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Ossick MV, Assalin HB, Kiehl IGA, Salustiano ACC, Rocha GZ, Ferrari KL, Linarelli MCB, Degasperi G, Reis LO. Carcinogenesis and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Intravesical Treatment of Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer under Tryptophan and Thymine Supplementation. Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:2687-2694. [PMID: 33287590 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1856389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Evaluate tryptophan and thymine (TT) impact on carcinogenesis and intravesical BCG bladder cancer treatment. METHODS After identification of TT in vitro inhibitory effect in multiple cancer cell cultures, bladder cancer animal model was induced by MNU intravesical instillations and randomized into four groups: Control (n = 9), BCG (n = 9), TT (n = 7), and BCG + TT (n = 8). BCG groups received intravesical 106 CFU BCG in 0.2 ml saline for 6 consecutive weeks and TT groups received 1 g/kg (1:1) of TT via daily gavage. After 15 wk of protocol, animals were euthanized and the urinary bladders submitted to histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting. RESULTS Urothelial cancer was identified in 100%, 85.7%, 44.5%, and 37.5% of Control, TT, BCG, and BCG + TT groups, respectively. Cell proliferation marked by nuclear Ki-67 was higher in the Control compared to animals in the other groups (P = 0.03). BCG, TT, and BCG + TT groups showed proliferative cell decline and TLR4/5 labeling increase in the urothelium. BCG decreased the urothelial VEGF labeling, even in TT association. CONCLUSION TT inhibit urothelial carcinogenesis and potentiate the intravesical BCG in the treatment of bladder cancer by reducing cell proliferation and activating TLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina V Ossick
- Department of UroScience, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Unicamp, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Heloisa B Assalin
- Department of UroScience, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Unicamp, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isis G A Kiehl
- Department of UroScience, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Unicamp, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana C C Salustiano
- Department of UroScience, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Unicamp, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Zweig Rocha
- Department of UroScience, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Unicamp, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karen L Ferrari
- Department of UroScience, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Unicamp, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria C B Linarelli
- Department of UroScience, Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas (PUC-Campinas), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Degasperi
- Department of UroScience, Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas (PUC-Campinas), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo O Reis
- Department of UroScience, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Unicamp, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of UroScience, Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas (PUC-Campinas), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kiehl IGA, Riccetto E, Salustiano ACC, Ossick MV, Ferrari KL, Assalin HB, Ikari O, Reis LO. Boosting bladder cancer treatment by intravesical nitazoxanide and bacillus calmette-guérin association. World J Urol 2020; 39:1187-1194. [PMID: 32488358 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-020-03294-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Nitazoxanide (NTZ) has shown a promising antitumoral effect, the current study compared the anti-neoplastic effects of intravesical NTZ and BCG plus NTZ in NMIBC animal model. METHODS 30 rats, Fisher 344 were instilled with 4 intravesical doses of 1.5 mg/kg of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) every 15 days for BC induction. The animals were divided into 3 groups (Group BCG 106 UFC - 1 mg of BCG; Group NTZ - 300 mg/kg of NTZ; Group NTZ + BCG - simultaneous treatment of BCG and NTZ) and received weekly intravesical treatment for 6 consecutive weeks. Animals were submitted to ultrasound imaging and euthanasia, their bladders were collected and histopathological, immunohistochemical tests (ki67 e c-Myc) and Western Blotting (PI3K, mTOR, and p-4E-BP) were performed. RESULTS Histopathological tests showed 66.67%, 62.5% and 37.5% incidence of BC in animals treated with BCG, NTZ, and NTZ + BCG, respectively. Nuclear positivity for ki-67 in BC animals were 12.4% (IC 10.1-14.6%), 13.2% (IC 10.5-15.9%) and 8.8% (IC 6.0-11.6%) in BCG, NTZ and NTZ + BCG group, respectively (p = 0.063). Between animals with carcinoma, c-Myc strong positive was 40.10% in NTZ, 32.2% in BCG and 19.90% in the NTZ + BCG group (p < 0.001). Blotting has shown mTOR (p = 0.0473) and PI3K inhibition (p = 0.0349) in the presence of BCG, added to 4-EBP inhibition in the presence of NTZ (p = 0.0004). CONCLUSIONS Results show the possible synergy between the gold standard BC treatment BCG and NTZ, in which multiple targets inhibition such as c-Myc and downstream mTOR, p-4E-BP and PI3K might play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isis G A Kiehl
- UroScience, University of Campinas, Unicamp, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Riccetto
- UroScience, University of Campinas, Unicamp, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana C C Salustiano
- UroScience, University of Campinas, Unicamp, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina V Ossick
- UroScience, University of Campinas, Unicamp, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Heloisa B Assalin
- UroScience, University of Campinas, Unicamp, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Osamu Ikari
- UroScience, University of Campinas, Unicamp, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo O Reis
- School of Medical Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas (PUC-Campinas) and UroScience, University of Campinas (Unicamp), R. John Boyd Dunlop, s/n, Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil, CEP, 13060-904.
