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Liu G, Wollny P, Menser J, Dreier T, Endres T, Wlokas I, Daun KJ, Schulz C. Spatially resolved measurement of the distribution of solid and liquid Si nanoparticles in plasma synthesis through line-of-sight extinction spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:4978-5001. [PMID: 36785452 DOI: 10.1364/oe.476636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In many high-temperature gas-phase nanoparticle synthesis processes, freshly nucleated particles are liquid and solidify during growth and cooling. This study presents an approach to determine the location of the liquid-to-solid phase transition and the volume fraction and number density of particles of both phases within a gas phase reactor. Spectrally-resolved line-of-sight attenuation (LOSA) measurements are applied to a silicon nanoparticle aerosol generated from monosilane in a microwave plasma reactor. A phantom-based analysis using particle number density, particle size, and temperature distribution from direct numerical simulation (DNS) of the reacting flow indicates that the contributions from the two particle phases can be decoupled under practical conditions, even with noisy data. The approach was applied to analyze spatially and spectrally resolved LOSA measurements from the hot gas flow downstream of the plasma zone where both solid and liquid silicon particles coexist. Extinction spectra were recorded along a line perpendicular to the flow direction by a spectrometer with an electron-multiplying charge-coupled device (EMCCD) camera, and two-dimensional projections were deconvolved to obtain radial extinction coefficient distributions of solid and liquid particles across the cross-section of the flow. Particle number densities of both particle phases were retrieved simultaneously based on the size-dependent extinction cross-sections of the nanoparticles. The particle-size distribution was determined via thermophoretic sampling at the same location with subsequent transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. The particle temperature distribution was determined from the particle's thermal radiation based on line-of-sight emission (LOSE) measurements. The approach for phase-selective data analysis can be transferred to other materials aerosol systems as long as significant differences exist in extinction spectra for the related different particle classes.
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Sipkens TA, Menser J, Dreier T, Schulz C, Smallwood GJ, Daun KJ. Laser-induced incandescence for non-soot nanoparticles: recent trends and current challenges. APPLIED PHYSICS. B, LASERS AND OPTICS 2022; 128:72. [PMID: 35308124 PMCID: PMC8921179 DOI: 10.1007/s00340-022-07769-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced incandescence (LII) is a widely used combustion diagnostic for in situ measurements of soot primary particle sizes and volume fractions in flames, exhaust gases, and the atmosphere. Increasingly, however, it is applied to characterize engineered nanomaterials, driven by the increasing industrial relevance of these materials and the fundamental scientific insights that may be obtained from these measurements. This review describes the state of the art as well as open research challenges and new opportunities that arise from LII measurements on non-soot nanoparticles. An overview of the basic LII model, along with statistical techniques for inferring quantities-of-interest and associated uncertainties is provided, with a review of the application of LII to various classes of materials, including elemental particles, oxide and nitride materials, and non-soot carbonaceous materials, and core-shell particles. The paper concludes with a discussion of combined and complementary diagnostics, and an outlook of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A. Sipkens
- Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, K1K 2E1 Canada
| | - Jan Menser
- IVG, Institute for Combustion and Gas Dynamics – Reactive Fluids, and CENIDE, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dreier
- IVG, Institute for Combustion and Gas Dynamics – Reactive Fluids, and CENIDE, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Christof Schulz
- IVG, Institute for Combustion and Gas Dynamics – Reactive Fluids, and CENIDE, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Gregory J. Smallwood
- Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, K1K 2E1 Canada
| | - Kyle J. Daun
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, N2L 3G1 Canada
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Sipkens TA, Menser J, Dreier T, Schulz C, Smallwood GJ, Daun KJ. Laser-induced incandescence for non-soot nanoparticles: recent trends and current challenges. APPLIED PHYSICS. B, LASERS AND OPTICS 2022; 128:72. [PMID: 35308124 DOI: 10.1007/s00340-006-2260-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced incandescence (LII) is a widely used combustion diagnostic for in situ measurements of soot primary particle sizes and volume fractions in flames, exhaust gases, and the atmosphere. Increasingly, however, it is applied to characterize engineered nanomaterials, driven by the increasing industrial relevance of these materials and the fundamental scientific insights that may be obtained from these measurements. This review describes the state of the art as well as open research challenges and new opportunities that arise from LII measurements on non-soot nanoparticles. An overview of the basic LII model, along with statistical techniques for inferring quantities-of-interest and associated uncertainties is provided, with a review of the application of LII to various classes of materials, including elemental particles, oxide and nitride materials, and non-soot carbonaceous materials, and core-shell particles. The paper concludes with a discussion of combined and complementary diagnostics, and an outlook of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Sipkens
- Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, K1K 2E1 Canada
| | - Jan Menser
- IVG, Institute for Combustion and Gas Dynamics - Reactive Fluids, and CENIDE, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dreier
- IVG, Institute for Combustion and Gas Dynamics - Reactive Fluids, and CENIDE, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Christof Schulz
- IVG, Institute for Combustion and Gas Dynamics - Reactive Fluids, and CENIDE, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Gregory J Smallwood
- Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, K1K 2E1 Canada
| | - Kyle J Daun
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, N2L 3G1 Canada
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Sipkens TA, Menser J, Dreier T, Schulz C, Smallwood GJ, Daun KJ. Laser-induced incandescence for non-soot nanoparticles: recent trends and current challenges. APPLIED PHYSICS. B, LASERS AND OPTICS 2022. [PMID: 35308124 DOI: 10.1007/s00340-016-6551-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced incandescence (LII) is a widely used combustion diagnostic for in situ measurements of soot primary particle sizes and volume fractions in flames, exhaust gases, and the atmosphere. Increasingly, however, it is applied to characterize engineered nanomaterials, driven by the increasing industrial relevance of these materials and the fundamental scientific insights that may be obtained from these measurements. This review describes the state of the art as well as open research challenges and new opportunities that arise from LII measurements on non-soot nanoparticles. An overview of the basic LII model, along with statistical techniques for inferring quantities-of-interest and associated uncertainties is provided, with a review of the application of LII to various classes of materials, including elemental particles, oxide and nitride materials, and non-soot carbonaceous materials, and core-shell particles. The paper concludes with a discussion of combined and complementary diagnostics, and an outlook of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Sipkens
- Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, K1K 2E1 Canada
| | - Jan Menser
- IVG, Institute for Combustion and Gas Dynamics - Reactive Fluids, and CENIDE, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dreier
- IVG, Institute for Combustion and Gas Dynamics - Reactive Fluids, and CENIDE, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Christof Schulz
- IVG, Institute for Combustion and Gas Dynamics - Reactive Fluids, and CENIDE, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Gregory J Smallwood
- Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, K1K 2E1 Canada
| | - Kyle J Daun
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, N2L 3G1 Canada
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Liu G, Asif M, Mohri K, Schulz C, Dreier T, Endres T, Menser J. In situ measurement of gas-borne silicon nanoparticle volume fraction and temperature by spatially and spectrally line-resolved attenuation and emission imaging. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2021.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Robinson-Enebeli S, Talebi-Moghaddam S, Daun KJ. Time-Resolved Laser-Induced Incandescence Measurements on Aerosolized Nickel Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:6273-6285. [PMID: 34240871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c03558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This work presents the first quantitative analysis of time-resolved laser-induced incandescence (TiRe-LII) measurements on aerosolized nickel nanoparticles in several gases and over a range of laser fluences. A measurement model composed of spectroscopic and heat transfer submodels is used to recover the particle size distribution parameters and the thermal accommodation coefficient (TAC). A qualitative analysis of the results reveals evidence of nonincandescent laser-induced emission temporally aligned with the laser pulse, and more laser energy is absorbed than can be accounted for from the modeled spectral absorption cross section of the nanoparticles. The TiRe-LII inferred particle size parameters were generally consistent with values found from ex situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. The TACs for nickel nanoparticles in polyatomic gases were larger than those in monoatomic gases, which may indicate chemisorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Robinson-Enebeli
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - S Talebi-Moghaddam
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - K J Daun
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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Asif M, Menser J, Endres T, Dreier T, Daun K, Schulz C. Phase-sensitive detection of gas-borne Si nanoparticles via line-of-sight UV/VIS attenuation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:8387-8406. [PMID: 34265959 DOI: 10.1364/oe.418922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The distinct optical properties of solid and liquid silicon nanoparticles are exploited to determine the distribution of gas-borne solid and liquid particles in situ using line-of-sight attenuation measurements carried out across a microwave plasma reactor operated at 100 mbar. The ratio between liquid and solid particles detected downstream of the plasma varied with measurement location, microwave power, and flow rate. Temperatures of the liquid particles were pyrometrically-inferred using a spectroscopic model based on Drude theory. The phase-sensitive measurement supports the understanding of nanoparticle formation and interaction and thus the overall gas-phase synthesis process.
