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Kavuri A, Das M. Examining the Influence of Digital Phantom Models in Virtual Imaging Trials for Tomographic Breast Imaging. ARXIV 2024:arXiv:2402.00812v1. [PMID: 38351932 PMCID: PMC10862940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Purpose Digital phantoms are one of the key components of virtual imaging trials (VITs) that aims to assess and optimize new medical imaging systems and algorithms. However, these phantoms vary in their voxel resolution, appearance and structural details. This study aims to examine whether and how variations between digital phantoms influence system optimization with digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) as a chosen modality. Methods We selected widely used and open access digital breast phantoms generated with different methods. For each phantom type, we created an ensemble of DBT images to test acquisition strategies. Human observer localization ROC (LROC) was used to assess observer performance studies for each case. Noise power spectrum (NPS) was estimated to compare the phantom structural components. Further, we computed several gaze metrics to quantify the gaze pattern when viewing images generated from different phantom types. Results Our LROC results show that the arc samplings for peak performance were approximately 2.5° and 6° in Bakic and XCAT breast phantoms respectively for 3-mm lesion detection task and indicate that system optimization outcomes from VITs can vary with phantom types and structural frequency components. Additionally, a significant correlation (p¡0.01) between gaze metrics and diagnostic performance suggests that gaze analysis can be used to understand and evaluate task difficulty in VITs. Conclusion Our results point to the critical need to evaluate realism in digital phantoms as well as ensuring sufficient structural variations at spatial frequencies relevant to the signal size for an intended task. In addition, standardizing phantom generation and validation tools might aid in lower discrepancies among independently conducted VITs for system or algorithmic optimizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Kavuri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX-77204, USA
| | - Mini Das
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX-77204, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, TX-77204, USA
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Dahlblom V, Tingberg A, Zackrisson S, Dustler M. Personalized breast cancer screening with selective addition of digital breast tomosynthesis through artificial intelligence. J Med Imaging (Bellingham) 2023; 10:S22408. [PMID: 37274777 PMCID: PMC10234408 DOI: 10.1117/1.jmi.10.s2.s22408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Breast cancer screening is predominantly performed using digital mammography (DM), but digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) has higher sensitivity. DBT demands more resources than DM, and it might be more feasible to reserve DBT for women with a clear benefit from the technique. We explore if artificial intelligence (AI) can select women who would benefit from DBT imaging. Approach We used data from Malmö Breast Tomosynthesis Screening Trial, where all women prospectively were examined with separately double read DM and DBT. We retrospectively analyzed DM examinations (n = 14768 ) with a breast cancer detection system and used the provided risk score (1 to 10) for risk stratification. We tested how different score thresholds for adding DBT to an initial DM affects the number of detected cancers, additional DBT examinations needed, detection rate, and false positives. Results If using a threshold of 9.0, 25 (26%) more cancers would be detected compared to using DM alone. Of the 41 cancers only detected on DBT, 61% would be detected, with only 1797 (12%) of the women examined with both DM and DBT. The detection rate for the added DBT would be 14/1000 women, whereas the false-positive recalls would be increased with 58 (21%). Conclusion Using DBT only for selected high gain cases could be an alternative to complete DBT screening. AI can analyze initial DM images to identify high gain cases where DBT can be added during the same visit. There might be logistical challenges, and further studies in a prospective setting are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Dahlblom
- Lund University, Department of Translational Medicine, Diagnostic Radiology, Malmö, Sweden
- Skåne University Hospital, Department of Medical Imaging and Physiology, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anders Tingberg
- Lund University, Department of Translational Medicine, Medical Radiation Physics, Malmö, Sweden
- Skåne University Hospital, Radiation Physics, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sophia Zackrisson
- Lund University, Department of Translational Medicine, Diagnostic Radiology, Malmö, Sweden
- Skåne University Hospital, Department of Medical Imaging and Physiology, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Magnus Dustler
- Lund University, Department of Translational Medicine, Diagnostic Radiology, Malmö, Sweden
- Lund University, Department of Translational Medicine, Medical Radiation Physics, Malmö, Sweden
