1
|
Shouldice VL, Edwards AM, Serpell JA, Niel L, Robinson JAB. Expression of Behavioural Traits in Goldendoodles and Labradoodles. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9121162. [PMID: 31861203 PMCID: PMC6940824 DOI: 10.3390/ani9121162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Crossbred dogs are gaining in popularity with the general public, but we do not fully understand how these crossbreds behave compared to their parent breeds in regard to inherited behaviour traits. Because of this, we investigated behaviours exhibited by crossbred dogs by focusing on the popular Goldendoodle and Labradoodle crossbreds by comparing them to their corresponding parent or constituent breeds: Standard or Miniature Poodle, and Golden Retriever or Labrador Retriever. The data for this study was provided by 5141 volunteer dog owners from across the world who filled out the Canine Behavioural Assessment and Research Questionnaire (C-BARQ) online survey. The survey results were used to analyse fourteen different representative behavioural trait scores. As expected from a first-generation crossbred (F1), the crossbreds in our study tend to fall between the two parent breeds with some exceptions. The Goldendoodle displayed more problematic behaviour when compared to its constituent breeds, whereas the Labradoodle only differs significantly from the Miniature Poodle in dog rivalry. These results can help advise future dog owners on behavioural trends for particular crossbreds. Abstract As crossbred dogs gain in popularity, how they express inherited behaviour traits in comparison to their purebred constituent breeds is of interest. We investigated behaviours exhibited by crossbred dogs by focusing on the popular Goldendoodle and Labradoodle crossbreds and comparing them to their corresponding constituent breeds: Standard and Miniature Poodle, Golden Retriever or Labrador Retriever. The data for this study was provided by 5141 volunteer dog owners who filled out the Canine Behavioural Assessment and Research Questionnaire (C-BARQ) online survey. The survey results were used to analyse breed differences in fourteen representative behavioural trait scores: trainability, stranger-directed aggression, owner-directed aggression, dog-directed aggression, dog rivalry, dog-directed fear, stranger-directed fear, non-social fear, touch sensitivity, separation-related problems, excitability, attachment/attention-seeking behaviours, energy and chasing. As expected from a first-generation crossbred (F1), the crossbreds in our study tend to fall between the two constituent parent breeds with some exceptions. Our results suggest that the F1 Labradoodle differed significantly from one of the pure constituent breeds only in dog rivalry, whereas the F1 Goldendoodle behaviour varied from one or more pure constituent breeds in dog rivalry, dog-directed aggression, dog-directed fear, and stranger-directed fear. These results can help advise future dog owners on behavioural trends for particular crossbreds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L. Shouldice
- Center for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
- Correspondence:
| | - A. Michelle Edwards
- Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - James A. Serpell
- Department Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Lee Niel
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - J. Andrew B. Robinson
- Center for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Katogiritis A, Khanna C. Towards the Delivery of Precision Veterinary Cancer Medicine. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2019; 49:809-818. [PMID: 31256903 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We introduce a next phase in the evolution of medicine affecting human and veterinary patients. This evolution, genomic cancer medicine (Pmed), involves expansion of genomic and molecular biology into clinical medicine. The implementation of these new technologies has already begun and is a commercial reality. We introduce the underpinnings for this evolution, and focus on application in complex disease states. Pet owners have begun requesting Pmed technologies. To meet this demand, it is important to be aware of the opportunities and obstacles associated with available Pmed offerings as well as the current state of the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Katogiritis
- EthosVeterinaryHealth LLC, 20 Cabot Road, Woburn, MA 01801, USA; EthosDiscovery(501c3), Washington, DC, USA. https://twitter.com/DoctorAnnaK
| | - Chand Khanna
- EthosVeterinaryHealth LLC, 20 Cabot Road, Woburn, MA 01801, USA; EthosDiscovery(501c3), Washington, DC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Variants in the interleukin-1 alpha and beta genes, and the risk for periodontal disease in dogs. J Genet 2015; 94:651-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-015-0576-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
4
|
