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Hwang J, Bang S, Choi MH, Hong SH, Kim SW, Lee HE, Yang JH, Park US, Choi YJ. Discovery and Validation of Survival-Specific Genes in Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma Using a Customized Next-Generation Sequencing Gene Panel. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2006. [PMID: 38893126 PMCID: PMC11171119 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16112006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC), the second most common kidney cancer, is morphologically, genetically, and molecularly heterogeneous with diverse clinical manifestations. Genetic variations of PRCC and their association with survival are not yet well-understood. This study aimed to identify and validate survival-specific genes in PRCC and explore their clinical utility. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using machine learning, 293 patients from the Cancer Genome Atlas-Kidney Renal Papillary Cell Carcinoma (TCGA-KIRP) database were analyzed to derive genes associated with survival. To validate these genes, DNAs were extracted from the tissues of 60 Korean PRCC patients. Next generation sequencing was conducted using a customized PRCC gene panel of 202 genes, including 171 survival-specific genes. Kaplan-Meier and Log-rank tests were used for survival analysis. Fisher's exact test was performed to assess the clinical utility of variant genes. RESULTS A total of 40 survival-specific genes were identified in the TCGA-KIRP database through machine learning and statistical analysis. Of them, 10 (BAP1, BRAF, CFDP1, EGFR, ITM2B, JAK1, NODAL, PCSK2, SPATA13, and SYT5) were validated in the Korean-KIRP database. Among these survival gene signatures, three genes (BAP1, PCSK2, and SPATA13) showed survival specificity in both overall survival (OS) (p = 0.00004, p = 1.38 × 10-7, and p = 0.026, respectively) and disease-free survival (DFS) (p = 0.00002, p = 1.21 × 10-7, and p = 0.036, respectively). Notably, the PCSK2 mutation demonstrated survival specificity uniquely in both the TCGA-KIRP (OS: p = 0.010 and DFS: p = 0.301) and Korean-KIRP (OS: p = 1.38 × 10-7 and DFS: p = 1.21 × 10-7) databases. CONCLUSIONS We discovered and verified genes specific for the survival of PRCC patients in the TCGA-KIRP and Korean-KIRP databases. The survival gene signature, including PCSK2 commonly obtained from the 40 gene signature of TCGA and the 10 gene signature of the Korean database, is expected to provide insight into predicting the survival of PRCC patients and developing new treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Hwang
- Department of Hospital Pathology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (J.H.); (H.E.L.)
| | - Seokhwan Bang
- Department of Urology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (S.B.); (S.-H.H.); (S.W.K.)
| | - Moon Hyung Choi
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 03312, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sung-Hoo Hong
- Department of Urology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (S.B.); (S.-H.H.); (S.W.K.)
| | - Sae Woong Kim
- Department of Urology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (S.B.); (S.-H.H.); (S.W.K.)
| | - Hye Eun Lee
- Department of Hospital Pathology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (J.H.); (H.E.L.)
| | - Ji Hoon Yang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea; (J.H.Y.); (U.S.P.)
| | - Un Sang Park
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea; (J.H.Y.); (U.S.P.)
| | - Yeong Jin Choi
- Department of Hospital Pathology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (J.H.); (H.E.L.)
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Downstream Targets of VHL/HIF-α Signaling in Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma Progression: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Relevance. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041316. [PMID: 36831657 PMCID: PMC9953937 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The clear cell variant of renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common renal epithelial malignancy and responsible for most of the deaths from kidney cancer. Patients carrying inactivating mutations in the Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene have an increased proclivity to develop several types of tumors including ccRCC. Normally, the Hypoxia Inducible Factor alpha (HIF-α) subunits of the HIF heterodimeric transcription factor complex are regulated by oxygen-dependent prolyl-hydroxylation, VHL-mediated ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Loss of pVHL function results in elevated levels of HIF-α due to increased stability, leading to RCC progression. While HIF-1α acts as a tumor suppressor, HIF-2α promotes oncogenic potential by driving tumor progression and metastasis through activation of hypoxia-sensitive signaling pathways and overexpression of HIF-2α target genes. One strategy to suppress ccRCC aggressiveness is directed at inhibition of HIF-2α and the associated molecular pathways leading to cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Indeed, clinical and pre-clinical data demonstrated the effectiveness of HIF-2α targeted therapy in attenuating ccRCC progression. This review focuses on the signaling pathways and the involved genes (cyclin D, c-Myc, VEGF-a, EGFR, TGF-α, GLUT-1) that confer oncogenic potential downstream of the VHL-HIF-2α signaling axis in ccRCC. Discussed as well are current treatment options (including receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as sunitinib), the medical challenges (high prevalence of metastasis at the time of diagnosis, refractory nature of advanced disease to current treatment options), scientific challenges and future directions.
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c-Met and EPHA7 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Are Related to Prognosis in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: Focusing on the Association with Myoferlin Expression. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14041095. [PMID: 35205843 PMCID: PMC8870418 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14041095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are important targets for clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) treatment. Myoferlin is a strong regulator of RTKs. To identify myoferlin-associated RTKs and their prognostic implications in ccRCC, we investigated the expression of RTKs and myoferlin using proteome-based evaluation and immunohistochemical staining in tissue microarray. Multivariate Cox analysis adjusted for TNM stage and WHO grade was performed (n = 410 and 506). Proteomic analysis suggested c-Met and EPHA7 as novel candidates for myoferlin-associated RTKs. We immunohistochemically validated the positive association between c-Met and myoferlin expression. High c-Met expression was independently associated with overall (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.153-2.919) and cancer-specific survival (HR = 1.150-3.389). The prognostic effect of high c-Met expression was also determined in an independent cohort (overall survival, HR = 1.503-3.771). Although expression of EPHA7 and myoferlin was not correlated, EPHA7 expression was independently associated with progression-free (HR = 1.237-4.319) and cancer-specific survival (HR = 1.214-4.558). In addition, network-based prioritization showed co-functional enrichment of c-Met and myoferlin, suggesting a novel regulatory function of myoferlin in c-Met signaling. This study indicates that c-Met and EPHA7 might be useful prognostic biomarkers, and the presumed myoferlin/c-Met pathway could be a novel therapeutic target in ccRCC.