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Implantable orthotopic bladder cancer model in Wistar rats: A pilot and feasibility study. REV ROMANA MED LAB 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/rrlm-2019-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose: The implantable bladder cancer (BC) models allow the researchers to perform rapid and useful experiments for BC. We investigated the implantation success of BC cells obtained from Wistar rats (grown in vitro), into bladders of syngeneic Wistar rats, which are commonly used in the laboratories.
Methods: The Nara Bladder Tumor No.2 (NBT-II) BC cells induced with 4-hydroxybutylnitrosamine were grown with passages in Kocaeli University Center for Stem-Cell and Gene-Therapies. After urothelial denudation, 2x106 NBT-II cells were then implanted into bladders of 24 female Wistar rats (aged 7-8 weeks). The rats were randomly divided into four experimental groups; three instillation groups (8 per group) and one sham-operated control group consisting of 6 rats. First, second and third instillation groups were sacrificed at days 7, 14, and 21, respectively, and, bladders were histopathologically evaluated for BC according to WHO / International Society of Urological Pathology.
Results: All tumors were pT1 (including 1 rat that prematurely died at 5th day), except one rat that died prematurely at 8th day had pT2 tumor. Implantation rates were 28.58% (2/7) in the first group, and 42.85% (3/7) in the second, for a cumulative rate of 35.71% (5/14) in these two-groups (until 14th day). Interestingly, there was no tumor in the third group, but there was an inflammatory granulation tissue.
Conclusion: Seeding NBT-II cells into bladders of Wistar rats was described, successfully tested and demonstrated in this study. This implantable BC model of Wistar rats may be improved to increase the success rate of BC cell implantation in new studies with higher number of animals.