Barrios AW, Sánchez-Quinteiro P, Salazar I. Dog and mouse: toward a balanced view of the mammalian olfactory system. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:106. [PMID: 25309347 PMCID: PMC4174761 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the most intensively studied mammalian olfactory system is that of the mouse, in which olfactory chemical cues of one kind or another are detected in four different nasal areas [the main olfactory epithelium (MOE), the septal organ (SO), Grüneberg's ganglion, and the sensory epithelium of the vomeronasal organ (VNO)], the extraordinarily sensitive olfactory system of the dog is also an important model that is increasingly used, for example in genomic studies of species evolution. Here we describe the topography and extent of the main olfactory and vomeronasal sensory epithelia of the dog, and we report finding no structures equivalent to the Grüneberg ganglion and SO of the mouse. Since we examined adults, newborns, and fetuses we conclude that these latter structures are absent in dogs, possibly as the result of regression or involution. The absence of a vomeronasal component based on VR2 receptors suggests that the VNO may be undergoing a similar involutionary process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ignacio Salazar
- Unit of Anatomy and Embryology, Department of Anatomy and Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de CompostelaLugo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Alvarez CE. Naturally Occurring Cancers in Dogs: Insights for Translational Genetics and Medicine. ILAR J 2014; 55:16-45. [DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilu010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
6
|
Guo Y, Bird DM, Nielsen DM. Improved structural annotation of protein-coding genes in the Meloidogyne hapla genome using RNA-Seq. WORM 2014; 3:e29158. [PMID: 25254153 DOI: 10.4161/worm.29158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
As high-throughput cDNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) is increasingly applied to hypothesis-driven biological studies, the prediction of protein coding genes based on these data are usurping strictly in silico approaches. Compared with computationally derived gene predictions, structural annotation is more accurate when based on biological evidence, particularly RNA-Seq data. Here, we refine the current genome annotation for the Meloidogyne hapla genome utilizing RNA-Seq data. Published structural annotation defines 14 420 protein-coding genes in the M. hapla genome. Of these, 25% (3751) were found to exhibit some incongruence with RNA-Seq data. Manual annotation enabled these discrepancies to be resolved. Our analysis revealed 544 new gene models that were missing from the prior annotation. Additionally, 1457 transcribed regions were newly identified on the ends of as-yet-unjoined contigs. We also searched for trans-spliced leaders, and based on RNA-Seq data, identified genes that appear to be trans-spliced. Four 22-bp trans-spliced leaders were identified using our pipeline, including the known trans-spliced leader, which is the M. hapla ortholog of SL1. In silico predictions of trans-splicing were validated by comparison with earlier results derived from an independent cDNA library constructed to capture trans-spliced transcripts. The new annotation, which we term HapPep5, is publically available at www.hapla.org.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuelong Guo
- Bioinformatics Research Center; NC State University; Raleigh NC USA
| | - David McK Bird
- Bioinformatics Research Center; NC State University; Raleigh NC USA ; Department of Plant Pathology; NC State University; Raleigh NC USA
| | - Dahlia M Nielsen
- Bioinformatics Research Center; NC State University; Raleigh NC USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Roy M, Kim N, Kim K, Chung WH, Achawanantakun R, Sun Y, Wayne R. Analysis of the canine brain transcriptome with an emphasis on the hypothalamus and cerebral cortex. Mamm Genome 2013; 24:484-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s00335-013-9480-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
8
|
Mooney M, Bond J, Monks N, Eugster E, Cherba D, Berlinski P, Kamerling S, Marotti K, Simpson H, Rusk T, Tembe W, Legendre C, Benson H, Liang W, Webb CP. Comparative RNA-Seq and microarray analysis of gene expression changes in B-cell lymphomas of Canis familiaris. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61088. [PMID: 23593398 PMCID: PMC3617154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative oncology is a developing research discipline that is being used to assist our understanding of human neoplastic diseases. Companion canines are a preferred animal oncology model due to spontaneous tumor development and similarity to human disease at the pathophysiological level. We use a paired RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq)/microarray analysis of a set of four normal canine lymph nodes and ten canine lymphoma fine needle aspirates to identify technical biases and variation between the technologies and convergence on biological disease pathways. Surrogate Variable Analysis (SVA) provides a formal multivariate analysis of the combined RNA-Seq/microarray data set. Applying SVA to the data allows us to decompose variation into contributions associated with transcript abundance, differences between the technology, and latent variation within each technology. A substantial and highly statistically significant component of the variation reflects transcript abundance, and RNA-Seq appeared more sensitive for detection of transcripts expressed at low levels. Latent random variation among RNA-Seq samples is also distinct in character from that impacting microarray samples. In particular, we observed variation between RNA-Seq samples that reflects transcript GC content. Platform-independent variable decomposition without a priori knowledge of the sources of variation using SVA represents a generalizable method for accomplishing cross-platform data analysis. We identified genes differentially expressed between normal lymph nodes of disease free dogs and a subset of the diseased dogs diagnosed with B-cell lymphoma using each technology. There is statistically significant overlap between the RNA-Seq and microarray sets of differentially expressed genes. Analysis of overlapping genes in the context of biological systems suggests elevated expression and activity of PI3K signaling in B-cell lymphoma biopsies compared with normal biopsies, consistent with literature describing successful use of drugs targeting this pathway in lymphomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Mooney