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Saad OA, Li WT, Krishnan AR, Nguyen GC, Lopez JP, McKay RR, Wang-Rodriguez J, Ongkeko WM. The renal clear cell carcinoma immune landscape. Neoplasia 2022; 24:145-154. [PMID: 34991061 PMCID: PMC8740459 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive evaluation of the clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) immune landscape was found using 584 RNA-sequencing datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we identified 17 key dysregulated immune-associated genes in ccRCC based on association with clinical variables and important immune pathways. Of the numerous findings from our analyses, we found that several of the 17 key dysregulated genes are heavily involved in interleukin and NF-kB signaling and that somatic copy number alteration (SCNA) hotspots may be causally associated with gene dysregulation. More importantly, we also found that key immune-associated genes and pathways are strongly upregulated in ccRCC. Our study may lend novel insights into the clinical implications of immune dysregulation in ccRCC and suggests potential immunotherapeutic targets for further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar A Saad
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Wei Tse Li
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Aswini R Krishnan
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Griffith C Nguyen
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Jay P Lopez
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical College, NY, USA
| | - Rana R McKay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Jessica Wang-Rodriguez
- Veterans Administration Medical Center and Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92161, USA.
| | - Weg M Ongkeko
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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[Therapeutic mechanism of natural astaxanthin against renal clear cell carcinoma based on network pharmacology and bioinformatics]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2021; 41:1763-1772. [PMID: 35012906 PMCID: PMC8752422 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2021.12.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the molecular mechanism by which natural astaxanthin (AST) inhibits renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) based on network pharmacology and bioinformatics. METHODS PharmMapper database was used to retrieve the targets of natural astaxanthin, and TCGA database was used to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in KIRC and adjacent tissues. The target genes of AST was analyzed using Cytoscape software to construct the "drug-target" network diagram. The visual protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using String database, and GO enrichment analysis of the core targets was performed. Single gene bioinformatics was performed to verify the screened core target of AST, namely placental growth factor (PGF). The effect of natural AST on the viability of KIRC cells was tested using CCK-8 method, and the binding between natural AST and PGF was assessed with molecular docking technology. The effect of natural AST on the mRNA and protein expression of the target genes was analyzed using RT-qPCR and Western blotting. RESULTS We identified 278 candidate targets of AST, 1081 KIRC-related targets, and 7 core targets involved in the therapeutic mechanism of AST against KIRC. Among these 7 core targets, PGF showed significantly upregulated expression in KIRC (P < 0.001) in correlation with a poor prognosis (HR=1.37, P=0.043). Molecular docking showed that the binding energy of AST and PGF was -5.43 kcal/mol. CCK-8 assay showed that AST at the concentration of 50 μmol/L was capable of inhibiting the proliferation of KIRC cells, and a higher concentration resulted in a stronger inhibitory effect. The results of RT-qPCR and Western blotting showed that AST treatment significantly reduced the expression of PGF at both the mRNA and protein levels in KIRC cells. CONCLUSION Natural AST can suppress the proliferation of KIRC and inhibit the expression of PGF in the cells.
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Mo H, Hao Y, Lv Y, Chen Z, Shen J, Zhou S, Yin M. Overexpression of macrophage-colony stimulating factor-1 receptor as a prognostic factor for survival in cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e25218. [PMID: 33761709 PMCID: PMC9282102 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000025218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relation between the expression of macrophage-colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R) and prognosis of cancer patients has been evaluated in multiple studies, but the results remain controversial. We, therefore, performed a meta-analysis and systematic review to figure out the role of CSF-1R in the prognosis of patients with cancer. METHODS Several databases were searched, including Web of Science, PubMed, and EMBASE. All human studies were published as full text. The Newcastle-Ottawa risk of bias scale was applied to evaluate the research. We extracted hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) which assessed progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in order to assess the impacts of CSF-1R on the prognosis of cancer patients. RESULTS A total of 12 citations were identified, with studies including 2260 patients in different cancer types that met the eligibility criteria. It was suggested in a pooled analysis that the over-expression of CSF-1R was significantly related to worse PFS (HR: 1.68; P < .001, 1.25-2.10, 95% CI) and also poorer OS (HR=1.28; P < .001, 1.03-1.54, 95% CI). Analysis in subgroups indicated over-expressed CSF-1R was significantly associated with worse OS in hematological malignancy (HR = 2.29; P < .001, 1.49-3.09, 95% CI; model of fixed-effects; I2 = 0.0%, P < .001). Sensitivity analysis suggested that there was no study influencing the stability of the results. CONCLUSIONS The overexpression of CSF-1R was significantly predictive of worse prognosis in those who suffer from different kinds of malignancies, particularly in hematological malignancy, which indicates that it might be a potential biomarker of prognosis in cancer survival and a potential molecular target in the treatment of malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaqing Mo
- Cancer Center, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yanrong Hao
- Cancer Center, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yanru Lv
- Cancer Center, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zenan Chen
- Cancer Center, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jingyi Shen
- Cancer Center, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Shu Zhou
- Cancer Center, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - MengJie Yin
- Cancer Center, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
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Volkova M, Tsimafeyeu I, Olshanskaya A, Khochenkova Y, Solomko E, Ashuba S, Khochenkov D, Matveev V. Expression of growth factors and their receptors in the primary renal cell carcinoma: new data and review. Cent European J Urol 2021; 73:466-475. [PMID: 33552572 PMCID: PMC7848830 DOI: 10.5173/ceju.0189.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of our study was to investigate expression levels and the prognostic value of multiple growth factors and their receptors in the primary tumor cells of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Material and methods Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)A, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)2, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)1, VEGFR2, FGFR1, FGFR2, platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)α, and PDGFRβ was investigated in 65 primary RCC specimens by immuhistochemical staining using the appropriate antibodies. Expression levels were evaluated by the semi-quantitative method. A search for correlations of expression levels of investigated growth factors and receptors with RCC features and patients outcomes was performed. Results Expression of all growth factors and their receptors was detected both on the surface and in the cytoplasm of the primary tumor cells in RCC patients. The expression of all analyzed factors was interconnected. FGFR2 expression correlated with the largest number of other growth factors and receptors. A strong correlation was revealed between high expression of the studied markers, high Fuhrman grade, and advanced RCC stages. In a univariate analysis overexpression of VEGFR2 (p <0.0001) and FGFR2 (p = 0.014) had negative influence on cancer-specific survival. Conclusions Expression of growth factors and tyrosine kinase receptors in the primary tumor cells is strongly interconnected and associated with unfavorable features of RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Volkova
- FSBI N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center for Oncology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ilya Tsimafeyeu
- Institute of Oncology, Hadassah Medical Moscow, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anna Olshanskaya
- FSBI N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center for Oncology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Yulia Khochenkova
- FSBI N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center for Oncology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Elyso Solomko
- FSBI N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center for Oncology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Saida Ashuba
- FSBI N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center for Oncology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Khochenkov
- FSBI N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center for Oncology, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Togliatti State University, Togliatti, Russian Federation
| | - Vsevolod Matveev
- FSBI N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center for Oncology, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Giulietti M, Cecati M, Sabanovic B, Scirè A, Cimadamore A, Santoni M, Montironi R, Piva F. The Role of Artificial Intelligence in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Renal Cell Tumors. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:206. [PMID: 33573278 PMCID: PMC7912267 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing availability of molecular data provided by next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques is allowing improvement in the possibilities of diagnosis and prognosis in renal cancer. Reliable and accurate predictors based on selected gene panels are urgently needed for better stratification of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients in order to define a personalized treatment plan. Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms are currently in development for this purpose. Here, we reviewed studies that developed predictors based on AI algorithms for diagnosis and prognosis in renal cancer and we compared them with non-AI-based predictors. Comparing study results, it emerges that the AI prediction performance is good and slightly better than non-AI-based ones. However, there have been only minor improvements in AI predictors in terms of accuracy and the area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) over the last decade and the number of genes used had little influence on these indices. Furthermore, we highlight that different studies having the same goal obtain similar performance despite the fact they use different discriminating genes. This is surprising because genes related to the diagnosis or prognosis are expected to be tumor-specific and independent of selection methods and algorithms. The performance of these predictors will be better with the improvement in the learning methods, as the number of cases increases and by using different types of input data (e.g., non-coding RNAs, proteomic and metabolic). This will allow for more precise identification, classification and staging of cancerous lesions which will be less affected by interpathologist variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Giulietti
- Department of Specialistic Clinical & Odontostomatological Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (B.S.)
