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PAX9 Is Involved in Periodontal Ligament Stem Cell-like Differentiation of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by Regulating Extracellular Matrix. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102366. [DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) play central roles in periodontal ligament (PDL) tissue homeostasis, repair, and regeneration. Previously, we established a protocol to differentiate human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural crest-like cells (iNCs) into PDLSC-like cells (iPDLSCs) using human PDL cell-derived extracellular matrix (ECM). However, it remained unclear what factors principally regulate the differentiation of iNCs into iPDLSCs. In this study, we aimed to identify the transcription factor regulating production of human PDL cell-derived ECM, which is responsible for the generation of iPDLSCs. We cultured iNCs on ECMs of two human PDL cell lines (HPDLC-3S and HPDLC-3U) and of human dermal fibroblasts (HDF). iNCs cultured on HPDLC-3U demonstrated higher iPDLSC-associated gene expression and mesenchymal differentiation capacity than cells cultured on HDF or HPDLC-3S. The transcription factor PAX9 was highly expressed in HPDLC-3U compared with HDF and HPDLC-3S. iNCs cultured on siPAX9-transfected HPDLC-3U displayed downregulation of iPDLSC-associated marker expression and adipocytic differentiation capacity relative to controls. Our findings suggest that PAX9 is one of the transcription factors regulating ECM production in human PDL cells, which is responsible for the differentiation of iNCs into iPDLSCs.
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Chen X, Li Y, Paiboonrungruang C, Li Y, Peters H, Kist R, Xiong Z. PAX9 in Cancer Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5589. [PMID: 35628401 PMCID: PMC9147292 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Paired box 9 (PAX9) is a transcription factor of the PAX family functioning as both a transcriptional activator and repressor. Its functional roles in the embryonic development of various tissues and organs have been well studied. However, its roles and molecular mechanisms in cancer development are largely unknown. Here, we review the current understanding of PAX9 expression, upstream regulation of PAX9, and PAX9 downstream events in cancer development. Promoter hypermethylation, promoter SNP, microRNA, and inhibition of upstream pathways (e.g., NOTCH) result in PAX9 silencing or downregulation, whereas gene amplification and an epigenetic axis upregulate PAX9 expression. PAX9 may contribute to carcinogenesis through dysregulation of its transcriptional targets and related molecular pathways. In summary, extensive studies on PAX9 in its cellular and tissue contexts are warranted in various cancers, in particular, HNSCC, ESCC, lung cancer, and cervical SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxin Chen
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (X.C.); (Y.L.); (C.P.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yahui Li
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (X.C.); (Y.L.); (C.P.); (Y.L.)
| | - Chorlada Paiboonrungruang
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (X.C.); (Y.L.); (C.P.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yong Li
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (X.C.); (Y.L.); (C.P.); (Y.L.)
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center, Cancer Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 17 Panjiayuan Nanli Road, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Heiko Peters
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, UK;
| | - Ralf Kist
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, UK;
- School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, UK
| | - Zhaohui Xiong
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (X.C.); (Y.L.); (C.P.); (Y.L.)
