size. Results Twenty cysts were analyzed in eight patients. By using the spectroscopic information, 13 of 20 cysts (65%) were visualized with DOT, confirming their high water and low total hemoglobin content. Lesion size and location showed good agreement with MRI; Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.7 (p < 0.01). Conclusions DOT can visualize benign cysts in the breast and elucidate their high water and low total hemoglobin content by spectroscopic analysis.
Collapse
|
37
|
Targeted Herceptin-dextran iron oxide nanoparticles for noninvasive imaging of HER2/neu receptors using MRI. J Biol Inorg Chem 2008; 14:253-60. [PMID: 18975017 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-008-0445-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent containing Herceptin is reported. The surfaces of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were modified with dextran and conjugated with Herceptin (Herceptin-nanoparticles) to improve their dispersion, magnetization, and targeting of the specific receptors on cells. From analytical results, we found that Herceptin-nanoparticles were well dispersed in solutions of various pH range, and had no hysteresis, high saturation magnetization (80 emu/g), and low cytotoxicity to a variety of cells. Notably, the magnetic resonance enhancements for the different breast cancer cell lines (BT-474, SKBR-3, MDA-MB-231, and MCF-7) are proportional to the HER2/neu expression level in vitro. When Herceptin-nanoparticles were administered to mice bearing breast tumor allograft by intravenous injection, the tumor site was detected in T (2)-weighted magnetic resonance images as a 45% enhancement drop, indicating a high level of accumulation of the contrast agent within the tumor sites. Therefore, targeting of cancer cells was observed by in vitro and in vivo MRI studies using Herceptin-nanoparticles contrast agent. In addition, Herceptin-nanoparticles enhancing the magnetic resonance signal intensity were sufficient to detect the cell lines with a low level of HER2/neu expression.
Collapse
|
38
|
Mankoff DA, Link JM, Linden HM, Sundararajan L, Krohn KA. Tumor receptor imaging. J Nucl Med 2008; 49 Suppl 2:149S-63S. [PMID: 18523071 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.107.045963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor receptors play an important role in carcinogenesis and tumor growth and have been some of the earliest targets for tumor-specific therapy, for example, the estrogen receptor in breast cancer. Knowledge of receptor expression is key for therapy directed at tumor receptors and traditionally has been obtained by assay of biopsy material. Tumor receptor imaging offers complementary information that includes evaluation of the entire tumor burden and characterization of the heterogeneity of tumor receptor expression. The nature of the ligand-receptor interaction poses a challenge for imaging--notably, the requirement for a low molecular concentration of the imaging probe to avoid saturating the receptor and increasing the background because of nonspecific uptake. For this reason, much of the work to date in tumor receptor imaging has been done with radionuclide probes. In this overview of tumor receptor imaging, aspects of receptor biochemistry and biology that underlie tumor receptor imaging are reviewed, with the estrogen-estrogen receptor system in breast cancer as an illustrative example. Examples of progress in radionuclide receptor imaging for 3 receptor systems--steroid receptors, somatostatin receptors, and growth factor receptors-are highlighted, and recent investigations of receptor imaging with other molecular imaging modalities are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Mankoff
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Deissler V, Rüger R, Frank W, Fahr A, Kaiser WA, Hilger I. Fluorescent liposomes as contrast agents for in vivo optical imaging of edemas in mice. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2008; 4:1240-1246. [PMID: 18666163 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200701069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study assesses if specially designed fluorescent liposomes can be used as contrast agent for near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) optical imaging of cultured macrophages in vitro and for NIRF imaging of inflammatory processes, like edema, in an in vivo mouse model. Fluorescent liposomes are prepared by the film hydration and extrusion method using cholesterol, L-phosphatidylcholine, and the NIR fluorescent dye DY-676-C(18) ester. Photon correlation spectroscopy and flow cytometry reveal that fluorescent liposomes are structurally stable for up to 133 days. Distinct uptake/labeling of cultured murine J774 macrophages is demonstrated by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), flow cytometry, and macroscopic NIRF imaging system at wavelengths >670 nm. Moreover, CLSM analysis reveals fluorescence signals within intracellular compartments. Ear edema is induced in mice (n = 16) by subcutaneous injection of zymosan A. Whole-body NIRF imaging is performed after intravenous injection (0-24 h) of fluorescent liposomes (55 nmol dye per kg body weight). Distinctly higher fluorescence intensities (1613.6 +/- 61.7 a.u.) are detected at inflamed areas of diseased mice as compared to controls (892.8 +/- 19.4 a.u.). Furthermore, cell isolated from ear lavage reveals the presence of labeled F4/80 positive tissue macrophages. Taken together, the results indicate both that mouse macrophages labeled with fluorescent liposomes can be detected in vitro with fluoro-optical methods and that in vivo optical imaging of inflammatory processes with fluorescent liposomes as contrast agent is feasible. Possibly, early stages of other inflammatory diseases could also be detected by the proposed diagnostic tool in the long term.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Deissler