| | - Monia Cecati
- Department of Specialistic Clinical & Odontostomatological Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (B.S.)
| | - Berina Sabanovic
- Department of Specialistic Clinical & Odontostomatological Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (B.S.)
| | - Andrea Scirè
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Alessia Cimadamore
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of Marche, United Hospitals, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (A.C.); (R.M.)
| | - Matteo Santoni
- Oncology Unit, Macerata Hospital, 62012 Macerata, Italy;
| | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of Marche, United Hospitals, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (A.C.); (R.M.)
| | - Francesco Piva
- Department of Specialistic Clinical & Odontostomatological Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (B.S.)
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Antibody-Drug Conjugates in Thoracic Malignancies: Clinical Trials Reveal Both Promise and Challenges. Target Oncol 2020; 15:429-448. [PMID: 32725438 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-020-00740-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Thoracic malignancies are the main cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The need to develop new therapies is therefore urgent. The recognition of new potential therapeutic targets in thoracic malignancies has prompted the development of a number of antibody-drug conjugates. This new class of potent anticancer agents is supposed to more specifically and directly target the tumor while limiting toxicity for healthy tissues by delivering a toxic payload to tumor cells that are recognized by the presence of specific cell surface antigens. Progress in the development of antibody-drug conjugates over the last decade has been significant, with several promising advances. Unfortunately, many failures have also been encountered, often because of unexpectedly severe toxicities that contradicted the assumed mechanism of action, and major challenges remain. Various techniques to reduce the toxicities associated with antibody-drug conjugates are being studied, and the panorama of antibody-drug conjugates in clinical stages continues to increase and evolve. Current efforts in the conjugation and linker chemistries could result in the successful construction of clinically effective compounds. The future clinical development of antibody-drug conjugates could benefit from the identification of such payloads that can provide more safe and effective derivatives. Highly potent compounds with reasonable aqueous solubility, non-immunogenic profile, and stability in storage and the bloodstream should be important aspects of research into cytotoxic payloads.
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Grépin R, Guyot M, Dumond A, Durivault J, Ambrosetti D, Roussel JF, Dupré F, Quintens H, Pagès G. The combination of bevacizumab/Avastin and erlotinib/Tarceva is relevant for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: the role of a synonymous mutation of the EGFR receptor. Theranostics 2020; 10:1107-1121. [PMID: 31938054 PMCID: PMC6956821 DOI: 10.7150/thno.38346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinomas (mRCC) over-express the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Hence, the anti-VEGF antibody bevacizumab/Avastin (BVZ) combined with interferon alpha (IFN) was approved for the treatment of mRCC. However, approval was lost in July 2016 due to the absence of sustained efficacy. We previously showed that BVZ accelerates tumor growth in experimental models of mRCC in mice, results in part explained by down-regulation of the phospho tyrosine phosphatase receptor kappa (PTPRκ) in tumor cells. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a direct target of PTPRκ. Its down-regulation leads to constitutive activation of EGFR, an observation which prompted us to test the effect of the EGFR inhibitor erlotinib/Tarceva (ERLO) in addition to BVZ/IFN. The influence of the long non-coding RNA, EGFR-AS1, on ERLO efficacy was also addressed. Methods: The effect of BVZ/IFN/ERLO was tested on the growth of experimental tumors in nude mice. The presence of germline mutation in the EGFR was evaluated on cell lines and primary RCC cells. In vitro translation and transfections of expression vectors coding the wild-type or the EGFR mutated gene in HEK-293 cells were used to test the role of EGFR mutation of the ERLO efficacy. Correlation between EGFR/EGFR-AS1 expression and survival was analyzed with an online available data base (TCGA). Results: Tumor growth was strongly reduced by the triple combination BVZ/IFN/ERLO and linked to reduced levels of pro-angiogenic/pro-inflammatory cytokines of the ELR+CXCL family and to subsequent inhibition of vascularization, a decreased number of lymphatic vessels and polarization of macrophages towards the M1 phenotype. Cells isolated from surgical resection of human tumors presented a range of sensitivity to ERLO depending on the presence of a newly detected mutation in the EGFR and to the presence of EGFR-AS1. Conclusions: Our results point-out that the BVZ/IFN/ERLO combination deserves testing for the treatment of mRCC that have a specific mutation in the EGFR.
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Antibody-drug conjugates for lung cancer in the era of personalized oncology. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 69:268-278. [PMID: 31899248 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
With 9.6 million deaths in 2018, cancer represents one of the most common causes of death, both in men and women. Despite recent advances in the understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in cancer development and progression, treatment options are still limited. Limitations of traditional chemotherapy include the lack of selectivity and the unfavorable safety profile. The efficacy of targeted therapies (e.g., tyrosine kinase inhibitors) is also limited by their cytostatic action, which inhibits tumor cell proliferation without inducing tumor cell death, and by the risk of acquired resistance. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), a newly developed class of engineered anticancer drugs, consist of recombinant monoclonal antibodies against tumor-specific antigens that are covalently bound to cytotoxic agents. They have been designed to overcome the limitations of traditional chemotherapy and targeted therapies by combining the target selectivity of monoclonal antibodies with the high potency of cytotoxic drugs. Currently, ADCs that have received regulatory approval include brentuximab vedotin for CD30-positive Hodgkin lymphoma and trastuzumab emtansine for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer. However, over 80 novel ADCs are actively being investigated in preclinical studies and early-phase clinical trials. In this review, we will provide a comprehensive overview of the biological rational, efficacy and safety of ADCs as therapeutic agents against non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer.
