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Praveen AD, Sollmann N, Baum T, Ferguson SJ, Benedikt H. CT image-based biomarkers for opportunistic screening of osteoporotic fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int 2024; 35:971-996. [PMID: 38353706 PMCID: PMC11136833 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-024-07029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The use of opportunistic computed tomography (CT) image-based biomarkers may be a low-cost strategy for screening older individuals at high risk for osteoporotic fractures and populations that are not sufficiently targeted. This review aimed to assess the discriminative ability of image-based biomarkers derived from existing clinical routine CT scans for hip, vertebral, and major osteoporotic fracture prediction. A systematic search in PubMed MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science was conducted from the earliest indexing date until July 2023. The evaluation of study quality was carried out using a modified Quality Assessment Tool for Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2) checklist. The primary outcome of interest was the area under the curve (AUC) and its corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) obtained for four main categories of biomarkers: areal bone mineral density (BMD), image attenuation, volumetric BMD, and finite element (FE)-derived biomarkers. The meta-analyses were performed using random effects models. Sixty-one studies were included in this review, among which 35 were synthesized in a meta-analysis and the remaining articles were qualitatively synthesized. In comparison to the pooled AUC of areal BMD (0.73 [95% CI 0.71-0.75]), the pooled AUC values for predicting osteoporotic fractures for FE-derived parameters (0.77 [95% CI 0.72-0.81]; p < 0.01) and volumetric BMD (0.76 [95% CI 0.71-0.81]; p < 0.01) were significantly higher, but there was no significant difference with the pooled AUC for image attenuation (0.73 [95% CI 0.66-0.79]; p = 0.93). Compared to areal BMD, volumetric BMD and FE-derived parameters may provide a significant improvement in the discrimination of osteoporotic fractures using opportunistic CT assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anitha D Praveen
- Early Detection of Health Risks and Prevention, Future Health Technologies, Singapore-ETH Centre (SEC), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, CREATE Tower, #06-01, Singapore, 138602, Singapore.
| | - Nico Sollmann
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TUM-Neuroimaging Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Baum
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephen J Ferguson
- Early Detection of Health Risks and Prevention, Future Health Technologies, Singapore-ETH Centre (SEC), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, CREATE Tower, #06-01, Singapore, 138602, Singapore
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH-Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Helgason Benedikt
- Early Detection of Health Risks and Prevention, Future Health Technologies, Singapore-ETH Centre (SEC), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, CREATE Tower, #06-01, Singapore, 138602, Singapore
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH-Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Muriuki MG, Sonn KA, Brinkmann EJ, Blank KR, Havey RM, Patwardhan AG, Bernstein M. Comparison of the biomechanical stability of transverse and oblique screw trajectories in retrograde intramedullary nailing of supracondylar femur fractures. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2022; 100:105795. [PMID: 36252452 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2022.105795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goal was to determine the effect of addition of oblique trajectory distal interlock screws to a retrograde intramedullary femoral nail on implant stability (stiffness), cycles to failure and mode of failure. The hypothesis was that addition of oblique screws would increase implant stability and number of loading cycles to failure. METHODS Eight matched pairs were tested; one femur implanted with a femoral nail with only transverse distal interlock screws and the other with transverse and oblique interlock screws. Axial compressive load was applied to the femoral head and the gluteal tendon was tensioned vertically to simulate standing or at 45° to the sagittal plane to simulate stair climbing. Loads were cycled to increasing amplitude until failure of fixation (10 mm displacement or 10° rotation). FINDINGS In simulated standing, oblique screw specimen had greater sagittal bending (bowing) than transverse only specimen. Transverse (axial) plane motion was higher in simulated stair climbing in oblique screw specimen. Oblique screw specimen had higher sagittal plane translation at 600 N of load. At 300 N, oblique screw specimen had lower internal-external rotation than transverse only specimen. A larger number of cycles to failure were observed in four oblique screw of seven paired specimen. Failure (10 mm or 10 degrees of motion) was only achieved during simulated stair climbing. INTERPRETATION Our hypothesis that adding oblique screws improves fixation was rejected. Activities of daily living other than standing may constitute a challenge to fracture fixation; fixation failure occurred at lower loads in simulated stair climbing than standing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muturi G Muriuki
- Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Laboratory, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital. P.O. Box 5000 (151L), Hines, IL 60141, USA.