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Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among females worldwide and large volumes of breast images are produced and interpreted annually. As long as radiologists interpret these images, the diagnostic accuracy will be limited by human factors and both false-positive and false-negative errors might occur. By understanding visual search in breast images, we may be able to identify causes of diagnostic errors, find ways to reduce them, and also provide a better education to radiology residents. Many visual search studies in breast radiology have been devoted to mammography. These studies showed that 70% of missed lesions on mammograms attract radiologists' visual attention and that a plethora of different reasons, such as satisfaction of search, incorrect background sampling, and incorrect first impression can cause diagnostic errors in the interpretation of mammograms. Recently, highly accurate tools, which rely on both eye-tracking data and the content of the mammogram, have been proposed to provide feedback to the radiologists. Improving these tools and determining the optimal pathway to integrate them in the radiology workflow could be a possible line of future research. Moreover, in the past few years deep learning has led to improving diagnostic accuracy of computerized diagnostic tools and visual search studies will be required to understand how radiologists interact with the prompts from these tools, and to identify the best way to utilize them. Visual search in other breast imaging modalities, such as breast ultrasound and digital breast tomosynthesis, have so far received less attention, probably due to associated complexities of eye-tracking monitoring and analysing the data. For example, in digital breast tomosynthesis, scrolling through the image results in longer trials, adds a new factor to the study's complexity and makes calculation of gaze parameters more difficult. However, considering the wide utilization of three-dimensional imaging modalities, more visual search studies involving reading stack-view examinations are required in the future. To conclude, in the past few decades visual search studies provided extensive understanding about underlying reasons for diagnostic errors in breast radiology and characterized differences between experts' and novices' visual search patterns. Further visual search studies are required to investigate radiologists' interaction with relatively newer imaging modalities and artificial intelligence tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziba Gandomkar
- BreastScreen Reader Assessment Strategy (BREAST), Discipline of Medical Imaging Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Claudia Mello-Thoms
- Department of Radiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, US
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Wu CC, Wolfe JM. Eye Movements in Medical Image Perception: A Selective Review of Past, Present and Future. Vision (Basel) 2019; 3:E32. [PMID: 31735833 PMCID: PMC6802791 DOI: 10.3390/vision3020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The eye movements of experts, reading medical images, have been studied for many years. Unlike topics such as face perception, medical image perception research needs to cope with substantial, qualitative changes in the stimuli under study due to dramatic advances in medical imaging technology. For example, little is known about how radiologists search through 3D volumes of image data because they simply did not exist when earlier eye tracking studies were performed. Moreover, improvements in the affordability and portability of modern eye trackers make other, new studies practical. Here, we review some uses of eye movements in the study of medical image perception with an emphasis on newer work. We ask how basic research on scene perception relates to studies of medical 'scenes' and we discuss how tracking experts' eyes may provide useful insights for medical education and screening efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chien Wu
- Visual Attention Lab, Department of Surgery, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, 65 Landsdowne St, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jeremy M. Wolfe
- Visual Attention Lab, Department of Surgery, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, 65 Landsdowne St, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Elangovan P, Mackenzie A, Dance DR, Young KC, Wells K. Lesion detectability in 2D-mammography and digital breast tomosynthesis using different targets and observers. Phys Med Biol 2018; 63:095014. [PMID: 29637906 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aabd53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This work investigates the detection performance of specialist and non-specialist observers for different targets in 2D-mammography and digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) using the OPTIMAM virtual clinical trials (VCT) Toolbox and a 4-alternative forced choice (4AFC) assessment paradigm. Using 2D-mammography and DBT images of virtual breast phantoms, we compare the detection limits of simple uniform spherical targets and irregular solid masses. Target diameters of 4 mm and 6 mm have been chosen to represent target sizes close to the minimum detectable size found in breast screening, across a range of controlled contrast