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Wang A, Chen M, Wang H, Huang J, Bao Y, Gan X, Liu B, Lu X, Wang L. Cell Adhesion-Related Molecules Play a Key Role in Renal Cancer Progression by Multinetwork Analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:2325765. [PMID: 31950034 PMCID: PMC6948336 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2325765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of the most common malignancies in the urinary system. The study aimed to identify genetic characteristics and reveal the underlying mechanisms in RCC. GSE53757, GSE46699, and TCGA KIRC database (n = 897) were analyzed to screen differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in RCC. The gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed, followed by the analysis of the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of the DEGs by Cytoscape software. In all, 834 DEGs were identified in RCC, including 416 upregulated genes and 418 downregulated genes. The top 10 hub genes, VEGFA, EGFR, EGF, CD44, CD86, FN1, ITGAM, ITGB2, TLR2, and PTPRC, were identified from the PPI network according to the core degree. The following subnetwork revealed that these significant modules were enriched in positive regulation of response to external stimulus, regulation of leukocyte-mediated immunity, and regulation of exocytosis. The expressions of these hub genes were also validated using qRT-PCR and IHC in Changzheng RCC database (n = 160). We especially found that half of the top ten hub genes were cell adhesion-related molecules, which were associated with RCC progression and poor prognosis. In conclusion, these hub genes, particularly cell adhesion-related molecules, could be used as prognostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anbang Wang
- Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Jinming Huang
- Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Yi Bao
- Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Xinxin Gan
- Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Linhui Wang
- Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
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Zhang Q, Liu JH, Liu JL, Qi CT, Yan L, Chen Y, Yu Q. Activation and function of receptor tyrosine kinases in human clear cell renal cell carcinomas. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:1044. [PMID: 31690270 PMCID: PMC6833303 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6159-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) play critical roles in the development of cancers. Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) accounts for 75% of the RCC. The previous studies on the RTKs in ccRCCs mainly focused on their gene expressions. The activation and function of the RTKs in ccRCC have not been fully investigated. Methods In the present study, we analyzed the phosphorylation patterns of RTKs in human ccRCC patient samples, human ccRCC and papillary RCC cell lines, and other kidney tumor samples using human phospho-RTK arrays. We further established ccRCC patient-derived xenograft models in nude mice and assessed the effects of RTKIs (RTK Inhibitors) on the growth of these cancer cells. Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the localization of keratin, vimentin and PDGFRβ in ccRCCs. Results We found that the RTK phosphorylation patterns of the ccRCC samples were all very similar, but different from that of the cell lines, other kidney tumor samples, as well as the adjacent normal tissues. 9 RTKs, EGFR1–3, Insulin R, PDGFRβ, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, HGFR and M-CSFR were found to be phosphorylated in the ccRCC samples. The adjacent normal tissues, on the other hand, had predominantly only two of the 4 EGFR family members, EGFR and ErbB4, phosphorylated. What’s more, the RTK phosphorylation pattern of the xenograft, however, was different from that of the primary tissue samples. Treatment of the xenograft nude mice with corresponding RTK inhibitors effectively inhibited the Erk1/2 signaling pathway as well as the growth of the tumors. In addition, histological staining of the cancer samples revealed that most of the PDGFRβ expressing cells were localized in the vimentin-positive periepithelial stroma. Conclusions Overall, we have identified a set of RTKs that are characteristically phosphorylated in ccRCCs. The phosphorylation of RTKs in ccRCCs were determined by the growing environments. These phosphorylated/activated RTKs will guide targeting drugs development of more effective therapies in ccRCCs. The synergistical inhibition of RTKIs combination on the ccRCC suggest a novel strategy to use a combination of RTKIs to treat ccRCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Room 2-224, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jian-He Liu
- The Department of Urology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Li Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Room 2-224, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Chun-Ting Qi
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Room 2-224, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lei Yan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Room 2-224, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Room 2-224, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Room 2-224, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Drug resistance in papillary RCC: from putative mechanisms to clinical practicalities. Nat Rev Urol 2019; 16:655-673. [PMID: 31602010 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-019-0233-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC) is the second most common renal cell carcinoma (RCC) subtype and accounts for 10-15% of all RCCs. Despite clinical need, few pharmacogenomics studies in pRCC have been performed. Moreover, current research fails to adequately include pRCC laboratory models, such as the ACHN or Caki-2 pRCC cell lines. The molecular mechanisms involved in pRCC development and drug resistance are more diverse than in clear-cell RCC, in which inactivation of VHL occurs in the majority of tumours. Drug resistance to multiple therapies in pRCC occurs via genetic alteration (such as mutations resulting in abnormal receptor tyrosine kinase activation or RALBP1 inhibition), dysregulation of signalling pathways (such as GSK3β-EIF4EBP1, PI3K-AKT and the MAPK or interleukin signalling pathways), deregulation of cellular processes (such as resistance to apoptosis or epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition) and interactions between the cell and its environment (for example, through activation of matrix metalloproteinases). Improved understanding of resistance mechanisms will facilitate drug discovery and provide new effective therapies. Further studies on novel resistance biomarkers are needed to improve patient prognosis and stratification as well as drug development.
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Abstract
Apoptosis, the process of programmed cell death, occurs normally during development and aging. Members of the B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) family of proteins are central regulators of apoptosis, and resistance to apoptosis is one of the hallmarks of cancer. Targeting the apoptotic pathway via BCL2 inhibitors has been considered a promising treatment strategy in the past decade. Initial efforts with small molecule BH3 mimetics such as ABT-737 and ABT-263 (navitoclax) pioneered the development of the first-in-class Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved oral BCL2 inhibitor, venetoclax. Venetoclax was approved for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia, and is now being studied in a number of hematologic malignancies. Several other inhibitors targeting different BCL2 family members are now in early stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fevzi F Yalniz
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 428, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - William G Wierda
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 428, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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16
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Lichtig H, Cohen Y, Bin-Nun N, Golubkov V, Frank D. PTK7 proteolytic fragment proteins function during early Xenopus development. Dev Biol 2019; 453:48-55. [PMID: 31125531 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein Tyrosine Kinase 7 (PTK7) is as a critical regulator of canonical and non-canonical Wnt-signaling during embryonic development and cancer cell formation. Disrupting PTK7 activity perturbs vertebrate nervous system development, and also promotes human cancer formation. Observations in different model systems suggest a complex cross-talk between PTK7 protein and Wnt signaling. During Xenopus laevis nervous system development, we previously showed that PTK7 protein positively regulates canonical Wnt signaling by maintaining optimal LRP6 protein levels, but PTK7 also acts in concert with LRP6 protein to repress non-canonical Wnt activity. PTK7 is a transmembrane protein, but studies in cancer cells showed that PTK7 undergoes "shedding" by metalloproteases to different proteolytic fragments. Some PTK7 proteolytic fragments are oncogenic, being localized to alternative cytoplasmic and nuclear cell compartments. In this study we examined the biological activity of two proteolytic carboxyl-terminal PTK7 proteolytic fragments, cPTK7 622-1070 and cPTK7 726-1070 during early Xenopus nervous system development. We found that these smaller PTK7 proteolytic fragments have similar activity to full-length PTK7 protein to promote canonical Wnt-signaling via regulation of LRP6 protein levels. In addition to cancer systems, this study shows in vivo proof that these smaller PTK7 proteolytic fragments can recapitulate full-length PTK7 protein activity in diverse systems, such as vertebrate nervous system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hava Lichtig
- Department of Biochemistry, The Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 31096, Israel
| | - Yasmin Cohen
- Department of Biochemistry, The Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 31096, Israel
| | - Naama Bin-Nun
- Department of Biochemistry, The Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 31096, Israel
| | | | - Dale Frank
- Department of Biochemistry, The Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 31096, Israel.