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Bhol CS, Patil S, Sahu BB, Patra SK, Bhutia SK. The clinical significance and correlative signaling pathways of paired box gene 9 in development and carcinogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188561. [PMID: 33965511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Paired box 9 (PAX9) gene belongs to the PAX family, which encodes a family of metazoan transcription factors documented by a conserved DNA binding paired domain 128-amino-acids, critically essential for physiology and development. It is primarily expressed in embryonic tissues, such as the pharyngeal pouch endoderm, somites, neural crest-derived mesenchyme, and distal limb buds. PAX9 plays a vital role in craniofacial development by maintaining the odontogenic potential, mutations, and polymorphisms associated with the risk of tooth agenesis, hypodontia, and crown size in dentition. The loss-of-function of PAX9 in the murine model resulted in a short life span due to the arrest of cleft palate formation and skeletal abnormalities. According to recent studies, the PAX9 gene has a significant role in maintaining squamous cell differentiation, odontoblast differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, deregulation of which is associated with tumor initiation, and malignant transformation. Moreover, PAX9 contributes to promoter hypermethylation and alcohol- induced oro-esophageal squamous cell carcinoma mediated by downregulation of differentiation and apoptosis. Likewise, PAX9 activation is also reported to be associated with drug sensitivity. In summary, this current review aims to understand PAX9 function in the regulation of development, differentiation, and carcinogenesis, along with the underlying signaling pathways for possible cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Sekhar Bhol
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Binod Bihari Sahu
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Samir Kumar Patra
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Sujit Kumar Bhutia
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
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4
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Gao S, Yan L, Wang R, Li J, Yong J, Zhou X, Wei Y, Wu X, Wang X, Fan X, Yan J, Zhi X, Gao Y, Guo H, Jin X, Wang W, Mao Y, Wang F, Wen L, Fu W, Ge H, Qiao J, Tang F. Tracing the temporal-spatial transcriptome landscapes of the human fetal digestive tract using single-cell RNA-sequencing. Nat Cell Biol 2018; 20:721-734. [DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0105-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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5
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Xiong Z, Ren S, Chen H, Liu Y, Huang C, Zhang YL, Odera JO, Chen T, Kist R, Peters H, Garman K, Sun Z, Chen X. PAX9 regulates squamous cell differentiation and carcinogenesis in the oro-oesophageal epithelium. J Pathol 2018; 244:164-175. [PMID: 29055049 PMCID: PMC5842438 DOI: 10.1002/path.4998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PAX9 is a transcription factor of the PAX family characterized by a DNA-binding paired domain. Previous studies have suggested a potential role of PAX9 in squamous cell differentiation and carcinogenesis of the oro-oesophageal epithelium. However, its functional roles in differentiation and carcinogenesis remain unclear. In this study, Pax9 deficiency in mouse oesophagus promoted cell proliferation, delayed cell differentiation, and altered the global gene expression profile. Ethanol exposure downregulated PAX9 expression in human oesophageal epithelial cells in vitro and mouse forestomach and tongue in vivo. We further showed that PAX9 was downregulated in human oro-oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OESCC), and its downregulation was associated with alcohol drinking and promoter hypermethylation. Moreover, ad libitum feeding with a liquid diet containing ethanol for 40 weeks or Pax9 deficiency promoted N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine-induced squamous cell carcinogenesis in mouse tongue, oesophagus, and forestomach. In conclusion, PAX9 regulates squamous cell differentiation in the oro-oesophageal epithelium. Alcohol drinking and promoter hypermethylation are associated with PAX9 silencing in human OESCC. PAX9 downregulation may contribute to alcohol-associated oro-oesophageal squamous cell carcinogenesis. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Xiong
- Department of Oral Medicine, Beijing Hospital for Stomatology, Capital Medical University, 4 Tian-Tan-Xi-Li, Beijing 100050, China
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Shuang Ren
- Department of Oral Medicine, Beijing Hospital for Stomatology, Capital Medical University, 4 Tian-Tan-Xi-Li, Beijing 100050, China
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Oral Medicine, Beijing Hospital for Stomatology, Capital Medical University, 4 Tian-Tan-Xi-Li, Beijing 100050, China
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Caizhi Huang
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Yawan Lyvia Zhang
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Joab Otieno Odera
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Tong Chen
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, 410 West 12 Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ralf Kist
- Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4BW, UK
- Institute of Human Genetics, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Heiko Peters
- Institute of Human Genetics, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Katherine Garman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, DUMC 3913, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Zheng Sun
- Department of Oral Medicine, Beijing Hospital for Stomatology, Capital Medical University, 4 Tian-Tan-Xi-Li, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaoxin Chen