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Jena FZL, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Gee MS, Upadhyay R, Bergquist H, Alencar H, Reynolds F, Maricevich M, Weissleder R, Josephson L, Mahmood U. Human breast cancer tumor models: molecular imaging of drug susceptibility and dosing during HER2/neu-targeted therapy. Radiology 2008; 248:925-35. [PMID: 18647846 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2482071496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To use near-infrared (NIR) optical imaging to assess the therapeutic susceptibility and drug dosing of orthotopic human breast cancers implanted in mice treated with molecularly targeted therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was approved by the institutional animal care and use committee. Imaging probes were synthesized by conjugating the human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2)-specific antibody trastuzumab with fluorescent dyes. In vitro probe binding was assessed with flow cytometry. HER2-normal and HER2-overexpressing human breast cancer cells were orthotopically implanted in nude mice. Intravital laser scanning fluorescence microscopy was used to evaluate the in vivo association of the probe with the tumor cells. Mice bearing 3-5-mm-diameter tumors were intravenously injected with 0.4 nmol of HER2 probe before or after treatment. A total of 123 mice were used for all in vivo tumor growth and imaging experiments. Tumor fluorescence intensity was assessed, and standard fluorescence values were determined. Statistical significance was determined by performing standard analysis of variance across the imaging cohorts. RESULTS HER2 probe enabled differentiation between HER2-normal and HER2-overexpressing human breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, with binding levels correlating with tumor trastuzumab susceptibility. Serial imaging before and during trastuzumab therapy revealed a significant reduction (P < .05) in probe binding with treatment and thus provided early evidence of successful HER2 inhibition days before the overall reduction in tumor growth was apparent. CONCLUSION NIR imaging with HER2-specific imaging probes enables evaluation of the therapeutic susceptibility of human mammary tumors and of drug dosing during HER2-targeted therapy with trastuzumab. This approach, combined with tomographic imaging techniques, has potential in the clinical setting for determining patient eligibility for and adequate drug dosing in molecularly targeted cancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Gee
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Simches 8226, 185 Cambridge St, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Sampath L, Wang W, Sevick-Muraca EM. Near infrared fluorescent optical imaging for nodal staging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2008; 13:041312. [PMID: 19021320 PMCID: PMC2914597 DOI: 10.1117/1.2953498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Current techniques to assess lymph node metastases in cancer patients include lymphoscintigraphy after administration of a nonspecific radiocolloid in order to locate and resect lymph nodes for pathological examination of harbored cancer cells. Clinical trials involving intradermal or subcutaneous injection of antibody-based nuclear imaging agents have demonstrated the feasibility for target-specific, molecular imaging of cancer-positive lymph nodes. The basis for employing near-infrared (NIR) optical imaging for assessing disease is evidenced by recent work showing functional lymph imaging in mice, swine, and humans. We review antibody-based immunolymphoscintigraphy with an emphasis on the use of trastuzumab (or Herceptin) to target human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) overexpressed in some breast cancers. Specifically, we review in vitro and preclinical imaging data from our laboratory that show how the dual-labeled agent ((111)In-DTPA)(n)-trastuzumab-(IRDye800)(m) utilizes the high photon count provided by an NIR fluorescent dye, IRDye 800CW, and the radioactive signal from a gamma emitter, Indium-111, for possible detection of HER2 metastasis in lymph nodes. We show that the accumulation and clearance of ((111)In-DTPA)(n)-trastuzumab-(IRDye800)(m) from the axillary nodes of mice occurs 48 h after intradermal injection into the dorsal aspect of the foot. The requirement for long clearance times from normal, cancer-negative nodes presents challenges for nuclear imaging agents with limited half-lives but does not hamper NIR optical imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Sampath