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The Increased PTK7 Expression Is a Malignant Factor in Cervical Cancer. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:5380197. [PMID: 30944666 PMCID: PMC6421733 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5380197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the most common malignant neoplasms in gynecology. Protein tyrosine kinase 7 (PTK7) with an inactive kinase domain is an important regulator of multiple Wnt pathways under normal and various pathological conditions and overexpressed in various tumors; however, the clinical and biological significance of PTK7 in cervical cancer is still unknown. In the present study, the protein expression level of PTK7 was detected in clinical cervical cancer patient samples, and the relationship between PTK7 expression and clinicopathological features was analyzed. In addition, the Kaplan-Meier method was performed to estimate the overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) of patients to investigate the clinicopathological significance of PTK7 expression. Functional assays demonstrated that knocking down PTK7 might inhibit the ability of cancer cells to proliferate and invade or migrate, both in vivo and in vitro. Thus, PTK7 might serve as a potential target for cervical cancer.
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18
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Shu X, Gu J, Huang M, Tannir NM, Matin SF, Karam JA, Wood CG, Wu X, Ye Y. Germline genetic variants in somatically significantly mutated genes in tumors are associated with renal cell carcinoma risk and outcome. Carcinogenesis 2019; 39:752-757. [PMID: 29635281 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified 13 susceptibility loci for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Additional genetic loci of risk remain to be explored. Moreover, the role of germline genetic variants in predicting RCC recurrence and overall survival (OS) is less understood. In this study, we focused on 127 significantly mutated genes from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Pan-Cancer Analysis across 12 major cancer sites to identify potential genetic variants predictive of RCC risk and clinical outcomes. In a three-phase design with a total of 2657 RCC cases and 5315 healthy controls, two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that map to PIK3CG (rs6466135:A, ORmeta = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.77-0.94, Pmeta = 1.4 × 10-3) and ATM (rs611646:T, ORmeta = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.05-1.31, Pmeta = 3.5 × 10-3) were significantly associated with RCC risk. With respect to RCC recurrence and OS, two separate datasets with a total of 661 stages I-III RCC patients (discovery: 367; validation: 294) were analyzed. The most significant association was observed for rs10932384:C (ERBB4) with both outcomes (recurrence: HRmeta = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.39-0.68, Pmeta = 3.81 × 10-6; OS: HRmeta = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.37-0.67, Pmeta = 6.00 × 10-6). In addition, six SNPs were significantly associated with either RCC recurrence or OS but not both (Pmeta < 0.01). Rs10932384:C was significantly correlated with mutation frequency of ERBB4 in clear cell RCC (ccRCC) patients (P = 0.003, Fisher's exact test). Cis-eQTL was observed for several SNPs in blood/transformed fibroblasts but not in RCC tumor tissues. In summary, we identified promising genetic predictors of recurrence and OS among RCC patients with localized disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Shu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jianchun Gu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Oncology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Maosheng Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nizar M Tannir
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Surena F Matin
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jose A Karam
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christopher G Wood
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xifeng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yuanqing Ye
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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19
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Biphasic regulation of tumorigenesis by PTK7 expression level in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8519. [PMID: 29867084 PMCID: PMC5986804 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26957-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine kinase 7 (PTK7), also known as colon carcinoma kinase 4 (CCK-4), is a member of the catalytically defective receptor protein tyrosine kinase family and is upregulated in various cancers, where it is known to act as either an oncoprotein or a tumor suppressor. To understand the contrasting roles of PTK7 in tumorigenesis, we analyzed the tumorigenic characteristics of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cells with low levels of endogenous PTK7 expression (TE-5 and TE-14 cells) and high levels of expression (TE-6 and TE-10 cells) after transfections with a PTK7 expression vector. PTK7 overexpression increased the proliferation of TE-5 and TE-14 cells but decreased the proliferation of TE-6 and TE-10 cells. In the ESCC cells, proliferation, migration, and invasion were initially increased and then decreased according to PTK7 expression levels, which were mirrored by initial increases and then decreases in the tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins and phosphorylation of Src, Akt, and ERK. In ESCC patients included in The Cancer Genome Atlas database, those with higher PTK7 mRNA levels had a longer overall survival and lower relative risk than those with lower PTK7 mRNA levels. These results demonstrate that PTK7 biphasically regulates tumorigenesis in ESCC.