| | - Kevin A Sonn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 S. 1(st) Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Elyse J Brinkmann
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 S. 1(st) Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Kenneth R Blank
- Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Laboratory, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital. P.O. Box 5000 (151L), Hines, IL 60141, USA
| | - Robert M Havey
- Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Laboratory, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital. P.O. Box 5000 (151L), Hines, IL 60141, USA
| | - Avinash G Patwardhan
- Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Laboratory, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital. P.O. Box 5000 (151L), Hines, IL 60141, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 S. 1(st) Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Mitchell Bernstein
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 S. 1(st) Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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Development of an open-source measurement system to assess the areal bone mineral density of the proximal femur from clinical CT images. Arch Osteoporos 2022; 17:17. [PMID: 35038079 DOI: 10.1007/s11657-022-01063-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Commercial software is generally needed to measure the areal bone mineral density (aBMD) of the proximal femur from clinical computed tomography (CT) images. This study developed and verified an open-source reproducible system to quantify CT-aBMD to screen osteoporosis using clinical CT images. PURPOSE For existing CT images acquired for various reasons other than osteoporosis, it might be beneficial to estimate areal BMD as assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA-based BMD) to ascertain the bone status based on DXA. In this study, we aimed to (1) develop an open-source reproducible measurement system to quantify DXA-based BMD from CT images and (2) validate its accuracy. METHODS This study analyzed 75 pairs of hip CT and DXA images of women that were acquired for the preoperative assessment of total hip arthroplasty. From the CT images, the femur and a calibration phantom were automatically segmented using pre-trained codes/models available at https://github.com/keisuke-uemura . The proximal femoral region was isolated by manually selected landmarks and was projected onto the coronal plane to measure the areal density (CT-aHU). The calibration phantom was employed to convert the CT-aHU into CT-aBMD. Each parameter was correlated with DXA-based BMD, and the residual errors of CT images to estimate the T-scores in DXA were calculated using the standard error of estimate (SEE). RESULTS The correlation coefficients of DXA-based BMD with CT-aHU and CT-aBMD were 0.947 and 0.950, respectively (both p < 0.001). The SEE for quantifying the T-scores in DXA were 0.51 and 0.50 for CT-aHU and CT-aBMD, respectively. CONCLUSION With the method developed herein, CT permits estimation of the DXA-based BMD of the proximal femur within the standard DXA total hip region of interest with an SEE of 0.5 in T-scores. The radiation dose for CT acquisition needs consideration; therefore, our data do not provide a rationale for performing CT for screening osteoporosis. However, on CT images already acquired for clinical indications other than osteoporosis, researchers may use this open-source system to investigate osteoporosis status through the estimated DXA-based BMD of the proximal femur.
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Christensen DL, Nappo KE, Wolfe JA, Tropf JG, Berge MJ, Wheatley BM, Saxena S, Yow BG, Tintle SM. Ten-year fracture risk predicted by proximal femur Hounsfield units. Osteoporos Int 2020; 31:2123-2130. [PMID: 32594205 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-020-05477-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Colon cancer screening occurs at younger ages than osteoporosis screening. Bone density measurements using virtual colonoscopy performed for colon cancer screening can provide an early warning sign of patients at potential risk for osteoporosis-related fractures. Earlier identification may improve treatment and potentially fracture prevention. INTRODUCTION Opportunistic osteoporosis screening with computed tomography colonography (CTC) offers an opportunity to capitalize on earlier colorectal cancer screening to identify patients at risk of future fractures. The purpose of this study is to evaluate 10-year fracture and specifically hip fracture risk based on Hounsfield units (HU) obtained from CTC. METHODS We identified all CTC scans between 2004 and 2007 of patients 40 years and older with 10 years minimum follow-up. Hounsfield units were measured within the proximal femur and fractures identified via worldwide military records. Patients were stratified into two cohorts based on the presence or lack of a fracture in the wrist, spine, hip, or proximal humerus. Hounsfield unit measurements were compared between groups using Student's t test and the HU threshold was calculated that best approximated an 80% sensitivity to optimally screen patients for fracture risk. The odds ratio, negative predictive value, 10-year incidence of fracture, and survival curves were calculated. RESULTS We identified 3711 patients with 183 fractures over 10 years. The HU threshold that corresponded with an 80% sensitivity to identify fractures was 112 HU. The negative predictive value (NPV) for overall fractures and hip fractures was over 97%. The 10-year fracture incidence was higher in patients below 112 HU compared to those above for both overall fractures (6.3% vs 1.7%) and hip fractures (2.7% vs 0.07%). The 112 HU threshold corresponds with an odds ratio for overall fracture and hip fractures of 2.5 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.7-3.6) and 24.5 (95% CI, 3.3-175.5), respectively. CONCLUSION In the 10 years following CTC, patients who experienced a fracture had lower hip HU. Decreasing HU on CTC may be an early warning sign of fracture potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Christensen
- Department of Surgery Orthopaedic Service, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Uniformed Services University-Walter Reed, 8901 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20889, USA
| | - K E Nappo
- Department of Surgery Orthopaedic Service, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Uniformed Services University-Walter Reed, 8901 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20889, USA
| | - J A Wolfe
- Department of Surgery Orthopaedic Service, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Uniformed Services University-Walter Reed, 8901 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20889, USA
| | - J G Tropf
- Department of Surgery Orthopaedic Service, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Uniformed Services University-Walter Reed, 8901 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20889, USA
| | - M J Berge
- Department of Radiology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Uniformed Services University-Walter Reed, 8901 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20889, USA
| | - B M Wheatley
- Department of Surgery Orthopaedic Service, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Uniformed Services University-Walter Reed, 8901 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20889, USA
| | - S Saxena
- Department of Surgery Orthopaedic Service, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Uniformed Services University-Walter Reed, 8901 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20889, USA
| | - B G Yow
- Department of Surgery Orthopaedic Service, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Uniformed Services University-Walter Reed, 8901 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20889, USA
| | - S M Tintle
- Department of Surgery Orthopaedic Service, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Uniformed Services University-Walter Reed, 8901 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20889, USA.