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Shimizu T, Miyashita M, Fujihara A, Hongo F, Ukimura O, Ashihara E. Preclinical orthotopic xenograft model of renal pelvis cancer in which cancer growth could be traced by an in vivo imaging system. Int J Urol 2018; 26:138-139. [PMID: 30308707 DOI: 10.1111/iju.13829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teruki Shimizu
- Department of Urology, Matsushita Memorial Hospital, Moriguchi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Miyashita
- Department of Urology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsuko Fujihara
- Department of Urology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fumiya Hongo
- Department of Urology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Osamu Ukimura
- Department of Urology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eishi Ashihara
- Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
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Camargo JA, Passos GR, Ferrari KL, Billis A, Saad MJA, Reis LO. Intravesical Immunomodulatory Imiquimod Enhances Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Downregulation of Nonmuscle-invasive Bladder Cancer. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2017; 16:e587-e593. [PMID: 29174504 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Toll-like receptor (TLR)2/4 agonist bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), although not failure proof, has been the most efficient immunomodulatory treatment of immunogenic nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) for > 40 years. We investigated the role of the immunomodulatory molecule TLR7 agonist imiquimod through the BCG key receptors TLR2/4 and the main downstream molecules of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway in NMIBC treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 40 Fischer-344 rats, 7 weeks old, received 4 doses of 1.5 mg/kg N-methyl-N-nitrosourea intravesically on weeks 0, 2, 4, and 6 for cancer induction. At week 8, the rats were randomized into 4 groups (10 per group) and treated intravesically once a week for 6 weeks: control (0.2 mL of vehicle); BCG (2 × 106 colony-forming units Connaught strain in 0.2 mL); imiquimod (20 mg/kg in 0.2 mL), and associated treatment BCG plus imiquimod in 0.2 mL. The bladders were extracted and analyzed for histopathology, immunohistochemistry, cell proliferation (Ki-67), apoptosis (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling [TUNEL]), and immunoblotting for TLR2, TLR4, p-P70S6K, and p-4E-BP1 proteins. RESULTS The histopathology results showed that BCG and imiquimod decreased bladder tumorigenesis compared with the control group, with a proliferation decrease (Ki-67) and an apoptosis increase (TUNEL). BCG upregulated TLR2/4, imiquimod upregulated TLR4, and both downregulated P70S6K1. CONCLUSION Imiquimod is able to efficiently decrease bladder carcinogenesis through upregulation of TLR7/4 and downregulation of P70S6K1 protein, generating new perspectives to boost BCG effects in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana A Camargo
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela R Passos
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karen L Ferrari
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Athanase Billis
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mário J A Saad
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo O Reis
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Urologic Oncology, Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Reis LO. Editorial Comment to Orthotopic mouse model of renal pelvic cancer using a human bladder cancer cell line. Int J Urol 2016; 23:963. [PMID: 27784153 DOI: 10.1111/iju.13240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo O Reis
- Urologic Oncology Division, Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Miyake M, Hori S, Morizawa Y, Tatsumi Y, Nakai Y, Fujimoto K. Orthotopic mouse model of renal pelvic cancer using a human bladder cancer cell line. Int J Urol 2016; 23:961-962. [PMID: 27605469 DOI: 10.1111/iju.13220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Makito Miyake
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan.
| | - Shunta Hori
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Yosuke Morizawa
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Tatsumi
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Yasushi Nakai
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Kiyohide Fujimoto
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
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Oliveira PA, Gil da Costa RM, Vasconcelos-Nóbrega C, Arantes-Rodrigues R, Pinto-Leite R. Challenges within vitroandin vivoexperimental models of urinary bladder cancer for novel drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 11:599-607. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2016.1174690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Faustino-Rocha AI, Ferreira R, Oliveira PA, Gama A, Ginja M. N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea as a mammary carcinogenic agent. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:9095-117. [PMID: 26386719 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3973-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The administration of chemical carcinogens is one of the most commonly used methods to induce tumors in several organs in laboratory animals in order to study oncologic diseases of humans. The carcinogen agent N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) is the oldest member of the nitroso compounds that has the ability to alkylate DNA. MNU is classified as a complete, potent, and direct alkylating compound. Depending on the animals' species and strain, dose, route, and age at the administration, MNU may induce tumors' development in several organs. The aim of this manuscript was to review MNU as a carcinogenic agent, taking into account that this carcinogen agent has been frequently used in experimental protocols to study the carcinogenesis in several tissues, namely breast, ovary, uterus, prostate, liver, spleen, kidney, stomach, small intestine, colon, hematopoietic system, lung, skin, retina, and urinary bladder. In this paper, we also reviewed the experimental conditions to the chemical induction of tumors in different organs with this carcinogen agent, with a special emphasis in the mammary carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Faustino-Rocha