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Feng J, Jing J, Sanchez-Lara PA, Bootwalla MS, Buckley J, Wu N, Yan Y, Chai Y. Generation and characterization of tamoxifen-inducible Pax9-CreER knock-in mice using CrispR/Cas9. Genesis 2016; 54:490-6. [PMID: 27381449 PMCID: PMC5021577 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Pax9 encodes a paired-box homeodomain (Pax) transcription factor and is critical for the development of multiple organs. Using CrispR/Cas9-mediated homologous directed repair (HDR), we generated a new Pax9-CreER knock-in mouse line in which the CreER(T2) fusion protein is produced after synthesis of endogenous Pax9 protein. We found that tdTomato reporter expression in Pax9-CreER;tdTomato reporter mice is detectable in a similar pattern to the endogenous Pax9 expression, faithfully recapitulating the Pax9 expression domains throughout the embryo and in the adult mouse. At early embryonic stages, the tdTomato reporter is expressed first in the pharyngeal pouch region and later in the craniofacial mesenchyme, somites, limbs, and lingual papillae in the adult tongue. These results demonstrate that this new Pax9-CreER knock-in mouse line can be used for lineage tracing and genetic targeting of Pax9-expressing cells and their progeny in a temporally and spatially controlled manner during development and organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifan Feng
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Junjun Jing
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Pedro A Sanchez-Lara
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
- Department of Pathology & Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Moiz S Bootwalla
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Jonathan Buckley
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Nancy Wu
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center Transgenic/Knockout Rodent Core Facility, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Youzhen Yan
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center Transgenic/Knockout Rodent Core Facility, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Yang Chai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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7
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Šerý O, Bonczek O, Hloušková A, Černochová P, Vaněk J, Míšek I, Krejčí P, Izakovičová Hollá L. A screen of a large Czech cohort of oligodontia patients implicates a novel mutation in thePAX9gene. Eur J Oral Sci 2015; 123:65-71. [DOI: 10.1111/eos.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Šerý
- Laboratory of DNA Diagnostics; Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Animal Embryology; Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics; The Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Bonczek
- Laboratory of DNA Diagnostics; Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Animal Embryology; Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics; The Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Alena Hloušková
- Laboratory of DNA Diagnostics; Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Černochová
- Clinic of Stomatology; Faculty of Medicine; Masaryk University and St. Anne's University Hospital; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Vaněk
- Clinic of Stomatology; Faculty of Medicine; Masaryk University and St. Anne's University Hospital; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Míšek
- Laboratory of Animal Embryology; Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics; The Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno Czech Republic
- Clinic of Stomatology; Faculty of Medicine; Masaryk University and St. Anne's University Hospital; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Přemysl Krejčí
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; Institute of Dentistry and Oral Sciences; Palacký University; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Lydie Izakovičová Hollá
- Clinic of Stomatology; Faculty of Medicine; Masaryk University and St. Anne's University Hospital; Brno Czech Republic
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Targeting of Slc25a21 is associated with orofacial defects and otitis media due to disrupted expression of a neighbouring gene. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91807. [PMID: 24642684 PMCID: PMC3958370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Homozygosity for Slc25a21tm1a(KOMP)Wtsi results in mice exhibiting orofacial abnormalities, alterations in carpal and rugae structures, hearing impairment and inflammation in the middle ear. In humans it has been hypothesised that the 2-oxoadipate mitochondrial carrier coded by SLC25A21 may be involved in the disease 2-oxoadipate acidaemia. Unexpectedly, no 2-oxoadipate acidaemia-like symptoms were observed in animals homozygous for Slc25a21tm1a(KOMP)Wtsi despite confirmation that this allele reduces Slc25a21 expression by 71.3%. To study the complete knockout, an allelic series was generated using the loxP and FRT sites typical of a Knockout Mouse Project allele. After removal of the critical exon and neomycin selection cassette, Slc25a21 knockout mice homozygous for the Slc25a21tm1b(KOMP)Wtsi and Slc25a21tm1d(KOMP)Wtsi alleles were phenotypically indistinguishable from wild-type. This led us to explore the genomic environment of Slc25a21 and to discover that expression of Pax9, located 3′ of the target gene, was reduced in homozygous Slc25a21tm1a(KOMP)Wtsi mice. We hypothesize that the presence of the selection cassette is the cause of the down regulation of Pax9 observed. The phenotypes we observed in homozygous Slc25a21tm1a(KOMP)Wtsi mice were broadly consistent with a hypomorphic Pax9 allele with the exception of otitis media and hearing impairment which may be a novel consequence of Pax9 down regulation. We explore the ramifications associated with this particular targeted mutation and emphasise the need to interpret phenotypes taking into consideration all potential underlying genetic mechanisms.