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Pumberger M, Issever AS, Diekhoff T, Schwemmer C, Berg S, Palmowski Y, Putzier M. Bone structure determined by HR-MDCT does not correlate with micro-CT of lumbar vertebral biopsies: a prospective cross-sectional human in vivo study. J Orthop Surg Res 2020; 15:398. [PMID: 32912263 PMCID: PMC7488144 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-020-01895-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoporosis is characterized by a deterioration of bone structure and quantity that leads to an increased risk of fractures. The primary diagnostic tool for the assessment of the bone quality is currently the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), which however only measures bone quantity. High-resolution multidetector computed tomography (HR-MDCT) offers an alternative approach to assess bone structure, but still lacks evidence for its validity in vivo. The objective of this study was to assess the validity of HR-MDCT for the evaluation of bone architecture in the lumbar spine. Methods We conducted a prospective cross-sectional study to compare the results of preoperative lumbar HR-MDCT scans with those from microcomputed tomography (μCT) analysis of transpedicular vertebral body biopsies. For this purpose, we included patients undergoing spinal surgery in our orthopedic department. Each patient underwent preoperative HR-MDCT scanning (L1-L4). Intraoperatively, transpedicular biopsies were obtained from intact vertebrae. Micro-CT analysis of these biopsies was used as a reference method to assess the actual bone architecture. HR-MDCT results were statistically analyzed regarding the correlation with results from μCT. Results Thirty-four patients with a mean age of 69.09 years (± 10.07) were included in the study. There was no significant correlation for any of the parameters (bone volume/total volume, trabecular separation, trabecular thickness) between μCT and HR-MDCT (bone volume/total volume: r = − 0.026 and p = 0.872; trabecular thickness: r = 0.074 and r = 6.42; and trabecular separation: r = − 0.18 and p = 0.254). Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first study comparing in vivo HR-MDCT with μCT analysis of vertebral biopsies in human patients. Our findings suggest that lumbar HR-MDCT is not valid for the in vivo evaluation of bone architecture in the lumbar spine. New diagnostic tools for the evaluation of osteoporosis and preoperative orthopedic planning are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Pumberger
- Spine Department, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Chariteplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ahi Sema Issever
- Department of Radiology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Chariteplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Diekhoff
- Department of Radiology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Chariteplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christin Schwemmer
- Charité University Medicine Berlin, Chariteplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Berg
- Charité University Medicine Berlin, Chariteplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yannick Palmowski
- Spine Department, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Chariteplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Michael Putzier
- Spine Department, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Chariteplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantifying bone mineral density (BMD) on CT using commercial software demonstrates good-to-excellent correlations with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) results. However, previous techniques to measure Hounsfield units (HUs) within the proximal femur demonstrate less successful correlation with DEXA results. An effective method of measuring HUs of the proximal femur from CT colonoscopy might allow for opportunistic osteoporosis screening. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES (1) Do proximal femur HU measurements from CT colonoscopy correlate with proximal femur DEXA results? (2) How effective is our single HU measurement technique in estimating the likelihood of overall low BMD? (3) Does the relationship between our comprehensive HU measurement and DEXA results change based on age, sex, or time between studies? METHODS This retrospective study investigated the measurement of HU of the femur obtained on CT colonoscopy studies compared with DEXA results. Between 2010 and 2017, five centers performed 9085 CT colonoscopy studies; of those, 277 (3%) also had available DEXA results and were included in this study, whereas 8809 (97%) were excluded for inadequate CT imaging, lack of DEXA screening, or lack of proximal femur DEXA results. The median number of days between CT colonoscopy and DEXA scan was 595 days; no patient was excluded based on time between scans because bone remodeling is a long-term process and this allowed subgroup analysis based on time between scans. Two reviewers performed HU measurements at four points within the proximal femur on the CT colonoscopy imaging and intraclass correlation coefficients were used to evaluate interrater reliability. We used Pearson correlation coefficients to compare the comprehensive (average of eight measurements) and a single HU measurement with each DEXA result-proximal femur BMD, proximal femur T-score, femoral neck BMD, and femoral neck T-score-to identify the best measurement technique within this study. Based on their lowest DEXA T-score, we stratified patients to a diagnosis of osteoporosis, osteopenia, or normal BMD. We then calculated the area under the receiver operator characteristic curves (AUCs) to evaluate the classification ability of a single HU value to identify possible threshold(s) for detecting low BMD. For each subgroup analysis, we calculated Pearson correlation coefficients between DEXA and HUs and evaluated each subgroup's contribution to the overall predictive model using an interaction test in a linear regression model. RESULTS The Pearson correlation coefficient between both the comprehensive and single HU measurements was highest compared with the proximal femur T-score at 0.75 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.69-0.80) and 0.74 (95% CI, 0.68-0.79), respectively. Interobserver reliability, measured with intraclass correlation coefficients, for the comprehensive and single HU measurements was 0.97 (95% CI, 0.72-0.99) and 0.96 (95% CI, 0.89-0.98), respectively. Based on DEXA results, 20 patients were osteoporotic, 167 had osteopenia, and 90 patients had normal BMD. The mean comprehensive HU for patients with osteoporosis was 70 ± 30 HUs; for patients with osteopenia, it was 110 ± 36 HUs; and for patients with normal BMD, it was 158 ± 43 HUs (p < 0.001). The AUC of the single HU model was 0.82 (95% CI, 0.77-0.87). A threshold of 214 HUs is 100% sensitive and 59 HUs is 100% specific to identify low BMD; a threshold of 113 HUs provided 73% sensitivity and 76% specificity. When stratified by decade age groups, each decade age group demonstrated a positive correlation between the comprehensive HU and proximal femur T-score, ranging between 0.71 and 0.83 (95% CI, 0.59-0.91). Further subgroup analysis similarly demonstrated a positive correlation between the comprehensive HU and proximal femur T-score when stratified by > 6 months or < 6 months between CT and DEXA (0.75; 95% CI, 0.62-0.84) as well as when stratified by sex (0.70-0.76; 95% CI, 0.48-0.81). The linear regression model demonstrated that the overall positive correlation coefficient between HUs and the proximal femur T-score is not influenced by any subgroup. CONCLUSIONS Our measurement technique provides a reproducible measurement of HUs within the proximal femur HUs on CT colonoscopy. Hounsfield units of the proximal femur based on this technique can predict low BMD. These CT scans are frequently performed before initial DEXA scans are done and therefore may lead to earlier recognition of low BMD. Future research is needed to validate these results in larger studies and to determine if these results can anticipate future fracture risk. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, diagnostic study.