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20
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Lai Y, Zhao Z, Zeng T, Liang X, Chen D, Duan X, Zeng G, Wu W. Crosstalk between VEGFR and other receptor tyrosine kinases for TKI therapy of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Cell Int 2018. [PMID: 29527128 PMCID: PMC5838927 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0530-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common subtype of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and is frequently accompanied by the genetic features of von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) loss. VHL loss increases the expression of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) and their targets, including epidermal growth factor (EGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). The primary treatment for metastatic RCC (mRCC) is molecular-targeted therapy, especially anti-angiogenic therapy. VEGF monoclonal antibodies and VEGF receptor (VEGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are the main drugs used in anti-angiogenic therapy. However, crosstalk between VEGFR and other tyrosine kinase or downstream pathways produce resistance to TKI treatment, and the multi-target inhibitors, HIF inhibitors or combination strategies are promising strategies for mRCC. HIFs are upstream of the crosstalk between the growth factors, and these factors may regulate the expression of VEGR, EGF, PDGF and other growth factors. The frequent VHL loss in ccRCC increases HIF expression, and HIFs may be an ideal candidate to overcome the TKI resistance. The combination of HIF inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors is also anticipated. Various clinical trials of programmed cell death protein 1 inhibitors are planned. The present study reviews the effects of current and potential TKIs on mRCC, with a focus on VEGF/VEGFR and other targets for mRCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchang Lai
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangzhou Urology Research Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230 Guangdong China
| | - Zhijian Zhao
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangzhou Urology Research Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230 Guangdong China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangzhou Urology Research Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230 Guangdong China
| | - Xiongfa Liang
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangzhou Urology Research Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230 Guangdong China
| | - Dong Chen
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangzhou Urology Research Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230 Guangdong China
| | - Xiaolu Duan
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangzhou Urology Research Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230 Guangdong China
| | - Guohua Zeng
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangzhou Urology Research Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230 Guangdong China
| | - Wenqi Wu
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangzhou Urology Research Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230 Guangdong China
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Catalytically defective receptor protein tyrosine kinase PTK7 enhances invasive phenotype by inducing MMP-9 through activation of AP-1 and NF-κB in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:73242-73256. [PMID: 27689325 PMCID: PMC5341976 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine kinase 7 (PTK7), a member of the catalytically defective receptor protein tyrosine kinase family, is upregulated in various cancers including esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Here, we have explored the molecular mechanism of PTK7-dependent invasiveness in ESCC cells. PTK7 knockdown reduced gelatin degradation and MMP-9 secretion in cultures of ESCC TE-10 cells, and showed reduced levels of MMP9 mRNA using real-time RT-PCR and luciferase reporter assays. PTK7 knockdown decreased not only phosphorylation of NF-κB, IκB, ERK, and JNK, but also nuclear localization of NF-κB and AP-1 consisting of c-Fos and c-Jun. Activation of AP-1 and NF-κB requires PTK7-mediated activation of tyrosine kinases, including Src. In addition, NF-κB activation by PTK7 involves the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. PTK7-mediated upregulation of MMP9 was also observed in other ESCC cell lines and in three-dimensional cultures of TE-10 cells. Moreover, MMP-9 expression positively correlated with PTK7 expression in ESCC tumor tissue. These findings demonstrate that PTK7 upregulates MMP9 through activation of AP-1 and NF-κB and, thus increases invasive properties of ESCC cells.
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22
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Earwaker P, Anderson C, Willenbrock F, Harris AL, Protheroe AS, Macaulay VM. RAPTOR up-regulation contributes to resistance of renal cancer cells to PI3K-mTOR inhibition. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191890. [PMID: 29389967 PMCID: PMC5794101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The outlook for patients with advanced renal cell cancer (RCC) has been improved by targeted agents including inhibitors of the PI3 kinase (PI3K)-AKT-mTOR axis, although treatment resistance is a major problem. Here, we aimed to understand how RCC cells acquire resistance to PI3K-mTOR inhibition. We used the RCC4 cell line to generate a model of in vitro resistance by continuous culture in PI3K-mTOR kinase inhibitor NVP-BEZ235 (BEZ235, Dactolisib). Resistant cells were cross-resistant to mTOR inhibitor AZD2014. Sensitivity was regained after 4 months drug withdrawal, and resistance was partially suppressed by HDAC inhibition, supporting an epigenetic mechanism. BEZ235-resistant cells up-regulated and/or activated numerous proteins including MET, ABL, Notch, IGF-1R, INSR and MEK/ERK. However, resistance was not reversed by inhibiting or depleting these pathways, suggesting that many induced changes were passengers not drivers of resistance. BEZ235 blocked phosphorylation of mTOR targets S6 and 4E-BP1 in parental cells, but 4E-BP1 remained phosphorylated in resistant cells, suggesting BEZ235-refractory mTORC1 activity. Consistent with this, resistant cells over-expressed mTORC1 component RAPTOR at the mRNA and protein level. Furthermore, BEZ235 resistance was suppressed by RAPTOR depletion, or allosteric mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin. These data reveal that RAPTOR up-regulation contributes to PI3K-mTOR inhibitor resistance, and suggest that RAPTOR expression should be included in the pharmacodynamic assessment of mTOR kinase inhibitor trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adrian L. Harris
- Oxford Cancer and Haematology Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew S. Protheroe
- Oxford Cancer and Haematology Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Valentine M. Macaulay
- Department of Oncology, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Cancer and Haematology Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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23
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Tian X, Yan L, Zhang D, Guan X, Dong B, Zhao M, Hao C. PTK7 overexpression in colorectal tumors: Clinicopathological correlation and prognosis relevance. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:1829-36. [PMID: 27499181 PMCID: PMC5022898 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) has one of the highest mortality rates in the worldwide and its incidence has been increasing in recent years. Protein tyrosine kinase-7 (PTK7) is an inactive member of receptor protein tyrosine kinase (RPTK)-like molecules, which is involved in tumorigenesis of a variety of cancers. Our study aimed to investigate expression of PTK7 in colorectal tumors (including benign adenomas and malignant carcinomas), and its potential function in tumorigenesis and prognosis. A total of 209 CRC patients and 28 colonic adenoma patients were included in this study. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and quantitative real-time PCR were performed in 14 pairs of fresh frozen tissues to evaluate mRNA expression of PTK7. Expression of PTK7 protein in 209 CRC tissues with paired non-cancerous mucosa and 28 adenoma specimens were tested using immunohistochemistry. The expression difference and its correlation with clinicopathological features and overall survival were assessed by SPSS statistics (version 22). P<0.05 was considered significant. RT-PCR and quantitative real-time PCR showed a higher expression of PTK7 mRNA in CRC compared with non-tumorous mucosa (4.87±3.71 vs. 1.33±1.05; P<0.001). PTK7 expression was significantly higher in adenoma (75%) and CRC (68.3%) than in non-tumorous mucosa (P<0.001). PTK7 expression was correlated with tumor differentiation (P=0.027), lymph node metastasis (P=0.005), distant metastasis (P=0.001) and TNM stage (P=0.028) of CRC patients. Significant correlation between PTK7 overexpression and favorable overall survival of CRC patients was observed (P=0.005). Therefore, it may act as a candidate biomarker to predict the occurrence and prognosis of colorectal tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyun Tian
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education/Beijing, Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute
| | - Liang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education/Beijing, Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute
| | - Donghai Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daxing Hospital Affiliated to Capital University of Medical Sciences
| | - Xiaoya Guan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education/Beijing, Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute
| | - Bin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education/Beijing, Central Laboratory, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute
| | - Min Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education/Beijing, Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Chunyi Hao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education/Beijing, Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute
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Ghatalia P, Yang ES, Lasseigne BN, Ramaker RC, Cooper SJ, Chen D, Sudarshan S, Wei S, Guru AS, Zhao A, Cooper T, Della Manna DL, Naik G, Myers RM, Sonpavde G. Kinase Gene Expression Profiling of Metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Tissue Identifies Potential New Therapeutic Targets. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160924. [PMID: 27574806 PMCID: PMC5004806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinases are therapeutically actionable targets. Kinase inhibitors targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) improve outcomes in metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), but are not curative. Metastatic tumor tissue has not been comprehensively studied for kinase gene expression. Paired intra-patient kinase gene expression analysis in primary tumor (T), matched normal kidney (N) and metastatic tumor tissue (M) may assist in identifying drivers of metastasis and prioritizing therapeutic targets. We compared the expression of 519 kinase genes using NanoString in T, N and M in 35 patients to discover genes over-expressed in M compared to T and N tissue. RNA-seq data derived from ccRCC tumors in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were used to demonstrate differential expression of genes in primary tumor tissue from patients that had metastasis at baseline (n = 79) compared to those that did not develop metastasis for at least 2 years (n = 187). Functional analysis was conducted to identify key signaling pathways by using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Of 10 kinase genes overexpressed in metastases compared to primary tumor in the discovery cohort, 9 genes were also differentially expressed in TCGA primary tumors with metastasis at baseline compared to primary tumors without metastasis for at least 2 years: EPHB2, AURKA, GSG2, IKBKE, MELK, CSK, CHEK2, CDC7 and MAP3K8; p<0.001). The top pathways overexpressed in M tissue were pyridoxal 5'-phosphate salvage, salvage pathways of pyrimidine ribonucleotides, NF-kB signaling, NGF signaling and cell cycle control of chromosomal replication. The 9 kinase genes validated to be over-expressed in metastatic ccRCC may represent currently unrecognized but potentially actionable therapeutic targets that warrant functional validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Ghatalia
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Eddy S. Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UAB, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | | | - Ryne C. Ramaker
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, UAB, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Sara J. Cooper
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, United States of America
| | - Dongquan Chen
- UAB Department of Preventive Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Sunil Sudarshan
- UAB Department of Urology, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Shi Wei
- UAB Department of Urologic Pathology, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Arjun S. Guru
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UAB, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Amy Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UAB, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Tiffiny Cooper
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UAB, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | | | - Gurudatta Naik
- UAB Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology-Oncology and the UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Richard M. Myers
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, United States of America
| | - Guru Sonpavde
- UAB Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology-Oncology and the UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Volz B, Schmidt M, Heinrich K, Kapp K, Schroff M, Wittig B. Design and characterization of the tumor vaccine MGN1601, allogeneic fourfold gene-modified vaccine cells combined with a TLR-9 agonist. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2016; 3:15023. [PMID: 27119114 PMCID: PMC4824560 DOI: 10.1038/mto.2015.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor vaccine MGN1601 was designed and developed for treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). MGN1601 consists of a combination of fourfold gene-modified cells with the toll-like receptor 9 agonist dSLIM, a powerful connector of innate and adaptive immunity. Vaccine cells originate from a renal cell carcinoma cell line (grown from renal cell carcinoma tissue), express a variety of known tumor-associated antigens (TAA), and are gene modified to transiently express two co-stimulatory molecules, CD80 and CD154, and two cytokines, GM-CSF and IL-7, aimed to support immune response. Proof of concept of the designed vaccine was shown in mice: The murine homologue of the vaccine efficiently (100%) prevented tumor growth when used as prophylactic vaccine in a syngeneic setting. Use of the vaccine in a therapeutic setting showed complete response in 92% of mice as well as synergistic action and necessity of the components. In addition, specific cellular and humoral immune responses in mice were found when used in an allogeneic setting. Immune response to the vaccine was also shown in mRCC patients treated with MGN1601: Peptide array analysis revealed humoral CD4-based immune response to TAA expressed on vaccine cells, including survivin, cyclin D1, and stromelysin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Volz
- Foundation Institute for Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Mologen AG, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Kerstin Heinrich
- Foundation Institute for Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Mologen AG, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Burghardt Wittig
- Foundation Institute for Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
The Abelson (ABL) tyrosine kinases were identified as drivers of leukemia in mice and humans. Emerging data has shown a role for the ABL family kinases, ABL1 and ABL2, in the progression of several solid tumors. This review will focus on recent reports of the involvement of the ABL kinases in tumor progression using mouse models as well as recent data generated from genomic and proteomic studies linking enhanced expression and hyper-activation of the ABL kinases to some human cancers. Preclinical studies on small molecule inhibitors of the ABL kinases suggest that their use may have beneficial effects for the treatment of selected solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Ann Marie Pendergast
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA
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Jacobson O, Weiss ID, Wang L, Wang Z, Yang X, Dewhurst A, Ma Y, Zhu G, Niu G, Kiesewetter DO, Vasdev N, Liang SH, Chen X. 18F-Labeled Single-Stranded DNA Aptamer for PET Imaging of Protein Tyrosine Kinase-7 Expression. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:1780-1785. [PMID: 26315836 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.160960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Protein tyrosine kinase-7 (PTK7), a member of receptor tyrosine kinase superfamily initially identified as colon carcinoma kinase-4, is highly expressed in various human malignancies. Its expression was found to correlate with aggressive biologic behaviors such as increased cell proliferation, invasiveness, and migration. Despite the importance and unmet need of imaging PTK7 in vivo, there is currently no clinically relevant method to visualize tumoral PTK7 expression noninvasively such as PET or SPECT. This study aimed to develop a specific, selective, and high-affinity PET radioligand based on single-stranded DNA aptamer to address this challenge. METHODS Sgc8, a 41-oligonucleotide that targets to PTK7, was labeled with (18)F using a 2-step radiochemical synthesis, which featured a direct 1-step radiofluorination on the distinctive spirocyclic hypervalent iodine(III) precursor to give (18)F-fluorobenzyl azide followed by copper-mediated click conjugation with Sgc8-alkyne. (18)F-Sgc8 was evaluated in vitro and in vivo in 2 cell lines, HCT116 and U87MG, which express high and low amounts of PTK7, respectively. RESULTS Sgc8 was labeled efficiently with (18)F in an isolated radiochemical yield of 62% ± 2%, non-decay-corrected based on (18)F-fluorobenzyl azide. (18)F-Tr-Sgc8 was found to possess high-affinity binding to both cell lines, with binding affinity values of 2.7 ± 0.6 nM for HCT116 and 16.9 ± 2.1 nM for U87MG. In vivo PET imaging clearly visualized PTK7 expression in HCT116 xenografted mice, with tumor uptake of 0.76 ± 0.09 percentage injected dose per gram (%ID/g) at 30 min after injection for the subcutaneous tumor model and greater than 1.5 %ID/g for the liver metastasis model. U87MG xenograft tumors had much lower tracer accumulation (0.13 ± 0.06 %ID/g at 30 min after injection), which was consistent with the lower expression of PTK7 in this tumor model. The labeled aptamer was rapidly cleared from the blood through the kidneys and bladder to give high tumor-to-blood and tumor-to-muscle ratios of 7.29 ± 1.51 and 10.25 ± 2.08, respectively. CONCLUSION The (18)F-radiolabeling methodology shown here is a robust procedure for labeling aptamers and similar chemical moieties and can be applied to many different targets. Quantification of PTK7 using (18)F-Tr-Sgc8 may be suitable for clinical translation and might help in the future to select and monitor appropriate therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Jacobson