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Bond
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Noel Monks
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Emily Eugster
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - David Cherba
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Pamela Berlinski
- Pfizer Animal Health, Pfizer Inc, Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Steve Kamerling
- Pfizer Animal Health, Pfizer Inc, Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Keith Marotti
- Pfizer Animal Health, Pfizer Inc, Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Heather Simpson
- Pfizer Animal Health, Pfizer Inc, Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Tony Rusk
- Animal Clinical Investigation, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Waibhav Tembe
- Collaborative Bioinformatics Center, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Christophe Legendre
- Collaborative Bioinformatics Center, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Hollie Benson
- Collaborative Sequencing Center, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Winnie Liang
- Collaborative Sequencing Center, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Craig Paul Webb
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
For nearly 350 years, veterinary medicine and human medicine have been separate entities, with one geared toward the diagnosis and treatment in animals and the other toward parallel goals in the owners. However, that model no longer fits, since research on diseases of humans and companion animals has coalesced.– The catalyst for this union has been the completion of the human genome sequence, coupled with draft sequence assemblies of genomes for companion animals., Here, we summarize the critical events in canine genetics and genomics that have led to this development, review major applications in canine health that will be of interest to human caregivers, and discuss expectations for the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine A Ostrander
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Forman OP, De Risio L, Stewart J, Mellersh CS, Beltran E. Genome-wide mRNA sequencing of a single canine cerebellar cortical degeneration case leads to the identification of a disease associated SPTBN2 mutation. BMC Genet 2012; 13:55. [PMID: 22781464 PMCID: PMC3413603 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-13-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neonatal cerebellar cortical degeneration is a neurodegenerative disease described in several canine breeds including the Beagle. Affected Beagles are unable to ambulate normally from the onset of walking and the main pathological findings include Purkinje cell loss with swollen dendritic processes. Previous reports suggest an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. The development of massively parallel sequencing techniques has presented the opportunity to investigate individual clinical cases using genome-wide sequencing approaches. We used genome-wide mRNA sequencing (mRNA-seq) of cerebellum tissue from a single Beagle with neonatal cerebellar cortical degeneration as a method of candidate gene sequencing, with the aim of identifying the causal mutation. Results A four-week old Beagle dog presented with progressive signs of cerebellar ataxia and the owner elected euthanasia. Histopathology revealed findings consistent with cerebellar cortical degeneration. Genome-wide mRNA sequencing (mRNA-seq) of RNA from cerebellum tissue was used as a method of candidate gene sequencing. After analysis of the canine orthologues of human spinocerebellar ataxia associated genes, we identified a homozygous 8 bp deletion in the β-III spectrin gene, SPTBN2, associated with spinocerebellar type 5 in humans. Genotype analysis of the sire, dam, ten clinically unaffected siblings, and an affected sibling from a previous litter, showed the mutation to fully segregate with the disorder. Previous studies have shown that β-III spectrin is critical for Purkinje cell development, and the absence of this protein can lead to cell damage through excitotoxicity, consistent with the observed Purkinje cell loss, degeneration of dendritic processes and associated neurological dysfunction in this Beagle. Conclusions An 8 bp deletion in the SPTBN2 gene encoding β-III spectrin is associated with neonatal cerebellar cortical degeneration in Beagle dogs. This study shows that mRNA-seq is a feasible method of screening candidate genes for mutations associated with rare diseases when a suitable tissue resource is available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver P Forman
- Kennel Club Genetics Centre, Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|