levels. The images were viewed by a set of specialist observers (five medical physicists and six experienced clinical readers) and five non-specialists. Combined results from both observer groups indicate that DBT has a significantly lower detectable threshold contrast than 2D-mammography for small masses (4 mm: 2.1% [DBT] versus 6.9% [2D]; 6 mm: 0.7% [DBT] versus 3.9% [2D]) and spheres (4 mm: 2.9% [DBT] versus 5.3% [2D]; 6 mm: 0.3% [DBT] versus 2.2% [2D]) (p < 0.0001). Both observer groups found spheres significantly easier to detect than irregular solid masses for both sizes and modalities (p < 0.0001) (except 4 mm DBT). The detection performances of specialist and non-specialist observers were generally found to be comparable, where each group marginally outperformed the other in particular detection tasks. Within the specialist group, the clinical readers performed better than the medical physicists with irregular masses (p < 0.0001). The results indicate that using spherical targets in such studies may produce over-optimistic detection thresholds compared to more complex masses, and that the superiority of DBT for detecting masses over 2D-mammography has been quantified. The results also suggest specialist observers may be supplemented by non-specialist observers (with training) in some types of 4AFC studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premkumar Elangovan
- Medical Imaging Group, Centre for Vision, Speech, and Signal Processing, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom. National Co-ordinating Centre for the Physics of Mammography (NCCPM), Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford GU2 7XX, United Kingdom
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Wen G, Chang HC, Reinhold J, Lo JY, Markey MK. Virtual assessment of stereoscopic viewing of digital breast tomosynthesis projection images. J Med Imaging (Bellingham) 2018; 5:015501. [PMID: 29376103 DOI: 10.1117/1.jmi.5.1.015501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) acquires a series of projection images from different angles as an x-ray source rotates around the breast. Such imaging geometry lends DBT naturally to stereoscopic viewing as two projection images with a reasonable separation angle can easily form a stereo pair. This simulation study assessed the efficacy of stereo viewing of DBT projection images. Three-dimensional computational breast phantoms with realistically shaped synthetic lesions were scanned by three simulated DBT systems. The projection images were combined into a sequence of stereo pairs and presented to a stereomatching-based model observer for deciding lesion presence. Signal-to-noise ratio was estimated, and the detection performance with stack viewing of reconstructed slices was the benchmark. We have shown that: (1) stereo viewing of projection images may underperform stack viewing of reconstructed slices for current DBT geometries; (2) DBT geometries may impact the efficacy of the two viewing modes differently: narrow-arc and wide-arc geometries may be better for stereo viewing and stack viewing, respectively; (3) the efficacy of stereo viewing may be more robust than stack viewing to reductions in dose. While in principle stereo viewing is potentially effective for visualizing DBT data, effective stereo viewing may require specifically optimized DBT image acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gezheng Wen
- University of Texas at Austin, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Austin, Texas, United States
| | - Ho-Chang Chang
- University of Texas at Austin, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Austin, Texas, United States
| | - Jacob Reinhold
- University of Texas at Austin, Applied Research Laboratories, Austin, Texas, United States
| | - Joseph Y Lo
- Duke University School of Medicine, Diagnostic Radiology, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Mia K Markey
- University of Texas at Austin, Biomedical Engineering, Austin, Texas, United States.,University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Imaging Physics, Houston, Texas, United States
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Aizenman A, Drew T, Ehinger KA, Georgian-Smith D, Wolfe JM. Comparing search patterns in digital breast tomosynthesis and full-field digital mammography: an eye tracking study. J Med Imaging (Bellingham) 2017; 4:045501. [PMID: 29098168 DOI: 10.1117/1.jmi.4.4.045501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As a promising imaging modality, digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) leads to better diagnostic performance than traditional full-field digital mammograms (FFDM) alone. DBT allows different planes of the breast to be visualized, reducing occlusion from overlapping tissue. Although DBT is gaining popularity, best practices for search strategies in this medium are unclear. Eye tracking allowed us to describe search patterns adopted by radiologists searching DBT and FFDM images. Eleven radiologists examined eight DBT and FFDM cases. Observers marked suspicious masses with mouse clicks. Eye position was recorded at 1000 Hz and was coregistered with slice/depth plane as the radiologist scrolled through the DBT images, allowing a 3-D representation of eye position. Hit rate for masses was higher for tomography cases than 2-D cases and DBT led to lower false positive rates. However, search duration was much longer for DBT cases than FFDM. DBT was associated with longer fixations but similar saccadic amplitude compared with FFDM. When comparing radiologists' eye movements to a previous study, which tracked eye movements as radiologists read chest CT, we found DBT viewers did not align with previously identified "driller" or "scanner" strategies, although their search strategy most closely aligns with a type of vigorous drilling strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avi Aizenman