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Abstract
PAX genes have been shown to be critically required for the development of specific tissues and organs during embryogenesis. In addition, PAX genes are expressed in a handful of adult tissues where they are thought to play important roles, usually different from those in embryogenesis. A common theme in adult tissues is a requirement for PAX gene expression in adult stem cell maintenance or tissue regeneration. The connections between adult stem cell PAX gene expression and cancer are intriguing, and the literature is replete with examples of PAX gene expression in either situation. Here we systematically review the literature and present an overview of postnatal PAX gene expression in normal and cancerous tissue. We discuss the potential link between PAX gene expression in adult tissue and cancer. In addition, we discuss whether persistent PAX gene expression in cancer is favorable or unfavorable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun G Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, CA, USA
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10
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Chen H, Fang Y, Tevebaugh W, Orlando RC, Shaheen NJ, Chen X. Molecular mechanisms of Barrett's esophagus. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56:3405-20. [PMID: 21984436 PMCID: PMC3750118 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-011-1885-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Barrett's esophagus (BE) is defined as the metaplastic conversion of esophageal squamous epithelium to intestinalized columnar epithelium. As a premalignant lesion of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), BE develops as a result of chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Many studies have been conducted to understand the molecular mechanisms of this disease. This review summarizes recent results involving squamous and intestinal transcription factors, signaling pathways, stromal factors, microRNAs, and other factors in the development of BE. A conceptual framework is proposed to guide future studies. We expect elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of BE to help in the development of improved management of GERD, BE, and EAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Cancer Research Program, JLC-BBRI, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Yu Fang
- Cancer Research Program, JLC-BBRI, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Whitney Tevebaugh
- Cancer Research Program, JLC-BBRI, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Roy C. Orlando
- Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7080, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Shaheen
- Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7080, USA
| | - Xiaoxin Chen
- Cancer Research Program, JLC-BBRI, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA,Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7080, USA,Corresponding authors: Xiaoxin Luke Chen, MD, PhD, Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA. Tel: 919-530-6425; Fax: 919-530-7780;
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11
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Spatiotemporal expression of Pax genes in amphioxus: insights into Pax-related organogenesis and evolution. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2010; 53:1031-40. [PMID: 20821303 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-010-4040-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The expression of four AmphiPax genes in 16 developmental stages and different organs in amphioxus (Branchiostoma belcheri) was investigated, finding those genes expressed throughout amphioxus life with temporal-specific (especially during embryogenesis and metamorphosis) and spatial-specific patterns. This study suggests that duplicated Pax genes in vertebrates might maintain most of their ancestral functions and also expand their expression patterns after the divergence of protochordates and vertebrates.