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal. .,Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Rita Ferreira
- Organic Chemistry of Natural Products and Agrifood (QOPNA), Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paula A Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal.,Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Adelina Gama
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal.,Animal and Veterinary Research Center (CECAV), School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Mário Ginja
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal.,Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal
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Ferrari KL, de Camargo JA, Rocha GZ, Carvalheira JBC, Saad MJA, Billis A, Reis LO. Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin efficiently reduces p70S6K1 but not 4E-BP1 phosphorylation in nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. J Urol 2015; 193:682-9. [PMID: 25200808 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2014.08.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We characterized the functional consequences of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin on the molecular mechanism of the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. To our knowledge this has not been reported previously. MATERIALS AND METHODS At age 7 weeks female Fischer 344 rats received 1.5 mg/kg MNU intravesically every other week for 6 weeks. They were randomized at 10 per group to MNU (0.2 ml vehicle), bacillus Calmette-Guérin (10(6) cfu Connaught strain), rapamycin (15 μg/ml) and bacillus Calmette-Guérin plus simultaneous rapamycin, each intravesically for 6 weeks. At week 15 the bladders were collected for histopathology, immunohistochemistry and immunoblot to determine p-AKT, Rictor, Raptor, p-4E-BP1, p-p70S6K1, p-AMPK-α, p-mTOR and p-p53. RESULTS Papillary carcinoma (pTa) and high grade intraepithelial neoplasia (pTis) predominated in the MNU group while normal urothelium, papillary and flat hyperplasia were more common in treated groups. Nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer treated with bacillus Calmette-Guérin showed suppression of p70S6K1 but not 4E-BP1 phosphorylation. This suggests that 4E-BP1 is regulated differently than p70S6K1, escaping the bacillus Calmette-Guérin action that occurs in a mTOR independent manner. The association of bacillus Calmette-Guérin with rapamycin but not rapamycin monotherapy affected p70S6K1 and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation with no features of in situ carcinoma (pTis). CONCLUSIONS The activation status of p70S6K1 and 4E-BP1 might be used to stratify patients who could benefit from targeting such molecular elements with multitarget/multidrug intravesical therapy. In the future 4E-BP1 might be a worthwhile new target for bacillus Calmette-Guérin refractory nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Linares Ferrari
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Alves de Camargo
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Zweig Rocha
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José B C Carvalheira
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mário J A Saad
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Athanase Billis
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo O Reis
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Urothelial carcinogen resistance driven by stronger Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and Uroplakin III (UP III) defense mechanisms: a new model. World J Urol 2014; 33:413-9. [PMID: 24871424 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-014-1329-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to illustrate the applicability and significance of the novel Lewis urothelial cancer model compared to the classic Fisher 344. METHODS Fischer 344 and Lewis females rats, 7 weeks old, were intravesical instilled N-methyl-N-nitrosourea 1.5 mg/kg every other week for a total of four doses. After 15 weeks, animals were sacrificed and bladders analyzed: histopathology (tumor grade and stage), immunohistochemistry (apoptotic and proliferative indices) and blotting (Toll-like receptor 2-TLR2, Uroplakin III-UP III and C-Myc). Control groups received placebo. RESULTS There were macroscopic neoplastic lesions in 20 % of Lewis strain and 70 % of Fischer 344 strain. Lewis showed hyperplasia in 50 % of animals, normal bladders in 50 %. All Fischer 344 had lesions, 20 % papillary hyperplasia, 30 % dysplasia, 40 % neoplasia and 10 % squamous metaplasia. Proliferative and apoptotic indices were significantly lower in the Lewis strain (p < 0.01). The TLR2 and UP III protein levels were significantly higher in Lewis compared to Fischer 344 strain (70.8 and 46.5 % vs. 49.5 and 16.9 %, respectively). In contrast, C-Myc protein levels were significantly higher in Fischer 344 (22.5 %) compared to Lewis strain (13.7 %). CONCLUSIONS The innovative Lewis carcinogen resistance urothelial model represents a new strategy for translational research. Preservation of TLR2 and UP III defense mechanisms might drive diverse urothelial phenotypes during carcinogenesis in differently susceptible individuals.