- University of California, Vision Science Department, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Trafton Drew
- University of Utah, Psychology Department, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Krista A Ehinger
- York University, Centre for Vision Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dianne Georgian-Smith
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Surgery Department, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Jeremy M Wolfe
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Surgery Department, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Ophthalmology and Radiology Department, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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Breast Radiation Dose With CESM Compared With 2D FFDM and 3D Tomosynthesis Mammography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2017; 208:362-372. [DOI: 10.2214/ajr.16.16743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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9
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Eye tracking to investigate cue processing in medical decision-making: A scoping review. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Svalkvist A, Svensson S, Håkansson M, Båth M, Månsson LG. VIEWDEX: A STATUS REPORT. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2016; 169:38-45. [PMID: 26822421 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncv543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ViewDEX (Viewer for Digital Evaluation of X-ray images) is an image viewer and task manager suitable for research and optimisation tasks in medical imaging. The software has undergone continuous development during more than a decade and has during this time period been used in numerous studies. ViewDEX is DICOM compatible, and the features of the interface (tasks, image handling and functionality) are general and flexible. The set-up of a study is determined by altering properties in a text-editable file, enabling easy and flexible configuration. ViewDEX is developed in Java and can run from any disc area connected to a computer. It is free to use for non-commercial purposes and can be downloaded from http://www.vgregion.se/sas/viewdex The purposes of the present article are to give a short overview of the development of ViewDEX and to describe recent updates of the software. In addition, a description on how to configure a viewing session in ViewDEX is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Svalkvist
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sune Svensson
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Markus Håkansson
- Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Södra Älvsborgs sjukhus, SE-501 82 Borås, Sweden
| | - Magnus Båth
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Gunnar Månsson
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Venjakob AC, Mello-Thoms CR. Review of prospects and challenges of eye tracking in volumetric imaging. J Med Imaging (Bellingham) 2015; 3:011002. [PMID: 27081663 DOI: 10.1117/1.jmi.3.1.011002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
While eye tracking research in conventional radiography has flourished over the past decades, the number of eye tracking studies that looked at multislice images lags behind. A possible reason for the lack of studies in this area might be that the eye tracking methodology used in the context of conventional radiography cannot be applied one-on-one to volumetric imaging material. Challenges associated with eye tracking in volumetric imaging are particularly associated with the selection of stimulus material, the detection of events in the eye tracking data, the calculation of meaningful eye tracking parameters, and the reporting of abnormalities. However, all of these challenges can be addressed in the design of the experiment. If this is done, eye tracking studies using volumetric imaging material offer almost unlimited opportunity for perception research and are highly relevant as the number of volumetric images that are acquired and interpreted is rising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje C Venjakob
- Technische Universität Berlin , Chair of Human-Machine Systems, Department of Psychology and Ergonomics, Marchstraße 23, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia R Mello-Thoms
- University of Sydney, Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, 94 Mallet Street, Level 2, Room 204, Sydney, NSW 2150, Australia; University of Pittsburgh, Department of Biomedical Informatics, 5607 Baum Boulevard, Room 423, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15206-3701, United States