- Baylor College of Medicine, Division of Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Cheng Z, De Jesus OP, Namavari M, De A, Levi J, Webster JM, Zhang R, Lee B, Syud FA, Gambhir SS. Small-animal PET imaging of human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 expression with site-specific 18F-labeled protein scaffold molecules. J Nucl Med 2008; 49:804-13. [PMID: 18413392 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.107.047381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2) is a well-established tumor biomarker that is overexpressed in a wide variety of cancers and that serves as a molecular target for therapeutic intervention. HER2 also serves as a prognostic indicator of patient survival and as a predictive marker of the response to antineoplastic therapy. The development of (18)F-labeled biomolecules for PET imaging of HER2 (HER2 PET) is very important because it may provide a powerful tool for the early detection of HER2-positive tumor recurrence and for the monitoring of HER2-based tumor treatment. METHODS In this study, anti-HER2 monomeric and dimeric protein scaffold molecules [Z(HER2:477) and (Z(HER2:477))(2), respectively] were radiofluorinated at a reasonable radiochemical yield (13%-18%) by use of site-specific oxime chemistry. The resulting radiofluorinated protein scaffold molecules were then evaluated as potential molecular probes for small-animal HER2 PET by use of a SKOV3 tumor-bearing mouse model. RESULTS The 4-(18)F-fluorobenzaldehyde conjugated aminooxy-protein scaffolds [(18)F-N-(4-fluorobenzylidene)oxime (FBO)-Z(HER2:477) and (18)F-FBO-(Z(HER2:477))(2)] both displayed specific HER2-binding ability in vitro. Biodistribution and small-animal PET imaging studies further revealed that (18)F-FBO-Z(HER2:477) showed rapid and high SKOV3 tumor accumulation and quick clearance from normal tissues, whereas (18)F-FBO-(Z(HER2:477))(2) showed poor in vivo performance (low tumor uptake and tumor-to-normal tissue ratios). The specificity of (18)F-FBO-Z(HER2:477) for SKOV3 tumors was confirmed by its lower uptake on pretreatment of tumor-bearing mice with the HER2-targeting agents Z(HER2) and trastuzumab. Moreover, small-animal PET imaging studies revealed that (18)F-FBO-Z(HER2:477) produced higher-quality tumor imaging than (18)F-FBO-(Z(HER2:477))(2). (18)F-FBO-Z(HER2:477) could clearly identify HER2-positive tumors with good contrast. CONCLUSION Overall, these data demonstrate that (18)F-FBO-Z(HER2:477) is a promising PET probe for imaging HER2 expression in living mice. It has a high potential for translation to clinical applications. The radiofluorination method developed can also be used as a general strategy for the site-specific labeling of other proteins with (18)F. The protein scaffold molecules used here are attractive for the further development of PET probes for other molecular targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Cheng
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology, Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lisy MR, Goermar A, Thomas C, Pauli J, Resch-Genger U, Kaiser WA, Hilger I. In vivo near-infrared fluorescence imaging of carcinoembryonic antigen-expressing tumor cells in mice. Radiology 2008; 247:779-87. [PMID: 18413884 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2472070123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To prospectively depict carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-expressing tumors in mice with a high-affinity probe consisting of a near-infrared (NIR) fluorochrome and the clinically used anti-CEA antibody fragment arcitumomab. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was approved by the regional animal committee. By coupling a NIR fluorescent (NIRF) cyanine dye (DY-676) to a specific antibody fragment directed against CEA (arcitumomab) and a nonspecific IgG Fab fragment, a bio-optical high-affinity fluorescent probe (anti-CEA-DY-676) and a low-affinity fluorescent probe (FabIgG-DY-676) were designed. The dye-to-protein ratios were determined, and both probes were tested for NIRF imaging in vitro on CEA-expressing LS-174T human colonic adenocarcinoma cells and CEA-nonexpressing A-375 human melanoma cells by using a bio-optical NIR small-animal imager. In vivo data of xenografted LS-174T and A-375 tumors in mice (n = 10) were recorded and statistically analyzed (Student t test). RESULTS The dye-to-protein ratios were determined as 3.0-3.5 for both probes. In vitro experiments revealed the specific binding of the anti-CEA-DY-676 probe on CEA-expressing cells as compared with CEA-nonexpressing cells; the FabIgG-DY-676 probe showed a markedly lower binding affinity to cells. In vivo LS-174T tumors xenografted in all mice could be significantly distinguished from A-375 tumors with application of the anti-CEA-DY-676 but not with that of the FabIgG-DY-676 at different times (2-24 hours, P < .005) after intravenous injection of the probes. Semiquantitative analysis revealed maximal fluorescence signals of anti-CEA-DY-676 to CEA-expressing tumors about 8 hours after injection. CONCLUSION Findings of this study indicate the potential use of the high-affinity probe anti-CEA-DY-676 for specific NIRF imaging in in vivo tumor diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus-René Lisy