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12
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Lee JC, Sharma M, Lee YH, Lee NH, Kim SY, Yun JS, Nam SY, Hwang PH, Jhee EC, Yi HK. Pax9 mediated cell survival in oral squamous carcinoma cell enhanced by c-myb. Cell Biochem Funct 2009; 26:892-9. [PMID: 18979497 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Paired box gene 9 (Pax9) and c-myb are transcription factors that regulate the expression of the genes involved in mediating cell proliferation, resistance to apoptosis, and migration. However, the function of Pax9 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is virtually unknown. This study examined the anti-apoptotic roles of Pax9 and c-myb, and clarified interaction between the two genes in KB cells. Inhibition of Pax9 caused the induction of apoptosis with enhanced cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP, accelerated Bax, and reduced Bcl-2 expression. Transducing c-myb cells with adenovirus c-myb (Ad/c-myb) were induced cell growth and inhibited apoptosis, but dominant-negative myb cells (Ad/DN-myb) were not affected. Pax9 was upregulated in the Ad/c-myb cells with simultaneous decrease in the Ad/DN-myb infection. However, c-myb remained unaffected in the Pax9 small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfected cells. Moreover, the Pax9 siRNA transfected cells and Ad/DN-myb infected cells were able to arrest the cell cycle at the G(0) phase. This suggests that Pax9 and c-myb expression in KB cells is essential for cell growth, and survival is enhanced by c-myb. Disrupting the function of c-myb and Pax9 could be a potential target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Chang Lee
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Institute of Oral-Bio Science, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Joenju, Korea
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13
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Blake JA, Thomas M, Thompson JA, White R, Ziman M. Perplexing Pax: From puzzle to paradigm. Dev Dyn 2008; 237:2791-803. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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14
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Gene expression profile changes correlated with lymph node metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Odontology 2008; 96:38-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s10266-008-0084-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Accepted: 03/16/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Abstract
Pax9 is required for the formation of a variety of organs during mouse development. The function of Pax9 at postnatal stages is unknown since homozygosity of the null allele (Pax9(lacZ)) causes neonatal lethality. Recently, we have generated a hypomorphic Pax9 allele, Pax9(neo), which contains a removable neomycin resistance cassette (neo) and loxP sites flanking the first two exons of Pax9. Here we show that FLP-mediated in vivo excision of neo generates phenotypically normal Pax9(flox) mice. Crossing Pax9(flox) mice to PGK-Cre mice leads to efficient recombination of loxP sites and neonatal lethality in the resulting Pax9(del/del) offspring. Inactivation of Pax9 using Wnt1-Cre mice causes cleft secondary palate and tooth agenesis and reveals that the Pax9 expressing mesenchymal cells of the nose, palate, and teeth are derived from neural crest cells. The conditional Pax9 allele will be a valuable tool to study Pax9 function in specific tissues of adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Kist
- Institute of Human Genetics, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Suzuki M, Katagiri N, Ueda M, Tanaka S. Functional analysis of Nkx2.1 and Pax9 for calcitonin gene transcription. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2007; 152:259-66. [PMID: 17412341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2007.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2006] [Revised: 02/15/2007] [Accepted: 02/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nkx2.1 (TTF-1), a homeodomain-containing transcription factor essential for specific gene expression in thyroid follicular cells, exists also in the thyroidal C cells that secrete calcitonin (CT). In this report, we examined the effect of Nkx2.1 on the CT gene transcription. Luciferase reporter assay using the 2kbp promoter sequence of rat CT/CGRP gene revealed that Nkx2.1 induced a significant increase in the promoter transcription. Furthermore, we detected Pax1 and/or Pax9 gene expression in mammalian medullary thyroid carcinoma cell lines, rat rMTC and human TT cells, and in mammalian thyroid glands by RT-PCR. The Pax9 mRNA, expressed in the TT cells and rat thyroid, was then isolated by cDNA cloning. Sequence analysis showed that both rat and human Pax9 proteins contained characteristic domains: i.e. the paired domain and octapeptide motif. Alternative transcripts encoding Pax9 isoforms were not identified in the rat thyroid or TT cells. Dual luciferase assay indicated that Pax9 did not increase transcription from the CT/CGRP promoter. Pax9 also showed no cooperative effects when it was co-transfected with Nkx2.1. The results suggest that CT gene expression could be directly activated by Nkx2.1, whereas Pax9 is not involved in transcription from the 2kbp CT promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Suzuki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