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Gilbert FJ, Tucker L, Gillan MG, Willsher P, Cooke J, Duncan KA, Michell MJ, Dobson HM, Lim YY, Purushothaman H, Strudley C, Astley SM, Morrish O, Young KC, Duffy SW. The TOMMY trial: a comparison of TOMosynthesis with digital MammographY in the UK NHS Breast Screening Programme--a multicentre retrospective reading study comparing the diagnostic performance of digital breast tomosynthesis and digital mammography with digital mammography alone. Health Technol Assess 2015; 19:i-xxv, 1-136. [PMID: 25599513 PMCID: PMC4781321 DOI: 10.3310/hta19040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) is a three-dimensional mammography technique with the potential to improve accuracy by improving differentiation between malignant and non-malignant lesions. OBJECTIVES The objectives of the study were to compare the diagnostic accuracy of DBT in conjunction with two-dimensional (2D) mammography or synthetic 2D mammography, against standard 2D mammography and to determine if DBT improves the accuracy of detection of different types of lesions. STUDY POPULATION Women (aged 47-73 years) recalled for further assessment after routine breast screening and women (aged 40-49 years) with moderate/high of risk of developing breast cancer attending annual mammography screening were recruited after giving written informed consent. INTERVENTION All participants underwent a two-view 2D mammography of both breasts and two-view DBT imaging. Image-processing software generated a synthetic 2D mammogram from the DBT data sets. RETROSPECTIVE READING STUDY In an independent blinded retrospective study, readers reviewed (1) 2D or (2) 2D + DBT or (3) synthetic 2D + DBT images for each case without access to original screening mammograms or prior examinations. Sensitivities and specificities were calculated for each reading arm and by subgroup analyses. RESULTS Data were available for 7060 subjects comprising 6020 (1158 cancers) assessment cases and 1040 (two cancers) family history screening cases. Overall sensitivity was 87% [95% confidence interval (CI) 85% to 89%] for 2D only, 89% (95% CI 87% to 91%) for 2D + DBT and 88% (95% CI 86% to 90%) for synthetic 2D + DBT. The difference in sensitivity between 2D and 2D + DBT was of borderline significance (p = 0.07) and for synthetic 2D + DBT there was no significant difference (p = 0.6). Specificity was 58% (95% CI 56% to 60%) for 2D, 69% (95% CI 67% to 71%) for 2D + DBT and 71% (95% CI 69% to 73%) for synthetic 2D + DBT. Specificity was significantly higher in both DBT reading arms for all subgroups of age, density and dominant radiological feature (p < 0.001 all cases). In all reading arms, specificity tended to be lower for microcalcifications and higher for distortion/asymmetry. Comparing 2D + DBT to 2D alone, sensitivity was significantly higher: 93% versus 86% (p < 0.001) for invasive tumours of size 11-20 mm. Similarly, for breast density 50% or more, sensitivities were 93% versus 86% (p = 0.03); for grade 2 invasive tumours, sensitivities were 91% versus 87% (p = 0.01); where the dominant radiological feature was a mass, sensitivities were 92% and 89% (p = 0.04) For synthetic 2D + DBT, there was significantly (p = 0.006) higher sensitivity than 2D alone in invasive cancers of size 11-20 mm, with a sensitivity of 91%. CONCLUSIONS The specificity of DBT and 2D was better than 2D alone but there was only marginal improvement in sensitivity. The performance of synthetic 2D appeared to be comparable to standard 2D. If these results were observed with screening cases, DBT and 2D mammography could benefit to the screening programme by reducing the number of women recalled unnecessarily, especially if a synthetic 2D mammogram were used to minimise radiation exposure. Further research is required into the feasibility of implementing DBT in a screening setting, prognostic modelling on outcomes and mortality, and comparison of 2D and synthetic 2D for different lesion types. STUDY REGISTRATION Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN73467396. FUNDING This project was funded by the NIHR Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 19, No. 4. See the HTA programme website for further project information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona J Gilbert
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lorraine Tucker
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maureen Gc Gillan
- Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Paula Willsher
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Karen A Duncan
- North East Scotland Breast Screening Centre, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | | | - Yit Yoong Lim
- The Nightingale Centre, University Hospital South Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Celia Strudley
- National Co-ordinating Centre for Physics of Mammography, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, UK
| | - Susan M Astley
- Department of Imaging Science and Biomedical Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Oliver Morrish
- East Anglian Regional Radiation Protection Service, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kenneth C Young
- National Co-ordinating Centre for Physics of Mammography, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, UK
| | - Stephen W Duffy
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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