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, FZL Erlanger Allee 101, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Jiang W, Singhal A, Kim BY, Zheng J, Rutka JT, Wang C, Chan WC. Assessing Near-Infrared Quantum Dots for Deep Tissue, Organ, and Animal Imaging Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jala.2007.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Semiconductor quantum dots (Qdots) have emerged as novel ultrasensitive optical probes to target, detect, and image fundamental events occurring within the biological system. In particular, near-infrared (near-IR) Qdots holds great promise as in vivo contrast agents for real-time bioimaging capabilities. In this study, biocompatible near-IR Qdots are used to image organs, tissues, and cells. Compared to visible Qdots, we obtained a significant enhancement in signal detection sensitivity for imaging deep tissues and organs. In addition, biomolecules were used to target these optical contrast agents for multiplexed imaging of cells and organs in vivo. The ability to simultaneously distinguish emission profiles of multiple near-IR Qdots will likely emerge as important tools for addressing fundamental questions in molecular biology and in medical sciences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jiang
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - James T. Rutka
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chen Wang
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Gee MS, Upadhyay R, Bergquist H, Weissleder R, Josephson L, Mahmood U. Multiparameter noninvasive assessment of treatment susceptibility, drug target inhibition and tumor response guides cancer treatment. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:2492-500. [PMID: 17683072 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
New cancer therapies are increasingly molecular-pathway specific. The evaluation of these novel therapies would be greatly facilitated by the development of noninvasive methods to assess multiple tumor cellular and molecular parameters. Using fluorescent probes specific for HER2/neu (AF750-trastuzumab) and apoptosis (Cy5.5-Annexin), we demonstrate a multichannel near infrared molecular imaging approach that yields accurate and early assessment of treatment susceptibility, drug target inhibition and tumor response during HER2-targeted therapy of orthotopic human mammary carcinomas in mice with trastuzumab (Herceptin). This combined approach detects both partial treatment response (tumor growth inhibition without regression) as well as therapeutic resistance before alterations in tumor growth are apparent. Partially responsive tumors exhibit increased Annexin signal when trastuzumab is combined with a cytotoxic agent (paclitaxel), which predicts subsequent tumor regression and suggests that imaging can guide therapy optimization. This multiparametric imaging approach has great potential in the clinical setting for determining patient eligibility, adequate drug dosing and early biological response of molecularly-targeted cancer therapies.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Annexins
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Early Diagnosis
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Glioma/diagnosis
- Glioma/drug therapy
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Nude
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Neoplasms/chemistry
- Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Paclitaxel/administration & dosage
- Paclitaxel/pharmacology
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Receptor, ErbB-2/analysis
- Receptor, ErbB-2/drug effects
- Spectrometry, Fluorescence
- Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared
- Trastuzumab
- Up-Regulation
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Gee
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Kondepati VR, Heise HM, Backhaus J. Recent applications of near-infrared spectroscopy in cancer diagnosis and therapy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 390:125-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1651-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2007] [Revised: 08/22/2007] [Accepted: 09/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
47
|
|
48
|
Cai W, Niu G, Chen X. Multimodality imaging of the HER-kinase axis in cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2007; 35:186-208. [PMID: 17846765 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-007-0560-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) family of receptor tyrosine kinases controls critical pathways involved in epithelial cell differentiation, growth, division, and motility. Alterations and disruptions in the function of the HER-kinase axis can lead to malignancy. Many therapeutic agents targeting the HER-kinase axis are approved for clinical use or are in preclinical/clinical development. The ability to quantitatively image the HER-kinase axis in a noninvasive manner can aid in lesion detection, patient stratification, new drug development/validation, dose optimization, and treatment monitoring. This review summarizes the current status in multimodality imaging of the HER-kinase axis using PET, SPECT, optical, and MR imaging. The targeting ligands used include small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors, peptides, proteins, antibodies, and engineered antibody fragments. EGFR and HER2 imaging have been well documented in the past, and imaging of HER3, HER4, HER heterodimers, and HER-kinase mutants deserves significant research effort in the future. Successful development of new HER-kinase-targeted imaging agents with optimal in vivo stability, targeting efficacy, and desirable pharmacokinetics for clinical translation will enable maximum benefit in cancer patient management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weibo Cai