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Asif M, Menser J, Endres T, Dreier T, Daun K, Schulz C. Phase-sensitive detection of gas-borne Si nanoparticles via line-of-sight UV/VIS attenuation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:21795-21809. [PMID: 34265959 DOI: 10.1364/oe.426528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The distinct optical properties of solid and liquid silicon nanoparticles are exploited to determine the distribution of gas-borne solid and liquid particles in situ using line-of-sight attenuation measurements carried out across a microwave plasma reactor operated at 100 mbar. The ratio between liquid and solid particles detected downstream of the plasma varied with measurement location, microwave power, and flow rate. Temperatures of the liquid particles were pyrometrically-inferred using a spectroscopic model based on Drude theory. The phase-sensitive measurement supports the understanding of nanoparticle formation and interaction and thus the overall gas-phase synthesis process.
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Kunze F, Kuns S, Spree M, Hülser T, Schulz C, Wiggers H, Schnurre SM. Synthesis of silicon nanoparticles in a pilot-plant-scale microwave plasma reactor: Impact of flow rates and precursor concentration on the nanoparticle size and aggregation. POWDER TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2018.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sipkens TA, Hadwin PJ, Grauer SJ, Daun KJ. General error model for analysis of laser-induced incandescence signals. APPLIED OPTICS 2017; 56:8436-8445. [PMID: 29091624 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.008436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a novel error model for TiRe-LII signals and illustrates how the model can be used to diagnose a detection system, quantify uncertainties in TiRe-LII, and characterize fluctuations in the measured process. Noise in a single TiRe-LII measurement shot obeys a Poisson-Gaussian noise model. Variation in the aerosol results in shot-to-shot fluctuations in the measured signals. These fluctuations induce a quadratic relationship between the mean and variance of a set of signals. We show how this model can elucidate aspects of the measurement system and fundamental properties of the aerosol, by comparing the noise model to four sets of experimental data.
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Mansmann R, Dreier T, Schulz C. Performance of photomultipliers in the context of laser-induced incandescence. APPLIED OPTICS 2017; 56:7849-7860. [PMID: 29047769 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.007849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) are widely used as detectors for laser-induced incandescence (LII), a diagnostics method for gas-borne particles that requires signal detection over a large dynamic range with nanosecond time resolution around the signal peak. Especially when more than one PMT is used (i.e., for pyrometric temperature measurements) even small deviations from the linear detector response can lead to significant errors. Reasons for non-linearity observed in other PMT measurement techniques are summarized and strategies to identify non-linear PMT operation in LII are outlined. To quantify the influence of the non-linear behavior, experiments at similar light levels as those encountered in LII measurements are carried out, and errors propagated in two-color pyrometry-derived temperatures are determined. As light sources, a calibrated broadband light source and light-emitting diodes (LEDs), centered at the bandpass filter wavelengths of the LII detectors, were used. The LEDs were operated in continuous and pulsed (<300 ns) mode, respectively, to simulate DC background radiation (e.g., from sooting flames) and similar pulsed signal traces as in typical LII measurements. A measured linearity deviation of up to 10% could bias the temperature determination by several hundred Kelvin. Guidelines are given for the design and the operation of LII setups, which allow users to identify and prevent errors.
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Menser J, Daun K, Dreier T, Schulz C. Laser-induced atomic emission of silicon nanoparticles during laser-induced heating. APPLIED OPTICS 2017; 56:E50-E57. [PMID: 28414341 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.000e50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The temporal luminescence behavior of silicon atoms during and after laser-heating of gas-borne silicon nanoparticles was investigated. Silicon nanoparticles were formed in the exhaust stream of a microwave plasma reactor at 100 mbar. The observed prompt atomic line intensities correspond with thermal excitation of the evaporated species. A prompt signal at 251.61 and 288.15 nm originating from the 3s23p2→3s23p4s transitions showed a lifetime of 16 ns that matches the documented excited-state lifetime for the respective transitions. A secondary delayed signal contribution with similar peak intensities was observed commencing approximately 100-300 ns after the laser pulse and persisting for hundreds of nanoseconds. This signal contribution is attributed to electron impact excitation or recombination after electron impact ionization of the silicon evaporated as a consequence of the laser heating of the plasma leading to non-thermal population of electronically excited silicon. The observations support a nanoparticle evaporation model that can be used to recover nanoparticle sizes from time-resolved LII data.
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Sipkens TA, Daun KJ. Defining regimes and analytical expressions for fluence curves in pulsed laser heating of aerosolized nanoparticles. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:5684-5696. [PMID: 28380825 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.005684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Fluence curves are a powerful tool for understanding the mechanisms underlying nanosecond pulse laser heating of aerosolized nanoparticles, which is relevant to laser-induced incandescence (LII). This paper presents analytical expressions encompassing the entirety of the fluence domain considered in LII and uses them to formally define fluence regimes. The derived expressions and non-dimensional parameters facilitate one of the first comparisons of published experimental fluence curves. This procedure provides physical insight into the laser-nanoparticle interaction and highlights inconsistencies in the application of LII models to analyze the data.
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