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17
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Kamnasaran D, Chen CP, Devriendt K, Mehta L, Cox DW. Defining a holoprosencephaly locus on human chromosome 14q13 and characterization of potential candidate genes. Genomics 2005; 85:608-21. [PMID: 15820313 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2005.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2004] [Revised: 01/12/2005] [Accepted: 01/25/2005] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is the most common developmental field defect in patterning of the human prosencephalon and associated craniofacial structures. The genetics is complex, with 12 loci defined on 11 chromosomes. We defined a locus for HPE (HPE8) on human chromosome 14q13 between markers D14S49 and AFM205XG5, by mapping deletion intervals of affected subjects with proximal chromosome 14q interstitial cytogenetic deletions. A 35-BAC contig was built by chromosome walking. By annotation of the 2.82-Mb minimal critical region, we identified 28 possible genes. Seven genes were expressed in human fetal brain: NPAS3, SNX6, C14ORF11, C14ORF10, PAX9, NKX2.1, and C14ORF19, the last an apparent gene fragment. Molecular embryology, animal modeling, and human mutation studies were reported elsewhere for PAX9 and NKX2.1. We focused on three genes, SNX6, NPAS3, and C14ORF11, as potential candidates for HPE. Genomic structure, human expression patterns, protein cellular localization, and embryonic expression patterns of orthologous murine genes were determined, showing that the three genes have properties similar to those of known HPE genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kamnasaran
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7
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18
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Jonker L, Kist R, Aw A, Wappler I, Peters H. Pax9 is required for filiform papilla development and suppresses skin-specific differentiation of the mammalian tongue epithelium. Mech Dev 2004; 121:1313-22. [PMID: 15454262 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2004.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2004] [Revised: 07/01/2004] [Accepted: 07/02/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis is a derivative of the surface ectoderm. It forms a protective barrier and specific appendages including hair, nails, and different eccrine glands. The surface ectoderm also forms the epithelium of the oral cavity and tongue, which develop a slightly different barrier and form different appendages such as teeth, filiform papillae, taste papillae, and salivary glands. How this region-specific differentiation is genetically controlled is largely unknown. We show here that Pax9, which is expressed in the epithelium of the tongue but not in skin, regulates several aspects of tongue-specific epithelial differentiation. In Pax9-deficient mice filiform papillae lack the anterior-posterior polarity, a defect that is associated with temporal-spatial changes in Hoxc13 expression. Barrier formation is disturbed in the mutant tongue and genome-wide expression profiling revealed that the expression of specific keratins (Krt), keratin-associated proteins, and members of the epidermal differentiation complex is significantly down-regulated. In situ hybridization demonstrated that several 'hard' keratins, Krt1-5, Krt1-24, and Krt2-16, are not expressed in the absence of Pax9. Notably, specific 'soft' keratins, Krt2-1 and Krt2-17, normally weakly expressed in the tongue but present at high levels in skin and in orthokeratinized oral dysplasia are up-regulated in the mutant tongue epithelium. This result indicates a partial trans-differentiation to an epithelium with skin-specific characteristics. Together, our findings show that Pax9 regulates appendage formation in the mammalian tongue and identify Pax9 as an important factor for the region-specific differentiation of the surface ectoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Jonker
- Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre for Life, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
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19