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Anitha D, Subburaj K, Kopp FK, Mei K, Foehr P, Burgkart R, Sollmann N, Maegerlein C, Kirschke JS, Noel PB, Baum T. Effect of Statistically Iterative Image Reconstruction on Vertebral Bone Strength Prediction Using Bone Mineral Density and Finite Element Modeling: A Preliminary Study. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2019; 43:61-65. [PMID: 30211797 DOI: 10.1097/rct.0000000000000788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Statistical iterative reconstruction (SIR) using multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) is a promising alternative to standard filtered back projection (FBP), because of lower noise generation while maintaining image quality. Hence, we investigated the feasibility of SIR in predicting MDCT-based bone mineral density (BMD) and vertebral bone strength from finite element (FE) analysis. The BMD and FE-predicted bone strength derived from MDCT images reconstructed using standard FBP (FFBP) and SIR with (FSIR) and without regularization (FSIRB0) were validated against experimental failure loads (Fexp). Statistical iterative reconstruction produced the best quality images with regard to noise, signal-to-noise ratio, and contrast-to-noise ratio. Fexp significantly correlated with FFBP, FSIR, and FSIRB0. FFBP had a significant correlation with FSIRB0 and FSIR. The BMD derived from FBP, SIRB0, and SIR were significantly correlated. Effects of regularization should be further investigated with FE and BMD analysis to allow for an optimal iterative reconstruction algorithm to be implemented in an in vivo scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Peter Foehr
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Biomechanical Laboratory, and
| | - Rainer Burgkart
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Biomechanical Laboratory, and
| | - Nico Sollmann
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Maegerlein
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan S Kirschke
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Baum
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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8
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Sollmann N, Mei K, Schwaiger B, Gersing A, Kopp F, Bippus R, Maegerlein C, Zimmer C, Rummeny E, Kirschke J, Noël P, Baum T. Effects of virtual tube current reduction and sparse sampling on MDCT-based femoral BMD measurements. Osteoporos Int 2018; 29:2685-2692. [PMID: 30143850 PMCID: PMC6267136 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-018-4675-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This study investigates the impact of tube current reduction and sparse sampling on femoral bone mineral density (BMD) measurements derived from multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT). The application of sparse sampling led to robust and clinically acceptable BMD measurements. In contrast, BMD measurements derived from MDCT with virtually reduced tube currents showed a considerable increase when compared to original data. INTRODUCTION The study aims to evaluate the effects of radiation dose reduction by using virtual reduction of tube current or sparse sampling combined with standard filtered back projection (FBP) and statistical iterative reconstruction (SIR) on femoral bone mineral density (BMD) measurements derived from multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT). METHODS In routine MDCT scans of 41 subjects (65.9% men; age 69.3 ± 10.1 years), reduced radiation doses were simulated by lowering tube currents and applying sparse sampling (50, 25, and 10% of the original tube current and projections, respectively). Images were reconstructed using FBP and SIR. BMD values were assessed in the femoral neck and compared between the different dose levels, numbers of projections, and image reconstruction approaches. RESULTS Compared to full-dose MDCT, virtual lowering of the tube current by applying our simulation algorithm resulted in increases in BMD values for both FBP (up to a relative change of 32.5%) and SIR (up to a relative change of 32.3%). In contrast, the application of sparse sampling with a reduction down to 10% of projections showed robust BMD values, with clinically acceptable relative changes of up to 0.5% (FBP) and 0.7% (SIR). CONCLUSIONS Our simulations, which still require clinical validation, indicate that reductions down to ultra-low tube currents have a significant impact on MDCT-based femoral BMD measurements. In contrast, the application of sparse-sampled MDCT seems a promising future clinical option that may enable a significant reduction of the radiation dose without considerable changes of BMD values.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Sollmann
- 0000000123222966grid.6936.aDepartment of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
- 0000000123222966grid.6936.aTUM-Neuroimaging Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - K. Mei
- 0000000123222966grid.6936.aDepartment of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - B.J. Schwaiger
- 0000000123222966grid.6936.aDepartment of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - A.S. Gersing
- 0000000123222966grid.6936.aDepartment of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - F.K. Kopp
- 0000000123222966grid.6936.aDepartment of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - R. Bippus
- 0000 0004 0373 4886grid.418621.8Philips GmbH Innovative Technologies, Research Laboratories, Röntgenstr. 24-26, 22335 Hamburg, Germany
| | - C. Maegerlein
- 0000000123222966grid.6936.aDepartment of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - C. Zimmer
- 0000000123222966grid.6936.aDepartment of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - E.J. Rummeny