- The Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Rd, P095, Stanford, CA 94305-5484, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Hilger I, Trost R, Reichenbach JR, Linß W, Lisy MR, Berndt A, Kaiser WA. MR imaging of Her-2/neu protein using magnetic nanoparticles. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2007; 18:135103. [PMID: 21730374 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/18/13/135103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess whether Her-2/neu expressing tumour cells can be detected in vitro as well as in animal tumour models with magnetic resonance imaging at 1.5 T. Magnetic nanoparticles (with relaxivities R 1, R 2 of 3.7 ± 0.4 (mM s)(-1), 277 ± 32 (mM s)(-1) at 21 °C, respectively) coupled to anti-Her-2/neu antibodies or gamma globulin IgG (high or non-affinity probe, respectively) were used. After incubation of Her-2/neu expressing cells (SKBR3) with high or non-affinity probes (20 min), values of R 1 = 0.34 ± 0.02 (mM s)(-1) and R 2 = 63.02 ± 30 (mM s)(-1) were obtained. Electron microscopy and atomic absorption spectrometry examinations verified the presence of relatively high iron levels in cells incubated with the high affinity probe compared to controls. For in vivo MRI, high or non-affinity probes (≈1.7 mg Fe/animal) were injected into the tail vein of mice (n = 16) bearing SKBR3 tumours. A distinct decrease in the normalized MR signal ratio between tumour and reference area (approximately -17 ± 2%) after application of the high affinity probe was observed. In conclusion, in vivo detection of Her-2/neu expressing tumours is feasible in a clinical MR scanner by using immunoconjugated magnetic nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Hilger
- Department of Experimental Radiology, Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Friedrich Schiller University, FZL, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Lisy MR, Hartung A, Lang C, Schüler D, Richter W, Reichenbach JR, Kaiser WA, Hilger I. Fluorescent Bacterial Magnetic Nanoparticles as Bimodal Contrast Agents. Invest Radiol 2007; 42:235-41. [PMID: 17351430 DOI: 10.1097/01.rli.0000255832.44443.e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to assess whether fluorochrome-coupled bacterial magnetic nanoparticles can be used as bimodal contrast agent for both magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and near-infrared fluorescence optical (NIRF) imaging of cultured macrophages. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bacterial magnetic nanoparticles (magnetosomes, particle diameter: 42 nm) were harvested from Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense and characterized by using MRI. After covalent coupling to the fluorescent dye DY-676 (lambdaabs./lambdaem.= 676 nm/701 nm, Dyomics, Jena, Germany), the fluorescent magnetosomes were analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Subsequently, murine macrophages J774 were incubated with the bimodal contrast agent (3 hours) and examined by a whole-body near infrared small animal imaging system as well as by using a 1.5 T clinical MR system. Moreover, labeled cells were characterized using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and ultrathin section transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS Characterization of the nanoparticles by MRI revealed R1 and R2 relaxivities of 3.2 mMs and 526 mMs, respectively. Fluorochrome-coupled magnetosomes exhibited increased fluorescence intensities at wavelengths >670 nm. Macrophages that were incubated with the contrast agent showed a significant fluorescence emission in the near infrared range as imaged with a whole body NIR imaging system, FACS analysis and CLSM. Moreover, CLSM data showed the greatest fluorescence intensities within intracellular compartments and colocalized with the magnetosomes. With MRI, both T1 and T2 relaxation times were substantially shortened at concentrations greater than 600 cells/microL. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Macrophages could be labeled with fluorescent magnetosomes, and they were successfully imaged using both a 1.5 T MR scanner as well as with NIRF optical methods. The use of this bimodal contrast agent for diagnostic purposes may benefit from the excellent spatial resolution of the MRI and the high sensitivity of the fluorescence imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus-René Lisy
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|