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Zhang X, Zhao R, Deng W, Li Y, An S, Qian Y, Liu B, Yu Y, Li X. Left Atrial and Ventricular Strain Differentiates Cardiac Amyloidosis and Hypertensive Heart Disease: A Cardiac MR Feature Tracking Study. Acad Radiol 2023; 30:2521-2532. [PMID: 36925334 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Strain measured by feature tracking technique represents the degree of deformation and reflects the systolic and diastolic function of the heart. Our purpose was to evaluate the differential diagnostic value and correlations of left atrial (LA) strain (LAS) and left ventricular (LV) strain (LVS) in cardiac amyloidosis (CA) and hypertensive heart disease (HHD) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS We recruited 25 CA patients, 30 sex- and age-matched HHD patients and 20 healthy subjects totally. LAS and LVS were analyzed by CVI42 post-processing software. The efficiency of LAS and LVS in differentiating CA from HHD was compared by receiver operating characteristic curves analysis. Pearson or Spearman's analysis were used to assess the correlation between LAS and LV parameters. RESULTS Both HHD and CA patients had impaired LVS, the gradient of increasing absolute values of longitudinal strain (LS) and radial strain (RS) from the basal to the apical myocardium was most pronounced in the CA group, its relative apical sparing of LS (RASLS) ratio reached 0.91 ± 0.02, significantly higher than other two groups (HHD: 0.72 ± 0.02; controls: 0.56 ± 0.01, all p <0.001). Additionally, except for the booster strain in the HHD group was preserved, all other LAS were reduced in patients' groups. The RASLS had the best differential diagnostic efficacy with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.930 (p <0.001); The AUCs of LAS all greater than 0.850, above global LS (GLS) (AUC = 0.770, p = 0.001). LAS was notably correlated with LV ejection fraction (LVEF) and GLS, with reservoir strain having the greatest correlation with GLS (r = -0.828, p <0.001). CONCLUSION The RASLS has high efficiency in guiding the differential diagnosis of CA and HHD with similar degree and presentation of LVH. Moreover, LAS values can also provide some useful information and they are closely linked with LV function, CMR feature tracking may provide assistance in the evaluation of LA-LV coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinna Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China; Research Center of Clinical Medical Imaging, Anhui Province Clinical Image Quality Control Center, No. 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China
| | - Ren Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China
| | - Wei Deng
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China; Research Center of Clinical Medical Imaging, Anhui Province Clinical Image Quality Control Center, No. 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yuguo Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China; Research Center of Clinical Medical Imaging, Anhui Province Clinical Image Quality Control Center, No. 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China
| | - Shutian An
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China; Research Center of Clinical Medical Imaging, Anhui Province Clinical Image Quality Control Center, No. 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yinfeng Qian
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China; Research Center of Clinical Medical Imaging, Anhui Province Clinical Image Quality Control Center, No. 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China; Research Center of Clinical Medical Imaging, Anhui Province Clinical Image Quality Control Center, No. 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yongqiang Yu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China; Research Center of Clinical Medical Imaging, Anhui Province Clinical Image Quality Control Center, No. 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiaohu Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China; Research Center of Clinical Medical Imaging, Anhui Province Clinical Image Quality Control Center, No. 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China.