- 0000000123222966grid.6936.aDepartment of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - J.S. Kirschke
- 0000000123222966grid.6936.aDepartment of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - P.B. Noël
- 0000000123222966grid.6936.aDepartment of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - T. Baum
- 0000000123222966grid.6936.aDepartment of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
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Comparison of the diagnostic performance of CT Hounsfield unit histogram analysis and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in predicting osteoporosis of the femur. Eur Radiol 2018; 29:1831-1840. [PMID: 30255256 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-018-5728-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the diagnostic performance of Hounsfield unit histogram analysis (HUHA) of precontrast abdominal-pelvic CT scans for predicting osteoporosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 271 patients who had undergone dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and abdominal-pelvic CT within 1 month. HUHA was measured using commercial 3D analysis software (Aquarius iNtuition v4.4.12Ⓡ, TeraRecon) and expressed as a percentage of seven HU range categories related to the ROI: A < 0, 0 ≤ B < 25, 25 ≤ C < 50, 50 ≤ D < 75, 75 ≤ E < 100, 100 ≤ F < 130, and 130 ≤ G. A coronal reformatted precontrast CT image containing the largest Ward's triangle was selected and then the ROI was drawn over the femoral neck. Correlation (r) and ROC curve analyses were used to assess diagnostic performance in predicting osteoporosis using the femur T-score as the reference standard. RESULTS When the femur T-score was used as the reference, the rs of HUHA-A and HUHA-G were 0.74 and -0.57, respectively. Other HUHA values had moderate to weak correlations (r = -0.33 to 0.27). The correlation of HUHA-A was significantly higher than that of HUHA-G (p = 0.03). The area under the curve (0.95) of HUHA-A differed significantly from that of HUHA-G (0.90; p < 0.01). A HUHA-A threshold ≥ 27.7% was shown to predict osteoporosis based on a sensitivity and specificity of 95.6% and 81.7%, respectively. CONCLUSION The HUHA-A value of the femoral neck is closely related to osteoporosis and may help predict osteoporosis. KEY POINTS • HUHA correlated strongly with the DXA femur T-score (HUHA-A, r = 0.74). • The diagnostic performance of HUHA for predicting osteoporosis (AUC = 0.95) was better than that of the average CT HU value (AUC = 0.91; p < 0.05). • HUHA may help predict osteoporosis and enable semi-quantitative measurement of changes in bone mineral density.
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10
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Johannesdottir F, Allaire B, Bouxsein ML. Fracture Prediction by Computed Tomography and Finite Element Analysis: Current and Future Perspectives. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2018; 16:411-422. [PMID: 29846870 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-018-0450-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review critiques the ability of CT-based methods to predict incident hip and vertebral fractures. RECENT FINDINGS CT-based techniques with concurrent calibration all show strong associations with incident hip and vertebral fracture, predicting hip and vertebral fractures as well as, and sometimes better than, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry areal biomass density (DXA aBMD). There is growing evidence for use of routine CT scans for bone health assessment. CT-based techniques provide a robust approach for osteoporosis diagnosis and fracture prediction. It remains to be seen if further technical advances will improve fracture prediction compared to DXA aBMD. Future work should include more standardization in CT analyses, establishment of treatment intervention thresholds, and more studies to determine whether routine CT scans can be efficiently used to expand the number of individuals who undergo evaluation for fracture risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fjola Johannesdottir
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, RN 120, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Brett Allaire
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, RN 120, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Mary L Bouxsein
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, RN 120, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Abstract
This review focuses on new developments and current controversies in the field of quantitative computed tomography. Recent positions of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry acknowledged the clinical value of quantitative computed tomography of the spine and the hip using clinical whole-body computed tomography (CT) scanners. Opportunistic screening summarizes a number of new approaches describing the dual use of clinical CT scans. For example, CT scans may have been taken for tumor diagnosis but may also be used for the prediction of high or low fracture risks as an additional benefit for the patient. The assessment of the cortical parameters is another topic of current research. In CT images of the spine and the hip, a number of techniques have been developed to determine the thickness, mass, and bone density of the cortex. In higher-spatial resolution peripheral CT images of the radius and tibia obtained from special purpose scanners, 1 focus is the measurement of cortical porosity. Two different approaches, one based on the direct segmentation of the pores and one based on cortical density, will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Engelke
- Institute of Medical Physics, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany; Bioclinica, Inc, Hamburg, Germany.