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Madsen B, Spencer-Dene B, Poulsom R, Hall D, Lu PJ, Scott K, Shaw AT, Burchell JM, Freemont P, Taylor-Papadimitriou J. Characterisation and developmental expression of mouse Plu-1, a homologue of a human nuclear protein (PLU-1) which is specifically up-regulated in breast cancer. Mech Dev 2002; 119 Suppl 1:S239-46. [PMID: 14516692 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4773(03)00123-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PLU-1 is a novel breast cancer associated nuclear protein containing highly conserved domains including the PLU domain, putative DNA/chromatin binding motifs, and PHD/LAP domains. Here we report the cloning of the mouse homologue (Plu-1), and document its expression in adult tissues, mammary tumours and the embryo. The overall homology with human PLU-1 is 94% at the protein level, with almost 100% identity in the conserved domains, suggesting functional conservation. As with human PLU-1 the expression of Plu-1 in adult tissues is restricted, with high expression being seen only in testis, while expression in mammary tumours from c-neu transgenic mice is high. Plu-1 is also differentially expressed in the adult mammary gland. In the developing embryo Plu-1 is expressed in a temporally restricted fashion with tissue specific expression being limited to parts of the developing brain, whisker follicle, mammary bud, thymus, limbs, intervertebral disc, olfactory epithelium, teeth, eye, and stomach. The temporal and spatial expression patterns of the transcription factors Bf-1 and Pax9, recently found to bind to PLU-1 through the PLU domain overlap with Plu-1 expression during development. Thus Plu-1 appears to play an important role in mouse embryonic development which may involve interaction with Pax9 and Bf-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente Madsen
- Breast Cancer Biology Group, Cancer Research UK, Guy's Hospital, St Thomas Street, London SE1 9RT, UK
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20
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Gerber JK, Richter T, Kremmer E, Adamski J, Höfler H, Balling R, Peters H. Progressive loss of PAX9 expression correlates with increasing malignancy of dysplastic and cancerous epithelium of the human oesophagus. J Pathol 2002; 197:293-7. [PMID: 12115874 DOI: 10.1002/path.1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Pax genes encode a family of transcription factors that play key roles in embryonic development. Whereas the functions of Pax genes in the adult organism are largely unknown, upregulated Pax gene expression has been implicated in tumourigenesis. In this study, PAX9-specific monoclonal antibodies have been generated and it has been shown that PAX9 protein is expressed in the normal epithelium of the adult human oesophagus. PAX9 expression was either lost or significantly reduced in the majority of invasive carcinomas and epithelial dysplasias, the latter representing precancerous lesions. Notably, the percentage of PAX9-positive cells within the epithelium decreased with increasing malignancy of the epithelial lesion. These results identify PAX9 as a sensitive marker for deregulated differentiation of oesophageal keratinocytes and indicate a role for PAX9 in the normal differentiation process of internal stratified squamous epithelia. These data suggest that upregulated PAX9 expression is not required for the formation of the majority of squamous cell carcinomas of the human oesophagus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef-Karl Gerber
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, GSF-National Research Centre for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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21
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Nieminen P, Arte S, Tanner D, Paulin L, Alaluusua S, Thesleff I, Pirinen S. Identification of a nonsense mutation in the PAX9 gene in molar oligodontia. Eur J Hum Genet 2001; 9:743-6. [PMID: 11781684 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2001] [Revised: 06/20/2001] [Accepted: 07/31/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of dentition is controlled by numerous genes, as has been shown by experimental animal studies and mutations that have been identified by genetic studies in man. Here we report a nonsense mutation in the PAX9 gene that is associated with molar tooth agenesis in a Finnish family. The A340T transversion creates a stop codon at lysine 114, and truncates the coded PAX9 protein at the end of the DNA-binding paired-box. All the affected members of the family were heterozygous for the mutation. The tooth agenesis phenotype involves all permanent second and third molars and most of the first molars and resembles the earlier reported phenotype that was also associated with a PAX9 mutation. The phenotype is presumably a consequence of haploinsufficiency of PAX9. In another Finnish family with molar tooth agenesis, we could not find similar sequence changes in PAX9.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Nieminen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Hetzer-Egger C, Schorpp M, Boehm T. Evolutionary conservation of gene structures of the Pax1/9 gene family. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1492:517-21. [PMID: 10899593 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(00)00130-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Based on amino acid sequence comparisons, Pax1 and Pax9 genes are considered to form a subgroup of vertebrate Pax genes. We show here that the gene structures of mouse Pax1, human PAX9 genes are similar to that of a single Pax1/9 related gene in Branchiostoma lanceolatum, AmphiPax1. This supports the hypothesis that Pax1 and Pax9 genes were derived from a single ancestral gene. A refined protein alignment of AmphiPax1, mouse Pax1 and human PAX9 proteins based on the determined exon boundaries indicates that sequence divergence at the C-termini may be related to the unique functions of the Pax1 and Pax9 genes in vertebrates. AmphiPax1 is expressed in adult amphioxus in the pharyngeal endoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hetzer-Egger
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max-Planck-Institute for Immunobiology, Stuebeweg 51, D-79108, Freiburg, Germany
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23
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Celli J, van Beusekom E, Hennekam RC, Gallardo ME, Smeets DF, de Córdoba SR, Innis JW, Frydman M, König R, Kingston H, Tolmie J, Govaerts LC, van Bokhoven H, Brunner HG. Familial syndromic esophageal atresia maps to 2p23-p24. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 66:436-44. [PMID: 10677303 PMCID: PMC1288096 DOI: 10.1086/302779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal atresia (EA) is a common life-threatening congenital anomaly that occurs in 1/3,000 newborns. Little is known of the genetic factors that underlie EA. Oculodigitoesophageoduodenal (ODED) syndrome (also known as "Feingold syndrome") is a rare autosomal dominant disorder with digital abnormalities, microcephaly, short palpebral fissures, mild learning disability, and esophageal/duodenal atresia. We studied four pedigrees, including a three-generation Dutch family with 11 affected members. Linkage analysis was initially aimed at chromosomal regions harboring candidate genes for this disorder. Twelve different genomic regions covering 15 candidate genes (approximately 15% of the genome) were excluded from involvement in the ODED syndrome. A subsequent nondirective mapping approach revealed evidence for linkage between the syndrome and marker D2S390 (maximum LOD score 4.51 at recombination fraction 0). A submicroscopic deletion in a fourth family with ODED provided independent confirmation of this genetic localization and narrowed the critical region to 7.3 cM in the 2p23-p24 region. These results show that haploinsufficiency for a gene or genes in 2p23-p24 is associated with syndromic EA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Celli
- Human Genetics, University Hospital Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Peters H, Neubüser A, Kratochwil K, Balling R. Pax9-deficient mice lack pharyngeal pouch derivatives and teeth and exhibit craniofacial and limb abnormalities. Genes Dev 1998; 12:2735-47. [PMID: 9732271 PMCID: PMC317134 DOI: 10.1101/gad.12.17.2735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 591] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/1998] [Accepted: 04/30/1998] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Pax genes have been shown to play important roles in mammalian development and organogenesis. Pax9, a member of this transcription factor family, is expressed in somites, pharyngeal pouches, mesenchyme involved in craniofacial, tooth, and limb development, as well as other sites during mouse embryogenesis. To analyze its function in vivo, we generated Pax9 deficient mice and show that Pax9 is essential for the development of a variety of organs and skeletal elements. Homozygous Pax9-mutant mice die shortly after birth, most likely as a consequence of a cleft secondary palate. They lack a thymus, parathyroid glands, and ultimobranchial bodies, organs which are derived from the pharyngeal pouches. In all limbs, a supernumerary preaxial digit is formed, but the flexor of the hindlimb toes is missing. Furthermore, craniofacial and visceral skeletogenesis is disturbed, and all teeth are absent. In Pax9-deficient embryos tooth development is arrested at the bud stage. At this stage, Pax9 is required for the mesenchymal expression of Bmp4, Msx1, and Lef1, suggesting a role for Pax9 in the establishment of the inductive capacity of the tooth mesenchyme. In summary, our analysis shows that Pax9 is a key regulator during the development of a wide range of organ primordia.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Peters
- GSF-Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute for Mammalian Genetics, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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