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Tang SS, Shi R, Yang ZG, Wang J, Min CY, Yan WF, Zhang Y, Li Y. Incremental Effect of Mitral Regurgitation on Left Atrial Dysfunction and Atrioventricular Interaction in Hypertensive Patients by MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 2023; 58:1125-1136. [PMID: 36733221 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.28604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitral regurgitation may occur when hypertension causes left ventricular (LV) and left atrial (LA) remodeling. However, its role in LA function in hypertensive patients remains unclear. PURPOSE To explore how mitral regurgitation affects LA function in hypertension and to investigate atrioventricular interaction in hypertensive patients with mitral regurgitation. STUDY TYPE Retrospective. POPULATION A total of 193 hypertensive cases and 64 controls. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE A 3.0 T/balanced steady-state free precession. ASSESSMENT LA volume (LAV), LA strain (reservoir, conduit, and active), LA ejection fraction, and LV strain (global peak longitudinal [GLS], circumferential [GCS], and radial strain [GRS]) were evaluated and compared among groups. Regurgitant fraction (RF) was evaluated in regurgitation patients and used to subdivide patients into mild (RF: 0%-30%), moderate (RF: 30%-50%), and severe (RF: >50%) regurgitation categories. STATISTICAL TESTS One-way analysis of variance, Spearman and Pearson's correlation coefficients (r), and multivariable linear regression analysis. A P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Hypertensive patients without mitral regurgitation showed significantly impaired LA reservoir and conduit functions and significantly decreased LV GLS but preserved pump function and LAV compared to controls (P = 0.193-1.0). Hypertensive cases with mild regurgitation (N = 22) had significantly enlarged LAV and further reduced LA reservoir function, while the group with moderate regurgitation (N = 20) showed significantly reduced LA pump function, further impaired conduit function, and significantly reduced LV strain. The severe regurgitation (N = 13) group demonstrated significantly more severely impaired LA and LV functions and LAV enlargement. Multivariable linear regression showed that regurgitation degree, GRS, GCS, and GLS were independently correlated with the LA reservoir, conduit, and active strain in hypertensive patients with mitral regurgitation. DATA CONCLUSION Mitral regurgitation may exacerbate LA and LV impairment in hypertension. Regurgitation degree, LV GRS, GCS, and GLS were independent determinants of the LA strain in hypertensive patients with mitral regurgitation, which demonstrated atrioventricular interaction. EVIDENCE LEVEL 4. TECHNICAL EFFICACY Stage 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Shi Tang
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Radiology, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui Shi
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Yang
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chen-Yan Min
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei-Feng Yan
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Yao B, Wu R, Chen BH, Wesemann LD, Xu JR, Zhou Y, Wu LM. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance myocardial feature tracking for the determination of left atrial strain in hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Clin Radiol 2023; 78:e409-e416. [PMID: 36746719 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2022.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
AIM To measure the left atrial (LA) function in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM; with [OHCM] and without obstruction [NOHCM]) and hypertension-related left ventricular hypertrophy (H-LVH) using cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging feature tracking (CMR-FT). MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients who met the criteria for HCM (n=68), H-LVH (n=46), and 30 healthy controls participated. Left atrial strain was analysed using CMR-FT in cine images with two and four chambers. RESULTS The strain rate and LA strain measurements showed that patients with HCM, and H-LVH had impaired conduit and reservoir functions (versus controls). These capacities were more severely impaired in OHCM than those seen in NOHCM and H-LVH. The LA volume parameters (LAVIpac, LAVImin and LAVImax) from the OHCM group were higher than both the NOHCM and H-LVH groups (all p<0.05). There were differences between the OHCM and H-LVH groups in terms of the parameters for LA reservoir function (εs), booster pump function (SRa), and conduit function (SRe, LA passive EF, εe; p<0.05). The strongest correlations included the associations between LA total EF and εs, εe and LA passive EF, and SRe and LA passive EF. CONCLUSION CMR-FT can reliably identify LA dysfunction and deformation in the early stages of HCM and H-LVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Yao
- Department of Radiology, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - R Wu
- Department of Radiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - B-H Chen
- Department of Radiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - L D Wesemann
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - J-R Xu
- Department of Radiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Y Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - L-M Wu
- Department of Radiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China.