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12
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Bone Mineral Density Estimations From Routine Multidetector Computed Tomography: A Comparative Study of Contrast and Calibration Effects. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2017; 41:217-223. [PMID: 27798444 PMCID: PMC5359785 DOI: 10.1097/rct.0000000000000518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Phantom-based (synchronous and asynchronous) and phantomless (internal tissue calibration based) assessment of bone mineral density (BMD) in routine MDCT (multidetector computed tomography) examinations potentially allows for diagnosis of osteoporosis. Although recent studies investigated the effects of contrast-medium application on phantom-calibrated BMD measurements, it remains uncertain to what extent internal tissue-calibrated BMD measurements are also susceptible to contrast-medium associated density variation. The present study is the first to systemically evaluate BMD variations related to contrast application comparing different calibration techniques. Purpose To compare predicative performance of different calibration techniques for BMD measurements obtained from triphasic contrast-enhanced MDCT. Materials and Methods Bone mineral density was measured on nonenhanced (NE), arterial (AR) and portal-venous (PV) contrast phase MDCT images of 46 patients using synchronous (SYNC) and asynchronous (ASYNC) phantom calibration as well as internal calibration (IC). Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) served as criterion standard. Density variations were analyzed for each contrast phase and calibration technique, and respective linear fitting was performed. Results Both asynchronous calibration-derived BMD values (NE-ASYNC) and values estimated using IC (NE-IC) on NE MDCT images did reasonably well in predicting QCT BMD (root-mean-square deviation, 8.0% and 7.8%, respectively). Average NE-IC BMD was 2.7% lower when compared with QCT (P = 0.017), whereas no difference could be found for NE-ASYNC (P = 0.957). All average BMD estimates derived from contrast-enhanced scans differed significantly from QCT BMD (all P < 0.005) and led to notable systemic BMD biases (mean difference at least > 6.0 mg/mL). All regression fits revealed a consistent linear dependency (R2 range, 0.861–0.963). Overall accuracy and goodness of fit tended to decrease from AR to PV contrast phase. Highest precision and best linear fit could be reached using a synchronously scanned phantom (root-mean-square deviation, 9.4% for AR and 14.4% for PV). Both ASYNC and IC estimations performed comparably accurate and precise. Conclusions Our data suggest that internal calibration driven BMD measurements derived from contrast-enhanced MDCT need the same amount of post hoc contrast-effect adjustment as measurements using phantom calibration. Adjustment using linear correction equations can correct for systematic bias of bone density variations related to contrast application, irrespective of the calibration technique used.
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Jørgensen HS, Winther S, Bøttcher M, Thygesen J, Rejnmark L, Hauge EM, Svensson M, Ivarsen P. Effect of Intravenous Contrast on Volumetric Bone Mineral Density in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. J Clin Densitom 2016; 19:423-429. [PMID: 27174315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) can be measured from clinical computed tomography (CT) scans, facilitating screening for osteoporosis. However, use of X-ray contrast media may influence vBMD analyses, and previous studies reported as much as a 30% increase in lumbar spine (LS) vBMD after contrast administration. At the total hip (TH), an increase of only 4.1% was reported, indicating less sensitivity to contrast enhancement at this site. This study aimed to investigate the changes in vBMD after intravenous contrast media administration at both the LS and proximal femur in patients with chronic kidney disease. Seventy-one patients underwent CT angiography of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis as part of the cardiac workup before kidney transplantation. vBMD of the LS and proximal femur were calculated before and after administration of 95 mL ioversol intravenously. XY- and Bland-Altman plots and paired Student's t-test were used to evaluate changes in vBMD. After contrast media administration vBMD increased both at the LS and proximal femur. Although the absolute difference was comparable, the relative difference was almost twice as high at the LS (10.2% [6.1-14.1]) compared to the TH (5.9% [2.4-9.3], p <0.001) and femoral neck (FN) (5.3% [0.5-9.9], p <0.001). Women had a greater increase in LS-vBMD than men (13.4 ± 8.0 vs 9.8 ± 4.8 mg/cc, p = 0.02). Based on FN T-scores, 11 patients (16%) changed osteoporotic status after contrast enhancement. In conclusion vBMD of the spine and hip increased after contrast media administration in a cohort of patients with chronic kidney disease. FN T-scores from contrast-enhanced clinical CT scans should therefore be interpreted with caution. The proximal femur may be the preferred region for vBMD analysis from clinical CT scans, as sensitivity to contrast enhancement seem less at this site. These results may not be applicable to other patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon Winther
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Morten Bøttcher
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Unit West, Herning, Denmark
| | - Jesper Thygesen
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars Rejnmark
- Department of Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - My Svensson
- Department of Nephrology, Division of Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Ivarsen
- Department of Nephrology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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14
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Brett AD, Brown JK. Quantitative computed tomography and opportunistic bone density screening by dual use of computed tomography scans. J Orthop Translat 2015; 3:178-184. [PMID: 30035056 PMCID: PMC5986997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Central dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of the lumbar spine and proximal femur is the preferred method for bone mineral density (BMD) testing. Despite the fracture risk statistics, osteoporosis testing with DXA remains underused. However, BMD can also be assessed with quantitative computed tomography (QCT) that may be available when access to DXA is restricted. For patients undergoing a primary CT study of the abdomen or pelvis, a potential opportunity exists for concurrent BMD screening by QCT without the need for any additional imaging, radiation exposure, or patient time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J. Keenan Brown
- Corresponding author. Mindways Software Inc., 3001 S Lamar Blvd, Suite 302, Austin, TX 78704, USA.