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Tsai JP, Liou JH, Kao WT, Wang SC, Lian JD, Chang HR. Increased expression of intranuclear matrix metalloproteinase 9 in atrophic renal tubules is associated with renal fibrosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48164. [PMID: 23110201 PMCID: PMC3480489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced turnover of extracellular matrix has a role in renal fibrosis. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is associated with many glomerular diseases, but the histological association of MMPs and human renal fibrosis is unclear. METHODS This is a retrospective study. Institutional Review Board approval was obtained for the review of patients' medical records, data analysis and pathological specimens staining with waiver of informed consents. Specimens of forty-six patients were examined by immunohistochemical stain of MMP-9 in nephrectomized kidneys, and the association of renal expression of MMP-9 and renal fibrosis was determined. MMP-9 expression in individual renal components and fibrosis was graded as high or low based on MMP-9 staining and fibrotic scores. RESULTS Patients with high interstitial fibrosis scores (IFS) and glomerular fibrosis scores (GFS) had significantly higher serum creatinine, lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and were more likely to have chronic kidney disease (CKD) and urothelial cell carcinoma. Univariate analysis showed that IFS and GFS were negatively associated with normal and atrophic tubular cytoplasmic MMP-9 expression and IFS was positively correlated with atrophic tubular nuclear MMP-9 expression. Multivariate stepwise regression indicated that MMP-9 expression in atrophic tubular nuclei (r = 0.4, p = 0.002) was an independent predictor of IFS, and that MMP-9 expression in normal tubular cytoplasm (r = -0.465, p<0.001) was an independent predictor of GFS. CONCLUSIONS Interstitial fibrosis correlated with MMP-9 expression in the atrophic tubular nuclei. Our results indicate that renal fibrosis is associated with a decline of MMP-9 expression in the cytoplasm of normal tubular cells and increased expression of MMP-9 in the nuclei of tubular atrophic renal tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Pi Tsai
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Nephrology, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi General Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Hung Liou
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Technology, Jen-The Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Tse Kao
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Chung Wang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Da Lian
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Rong Chang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Effects of P-MAPA Immunomodulator on Toll-Like Receptors and p53: Potential Therapeutic Strategies for Infectious Diseases and Cancer. Infect Agent Cancer 2012; 7:14. [PMID: 22709446 PMCID: PMC3408364 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-7-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Compounds that can act as agonists for toll-like receptors (TLRs) may be promising candidates for the development of drugs against infectious diseases and cancer. The present study aimed to characterize the immunomodulatory effects of P-MAPA on TLRs in vitro and in vivo, as well as to investigate its potential as adjuvant therapy in infectious diseases and cancer. Methods For these purposes, the activity of P-MAPA on TLRs was assayed in vitro through NF-κB activation in HEK293 cells expressing a given TLR, and using an in vivo animal model for bladder cancer (BC). The antimicrobial activity of P-MAPA was tested against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) in vitro in an MIC assay, and in vivo using an aerosol infection model of murine tuberculosis. Antitumor effects of P-MAPA were tested in an animal model with experimentally induced BC. Moxifloxacin (MXF) and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) were used as positive controls in the animal models. Results The results showed that P-MAPA, administered alone or in combination with MXF, induced significant responses in vivo against TB. In contrast, the compound did not show antimicrobial activity in vitro. P-MAPA showed a significant stimulatory effect on human TLR2 and TLR4 in vitro. In BC, TLR2, TLR4 and p53 protein levels were significantly higher in the P-MAPA group than in the BCG group. The most common histopathological changes in each group were papillary carcinoma in BC group, low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia in BCG group and simple hyperplasia in P-MAPA group. Concerning the toxicological analysis performed during BC treatment, P-MAPA did not show evidence for hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Conclusions In conclusion, P-MAPA acted as TLR ligand in vitro and improved the immunological status in BC, increasing TLR2 and TLR4 protein levels. P-MAPA immunotherapy was more effective in restoring p53 and TLRs reactivities and showed significantly greater antitumor activity than BCG. The activation of TLRs and p53 may provide a hypothetical mechanism for the therapeutic effects in both cancer and infectious diseases. Taken together data obtained will encourage the further investigation of P-MAPA as a potential candidate for the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases.