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Shen MT, Li Y, Guo YK, Gao Y, Jiang L, Shi R, Yang ZG. The Impact of Hypertension on Left Ventricular Function and Remodeling in Non-Ischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy Patients: A 3.0 T MRI Study. J Magn Reson Imaging 2022. [PMID: 36226793 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.28475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension (HTN) is highly prevalent in non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NIDCM) patients, but little is known about its impact on left ventricular (LV) function and remodeling. PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of hypertension on LV function and remodeling in NIDCM patients. STUDY TYPE Retrospective. POPULATION Two-hundred and twelve NIDCM (HTN-) patients, 91 NIDCM (HTN+) patients, and 74 normal controls. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE 3.0 T/bSSFP and phase-sensitive inversion recovery sequence. ASSESSMENT The LV geometry, myocardial strain, remodeling index (calculated as LVM/LVEDV), and LGE were measured and compared between groups. Determinants of LV strain and remodeling in NIDCM were investigated. STATISTICAL TESTS Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, one-way analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis test, univariable and multivariable linear regression. A P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Compared with normal controls, NIDCM patients had significantly higher LVEDV and significantly impaired LV strains, including LV global peak strain (PS) and peak systolic and diastolic strain rates in the radial, circumferential, and longitudinal directions. The NIDCM (HTN+) group had significantly decreased LV global longitudinal PS and peak diastolic strain rate (PDSR), and significantly increased LV mass index and remodeling index compared to the NIDCM (HTN-) group, despite there being no significant difference in ejection fraction (P = 0.241). The prevalence of LV LGE was significantly higher in the NIDCM (HTN+) group than in the NIDCM (HTN-) group. In multivariable regression models adjusted for potential confounders, hypertension was independently associated with LV global longitudinal PS and PDSR. Male sex, resting heart rate, and log(NT-proBNP) level were independent determinants of LV strains. Moreover, male sex, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and presence of LGE were independent determinants of LV remodeling index. DATA CONCLUSION These findings suggest that coexistence of hypertension may further exacerbate the reduction in LV global strain and the aggravation of LV remodeling in NIDCM patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ting Shen
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying-Kun Guo
- Department of Radiology, Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Shi
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Yang
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Erdei T, Rodrigues JCL, Hartley-Davies R, Dastidar AG, Szantho GV, Hart EC, Nightingale AK, Manghat NE, Hamilton MCK. The effect of left ventricular longitudinal strain on left atrial function and ventricular filling in hypertension. Clin Radiol 2022; 77:e379-e386. [PMID: 35303990 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2022.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the relationship of global longitudinal strain during left atrial (LA) and left ventricular (LV) filling and emptying. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using magnetic resonance imaging in 47 hypertensive patients, biplane global LV longitudinal strain was evaluated and related to LA and LV filling and emptying (by volumetric analysis), and to pulmonary vein and trans-mitral flow (by phase-contrast imaging). The results were compared to normal subjects. RESULTS In hypertensive patients, reduced global longitudinal LV strain was associated with reduced LA reservoir (47 ± 10 versus 53 ± 9%, p<0.05), reduced LA conduit function (21 ± 9 versus 32 ± 11%, p<0.004), reduced LA early peak emptying rate (150 ± 77 versus 230 ± 88 ml/s, p=0.007), and slower early LV filling (373 ± 141 versus 478 ± 141 ml/s, p=0.03). LA peak filling rate showed a positive correlation to LV peak emptying rate (R=0.331, p=0.02). CONCLUSION In hypertensive heart disease, impaired LV longitudinal systolic function causes reduced LA filling and emptying, and this leads directly to impaired LV filling and diastolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Erdei
- CMR Unit, Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - J C L Rodrigues
- CMR Unit, Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK; Clinical Radiology, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK; Cardionomics Research Group, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TY, UK
| | - R Hartley-Davies
- Medical Physics, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - A G Dastidar
- CMR Unit, Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - G V Szantho
- CMR Unit, Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - E C Hart
- Cardionomics Research Group, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TY, UK
| | - A K Nightingale
- Cardionomics Research Group, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TY, UK
| | - N E Manghat
- CMR Unit, Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK; Clinical Radiology, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK; Cardionomics Research Group, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TY, UK
| | - M C K Hamilton
- CMR Unit, Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK; Clinical Radiology, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK.