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Engelke K, Lang T, Khosla S, Qin L, Zysset P, Leslie WD, Shepherd JA, Shousboe JT. Clinical Use of Quantitative Computed Tomography-Based Advanced Techniques in the Management of Osteoporosis in Adults: the 2015 ISCD Official Positions-Part III. J Clin Densitom 2015; 18:393-407. [PMID: 26277853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD) has developed new official positions for the clinical use of computed tomography (CT) scans acquired without a calibration phantom, for example, CT scans obtained for other diagnosis such as colonography. This also addresses techniques suggested for opportunistic screening of osteoporosis. The ISCD task force for quantitative CT reviewed the evidence for clinical applications of these new techniques and presented a report with recommendations at the 2015 ISCD Position Development Conference. Here we discuss the agreed upon ISCD official positions with supporting medical evidence, rationale, controversy, and suggestions for further study. Advanced techniques summarized as statistical parameter mapping methods were also reviewed. Their future use is promising but the clinical application is premature. The clinical use of QCT of the hip is addressed in part I and of finite element analysis of the hip and spine in part II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Engelke
- Institute of Medical Physics, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany; Bioclinica, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Lang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sundeep Khosla
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ling Qin
- Bone Quality and Health Center, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Philippe Zysset
- Institute for Surgical Technology and Biomechanics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - William D Leslie
- Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Radiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - John A Shepherd
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John T Shousboe
- Park Nicollet Clinic/HealthPartners, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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16
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Liebl H, Garcia EG, Holzner F, Noel PB, Burgkart R, Rummeny EJ, Baum T, Bauer JS. In-vivo assessment of femoral bone strength using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) based on routine MDCT imaging: a preliminary study on patients with vertebral fractures. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116907. [PMID: 25723187 PMCID: PMC4344329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To experimentally validate a non-linear finite element analysis (FEA) modeling approach assessing in-vitro fracture risk at the proximal femur and to transfer the method to standard in-vivo multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) data of the hip aiming to predict additional hip fracture risk in subjects with and without osteoporosis associated vertebral fractures using bone mineral density (BMD) measurements as gold standard. Methods One fresh-frozen human femur specimen was mechanically tested and fractured simulating stance and clinically relevant fall loading configurations to the hip. After experimental in-vitro validation, the FEA simulation protocol was transferred to standard contrast-enhanced in-vivo MDCT images to calculate individual hip fracture risk each for 4 subjects with and without a history of osteoporotic vertebral fractures matched by age and gender. In addition, FEA based risk factor calculations were compared to manual femoral BMD measurements of all subjects. Results In-vitro simulations showed good correlation with the experimentally measured strains both in stance (R2 = 0.963) and fall configuration (R2 = 0.976). The simulated maximum stress overestimated the experimental failure load (4743 N) by 14.7% (5440 N) while the simulated maximum strain overestimated by 4.7% (4968 N). The simulated failed elements coincided precisely with the experimentally determined fracture locations. BMD measurements in subjects with a history of osteoporotic vertebral fractures did not differ significantly from subjects without fragility fractures (femoral head: p = 0.989; femoral neck: p = 0.366), but showed higher FEA based risk factors for additional incident hip fractures (p = 0.028). Conclusion FEA simulations were successfully validated by elastic and destructive in-vitro experiments. In the subsequent in-vivo analyses, MDCT based FEA based risk factor differences for additional hip fractures were not mirrored by according BMD measurements. Our data suggests, that MDCT derived FEA models may assess bone strength more accurately than BMD measurements alone, providing a valuable in-vivo fracture risk assessment tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Liebl
- Department of Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Muenchen, Germany
| | - Eduardo Grande Garcia
- Department of Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Muenchen, Germany; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Muenchen, Germany
| | - Fabian Holzner
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Muenchen, Germany
| | - Peter B Noel
- Department of Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Muenchen, Germany
| | - Rainer Burgkart
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Muenchen, Germany
| | - Ernst J Rummeny
- Department of Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Muenchen, Germany
| | - Thomas Baum
- Department of Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Muenchen, Germany
| | - Jan S Bauer
- Section of Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Muenchen, Germany
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17