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Reis LO, Ferreira U, Billis A, Cagnon VHA, Fávaro WJ. Anti-angiogenic effects of the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B and bacillus Calmette-Guérin immunotherapy for nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. J Urol 2011; 187:438-45. [PMID: 22177150 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2011.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We compared and characterized the effects of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin and/or staphylococcal enterotoxin B for nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 75 female Fisher 344 rats were anesthetized. Of the rats 15 received 0.3 ml saline (control) and 60 received 1.5 mg/kg MNU (N-methyl-n-nitrosourea) intravesically every other week for 6 weeks. The rats were divided into 5 groups. The MNU and control groups received 0.3 ml saline. The bacillus Calmette-Guérin group received 10(6) cfu bacillus Calmette-Guérin. The staphylococcal enterotoxin B group received 10 μg/ml staphylococcal enterotoxin B. The bacillus Calmette-Guérin plus staphylococcal enterotoxin B group received the 2 treatments simultaneously. Each group was treated intravesically for 6 weeks. At 15 weeks all bladders were collected for histopathological and immunological evaluation, and Western blot. RESULTS Papillary carcinoma (pTa) and high grade intraepithelial neoplasia (carcinoma in situ) were more common in the MNU group. Papillary hyperplasia was more common in the bacillus Calmette-Guérin and enterotoxin groups. Flat hyperplasia was more common in the bacillus Calmette-Guérin plus enterotoxin group. No significant toxicity was observed. The apoptosis and cellular proliferation indexes decreased in the bacillus Calmette-Guérin, enterotoxin and bacillus Calmette-Guérin plus enterotoxin groups compared to the MNU group. Intensified vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinase-9, Ki-67 and insulin-like growth factor receptor-1 immunoreactivity was verified in the MNU group, moderate in the bacillus Calmette-Guérin and enterotoxin groups, and weak in the bacillus Calmette-Guérin plus enterotoxin and control groups. In contrast, intense endostatin immunoreactivity was verified in the control and bacillus Calmette-Guérin plus enterotoxin groups. CONCLUSIONS Bacillus Calmette-Guérin and staphylococcal enterotoxin B showed similar anti-angiogenic effects. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin plus enterotoxin treatment had additional activity compared to that of monotherapy. It was more effective in restoring apoptosis and balancing cellular proliferation, and it correlated with increased endostatin, and decreased vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinase-9, Ki-67 and insulin-like growth factor receptor-1 reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo O Reis
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paolo, Brazil
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Reis LO, Sopena JMG, Fávaro WJ, Martin MC, Simão AFL, Reis RBD, Andrade MFD, Domenech JD, Cardo CC. Anatomical features of the urethra and urinary bladder catheterization in female mice and rats. An essential translational tool. Acta Cir Bras 2011; 26 Suppl 2:106-10. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502011000800019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE: To present fundamental anatomical aspects and technical skills necessary to urethra and urinary bladder catheterization in female mice and rats. METHODS: Urethral and bladder catheterization has been widely utilized for carcinogenesis and cancer research and still remains very useful in several applications: from toxicological purposes as well as inflammatory and infectious conditions to functional aspects as bladder dynamics and vesicoureteral reflux, among many others. RESULTS: Animal models are in the center of translational research and those involving rodents are the most important nowadays due to several advantages including human reproducibility, easy handling and low cost. CONCLUSIONS: Although technical and anatomical pearls for rodent urethral and bladder access are presented as tackles to the advancement of lower urinary tract preclinical investigation in a broaden sight, restriction to female animals hampers the male microenvironment, demanding future advances.
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