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Fries RC, Kadotani S, Keating SCJ, Stack JP. Cardiac extracellular volume fraction in cats with preclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:812-822. [PMID: 33634479 PMCID: PMC7995366 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) allows for detection of fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) by quantification of the extracellular volume fraction (ECV). Hypothesis/Objectives To quantify native T1 mapping and ECV in cats. We hypothesize that native T1 mapping and ECV will be significantly increased in HCM cats compared with healthy cats. Animals Seventeen healthy and 12 preclinical HCM, age‐matched, client‐owned cats. Methods Prospective observational study. Tests performed included indirect blood pressure, CBC, biochemical analysis including total thyroid, urinalysis, transthoracic echocardiogram, and CMR. Cats were considered healthy if all tests were within normal limits and a diagnosis of HCM was determined by the presence of left ventricular concentric hypertrophy ≥6 mm on echocardiography. Results There were statistically significant differences in LV mass (healthy = 5.87 g, HCM = 10.3 g, P < .0001), native T1 mapping (healthy = 1122 ms, HCM = 1209 ms, P = .004), and ECV (healthy = 26.0%, HCM = 32.6%, P < .0001). Variables of diastolic function including deceleration time of early diastolic transmitral flow (DTE), ratio between peak velocity of early diastolic transmitral flow and peak velocity of late diastolic transmitral flow (E : A), and peak velocity of late diastolic transmitral flow (A wave) were significantly correlated with ECV (DTE; r = 0.73 P = .007, E : A; r = −0.75 P = .004, A wave; r = 0.76 P = .004). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Quantitative assessment of cardiac ECV is feasible and can provide additional information not available using echocardiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Fries
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Saki Kadotani
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Stephanie C J Keating
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Jonathan P Stack
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
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Li L, Chen X, Yin G, Yan W, Cui C, Cheng H, Lu M, Zhao S. Early detection of left atrial dysfunction assessed by CMR feature tracking in hypertensive patients. Eur Radiol 2019; 30:702-711. [PMID: 31515621 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-019-06397-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether early left atrial (LA) dysfunction in hypertension (HTN), with or without left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), can be detected by cardiovascular magnetic resonance feature tracking (CMR-FT). METHODS Seventy-three HTN patients and 29 healthy controls were retrospectively recruited. HTN patients were divided into the LVH (n = 29) and non-LVH group (n = 44). LA performance was analysed using CMR-FT in 2- and 4-chamber cine images, including LA reservoir function (total ejection fraction [EF], total strain [εs], peak positive strain rate [SRs]), conduit function (passive EF, passive strain [εe], peak early negative strain rate [SRe]) and booster pump function (booster EF, active strain [εa], late peak negative strain rate [SRa]). One-way analysis of variance with post hoc LSD tests, Spearman analysis, receiver operating characteristic curve and intra-class correlation coefficient analysis were applied for statistical analyses. RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, LA reservoir (LA total EF, εs, SRs) and conduit function (LA passive EF, εe, SRe) were significantly impaired in HTN patients with or without LVH, and these parameters significantly correlated with mitral E/A < 1 (all p < 0.05). However, LA booster pump function was relatively preserved in non-LVH patients, representing an intermediate stage between the LVH group and controls. Among LA deformation parameters, εe showed the highest diagnostic value for differentiation of HTN patients with healthy controls (AUC, 0.82; sensitivity, 80.82%; specificity, 72.41%). Observer reproducibility was good-excellent (ICC, 0.83-0.97) for all CMR-FT derived parameters. CONCLUSIONS CMR-FT is a promising tool for quantification of LA function. LA reservoir and conduit dysfunction might be detected early by CMR-FT in HTN patients before the presence of LVH. KEY POINTS • CMR-FT is a promising tool in quantifying LA function, including deformation and volumetric parameters. • LA reservoir and conduit dysfunction might be detected early by CMR-FT in HTN patients with or without LVH. • The LA booster pump function was relatively preserved in non-LVH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- Department of CMR, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 167 Beilishi Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Xiuyu Chen
- Department of CMR, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 167 Beilishi Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Gang Yin
- Department of CMR, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 167 Beilishi Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Weipeng Yan
- Department of CMR, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 167 Beilishi Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Chen Cui
- Department of CMR, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 167 Beilishi Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Huaibin Cheng
- Department of Function Test Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Minjie Lu
- Department of CMR, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 167 Beilishi Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Shihua Zhao
- Department of CMR, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 167 Beilishi Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100037, China.
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