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Buckens CF, Dijkhuis G, de Keizer B, Verhaar HJ, de Jong PA. Opportunistic screening for osteoporosis on routine computed tomography? An external validation study. Eur Radiol 2015; 25:2074-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-014-3584-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Marinova M, Edon B, Wolter K, Katsimbari B, Schild HH, Strunk HM. Use of routine thoracic and abdominal computed tomography scans for assessing bone mineral density and detecting osteoporosis. Curr Med Res Opin 2015; 31:1871-81. [PMID: 26308674 DOI: 10.1185/03007995.2015.1074892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluation of computed tomography (CT) attenuation measurements for assessing bone mineral density (BMD) and predicting osteoporosis in thoracic and abdominal CT scans for various clinical indications using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as reference standard. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 234 patients (147 women, 87 men) undergoing DXA and CT were examined retrospectively. Mean time between both studies was 0.5 years. CT-attenuation values in Hounsfield units (HU) were measured at the thoracic and lumbar spine (T1, T6, T12, L1-L5), at the femoral neck, and then assigned to their corresponding DXA scores. RESULTS Patients with DXA-defined osteoporosis or osteopenia showed significantly lower HU values of trabecular bone at all measured levels compared to healthy subjects (p < 0.001). HU values were highest at T1 and T6, lowest at L1-L3 and the femoral neck. There were no significant intraindividual differences between HU values in the sagittal, coronal or transversal plane. Significant differences between normal and abnormal BMD categories were verified for three CT scanners. More than half of all fractures were detected in patients with non-osteoporotic DXA T-scores. CONCLUSIONS Abdominal and particularly thoracic CT scans obtained for other clinical indications can sensibly be applied toward determining low BMD, detecting osteoporosis and identifying persons at increased fracture risk. Osteoporotic morbidity and mortality might be minimized. Superiorly to DXA, fragility fractures can be found without additional imaging or radiation exposure which can initiate early adequate treatment. LIMITATIONS Key limitations of the study were as following: a retrospective, single-center study; small patient cohort - larger cohorts are needed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic performance measurements; more complex CT evaluation of the hip for BMD assessment; DXA measurements were used as a reference standard, however, patients with unsuspected compression fractures but showing osteopenic or even normal BMD outline the limitations of DXA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milka Marinova
- a a Department of Radiology , Hospital & Medical School, University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
| | - Bob Edon
- a a Department of Radiology , Hospital & Medical School, University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
- b b Klinikum Mutterhaus der Borromäerinnen , Trier , Germany
| | - Karsten Wolter
- a a Department of Radiology , Hospital & Medical School, University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
| | - Barbara Katsimbari
- a a Department of Radiology , Hospital & Medical School, University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
| | - Hans H Schild
- a a Department of Radiology , Hospital & Medical School, University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
| | - Holger M Strunk
- a a Department of Radiology , Hospital & Medical School, University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
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Intravenous contrast injection significantly affects bone mineral density measured on CT. Eur Radiol 2014; 25:283-9. [PMID: 25187384 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-014-3408-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective is to evaluate the effect of intravenous contrast media on bone mineral density (BMD) assessment by comparing unenhanced and contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) examinations performed for other indications. METHODS One hundred and fifty-two patients (99 without and 53 with malignant neoplasm) who underwent both unenhanced and two contrast-enhanced (arterial and portal venous phase) abdominal CT examinations in a single session between June 2011 and July 2013 were included. BMD was evaluated on the three examinations as CT-attenuation values in Hounsfield Units (HU) in the first lumbar vertebra (L1). RESULTS CT-attenuation values were significantly higher in both contrast-enhanced phases, compared to the unenhanced phase (p < 0.01). In patients without malignancies, mean ± standard deviation (SD) HU-values increased from 128.8 ± 48.6 HU for the unenhanced phase to 142.3 ± 47.2 HU for the arterial phase and 147.0 ± 47.4 HU for the portal phase (p < 0.01). In patients with malignancies, HU-values increased from 112.1 ± 38.1 HU to 126.2 ± 38.4 HU and 130.1 ± 37.3 HU (p < 0.02), respectively. With different thresholds to define osteoporosis, measurements in the arterial and portal phase resulted in 7-25% false negatives. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that intravenous contrast injection substantially affects BMD-assessment on CT and taking this into account may improve routine assessment of low BMD in nonquantitative CT. KEY POINTS • Routine CT may gain a role in bone attenuation measurements for osteoporosis • Contrast media injection has substantial influence on CT-derived bone density • Contrast-enhanced CT leads to underestimation of osteoporosis compared to unenhanced CT • Adjusting for contrast injection phase may improve CT screening protocols for osteoporosis.
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CTXA hip--an extension of classical DXA measurements using quantitative CT. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91904. [PMID: 24637515 PMCID: PMC3956816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone mineral density (BMD) estimates for the proximal femur using Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) are currently considered the standard for making a diagnosis of osteoporosis in an individual patient using BMD alone. We have compared BMD results from a commercial Quantitative CT (QCT) BMD analysis system, “CTXA Hip”, which provides clinical data for the proximal femur, to results from DXA. We have also used CTXA Hip to determine cortical and trabecular contributions to total BMD. Sixty-nine patients were scanned using 3D QCT and DXA. CTXA Hip BMD measurements for Total Hip and Femoral Neck were compared to DXA results. Twenty-two women were scanned at 0,1,2 years and CTXA Hip and DXA results analyzed for long-term reproducibility. Long-term reproducibility calculated as root-mean-square averages of SDs in vivo was 0.012 g/cm2 (CV = 1.8%) for CTXA Total Hip and 0.011 g/cm2 (CV = 2.0%) for CTXA Femoral Neck compared to 0.014 g/cm2 (CV = 2.0%) and 0.016 g/cm2 (CV = 2.7%), respectively, for DXA. The correlation of Total Hip BMD CTXA vs. DXA was R = 0.97 and for Femoral Neck was R = 0.95 (SEE 0.044 g/cm2 in both cases). Cortical bone comprised 62±5% (mean ± SD) of total hipbone mass in osteoporotic women. CTXA Hip provides substantially the same clinical information as conventional DXA and in addition provides estimates of BMD in separate cortical and trabecular bone compartments, which may be useful in evaluation of bone strength.
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