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering
| | - Ido D Weiss
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhe Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering
| | - Xiangyu Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering
| | - Andrew Dewhurst
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering
| | - Ying Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering
| | - Guizhi Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering
| | - Gang Niu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering
| | - Dale O Kiesewetter
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven H Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering
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Von Roemeling CA, Marlow LA, Radisky DC, Rohl A, Larsen HE, Wei J, Sasinowska H, Zhu H, Drake R, Sasinowski M, Tun HW, Copland JA. Functional genomics identifies novel genes essential for clear cell renal cell carcinoma tumor cell proliferation and migration. Oncotarget 2015; 5:5320-34. [PMID: 24979721 PMCID: PMC4170622 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently there is a lack of targeted therapies that lead to long-term attenuation or regression of disease in patients with advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Our group has implemented a high-throughput genetic analysis coupled with a high-throughput proliferative screen in order to investigate the genetic contributions of a large cohort of overexpressed genes at the functional level in an effort to better understand factors involved in tumor initiation and progression. Patient gene array analysis identified transcripts that are consistently elevated in patient ccRCC as compared to matched normal renal tissues. This was followed by a high-throughput lentivirus screen, independently targeting 195 overexpressed transcripts identified in the gene array in four ccRCC cell lines. This revealed 31 ‘hits’ that contribute to ccRCC cell proliferation. Many of the hits identified are not only presented in the context of ccRCC for the first time, but several have not been previously linked to cancer. We further characterize the function of a group of hits in tumor cell invasion. Taken together these findings reveal pathways that may be critical in ccRCC tumorigenicity, and identifies novel candidate factors that could serve as targets for therapeutic intervention or diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers for patients with advanced ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura A Marlow
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Derek C Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Austin Rohl
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Hege Ekeberg Larsen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Johnny Wei
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida
| | | | - Heng Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida
| | | | | | - Han W Tun
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - John A Copland
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida
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29
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Kim JH, Kwon J, Lee HW, Kang MC, Yoon HJ, Lee ST, Park JH. Protein tyrosine kinase 7 plays a tumor suppressor role by inhibiting ERK and AKT phosphorylation in lung cancer. Oncol Rep 2014; 31:2708-12. [PMID: 24789704 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine kinase 7 (PTK7) is a catalytically inactive receptor tyrosine kinase that is also known as colon carcinoma kinase-4 (CCK-4). Recent reports have shown that PTK7 plays an important role in carcinogenesis, and it is known to be upregulated in gastric, colon and esophageal cancer, as well as in liposarcoma. However, the role of PTK7 in lung cancer has not been investigated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression levels and the role of PTK7 in lung cancer. We found that PTK7 expression was downregulated at the mRNA as well as protein levels in human lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). Upon investigation of the functional role of PTK7 in LSCC, we found that overexpression of PTK7 in LSCC cells resulted in inhibition of cell proliferation, invasion and migration. Furthermore, we confirmed that these phenotypic changes are associated with the inactivation of AKT and ERK. Our findings suggest that PTK7 has different oncogenic roles in organs and target tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hee Kim
- Department of Translational Research, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhye Kwon
- Department of Translational Research, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Won Lee
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Chul Kang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Joon Yoon
- Department of Translational Research, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Taek Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Ho Park
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
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30
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Akl H, Vervloessem T, Kiviluoto S, Bittremieux M, Parys JB, De Smedt H, Bultynck G. A dual role for the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein in cancer: mitochondria versus endoplasmic reticulum. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:2240-52. [PMID: 24768714 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 contributes to cancer formation and progression by promoting the survival of altered cells. Hence, it is a prime target for novel specific anti-cancer therapeutics. In addition to its canonical anti-apoptotic role, Bcl-2 has an inhibitory effect on cell-cycle progression. Bcl-2 acts at two different intracellular compartments, the mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). At the mitochondria, Bcl-2 via its hydrophobic cleft scaffolds the Bcl-2-homology (BH) domain 3 (BH3) of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2-family members. Small molecules (like BH3 mimetics) can disrupt this interaction, resulting in apoptotic cell death in cancer cells. At the ER, Bcl-2 modulates Ca(2+) signaling, thereby promoting proliferation while increasing resistance to apoptosis. Bcl-2 at the ER acts via its N-terminal BH4 domain, which directly binds and inhibits the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R), the main intracellular Ca(2+)-release channel. Tools targeting the BH4 domain of Bcl-2 reverse Bcl-2's inhibitory action on IP3Rs and trigger pro-apoptotic Ca(2+) signaling in cancer B-cells, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cells. The sensitivity of DLBCL cells to BH4-domain targeting tools strongly correlated with the expression levels of the IP3R2 channel, the IP3R isoform with the highest affinity for IP3. Interestingly, bio-informatic analysis of a database of primary CLL patient cells also revealed a transcriptional upregulation of IP3R2. Finally, this review proposes a model, in which cancer cell survival depends on Bcl-2 at the mitochondria and/or the ER. This dependence likely will have an impact on their responses to BH3-mimetic drugs and BH4-domain targeting tools. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Calcium signaling in health and disease. Guest Editors: Geert Bultynck, Jacques Haiech, Claus W. Heizmann, Joachim Krebs, and Marc Moreau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidar Akl
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Campus Gasthuisberg, O/N-I, Bus 802, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Tamara Vervloessem
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Campus Gasthuisberg, O/N-I, Bus 802, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Santeri Kiviluoto
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Campus Gasthuisberg, O/N-I, Bus 802, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mart Bittremieux
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Campus Gasthuisberg, O/N-I, Bus 802, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan B Parys
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Campus Gasthuisberg, O/N-I, Bus 802, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Humbert De Smedt
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Campus Gasthuisberg, O/N-I, Bus 802, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Bultynck
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Campus Gasthuisberg, O/N-I, Bus 802, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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31
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Greuber EK, Smith-Pearson P, Wang J, Pendergast AM. Role of ABL family kinases in cancer: from leukaemia to solid tumours. Nat Rev Cancer 2013; 13:559-71. [PMID: 23842646 PMCID: PMC3935732 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Abelson (ABL) family of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases, ABL1 and ABL2, transduces diverse extracellular signals to protein networks that control proliferation, survival, migration and invasion. ABL1 was first identified as an oncogene required for the development of leukaemias initiated by retroviruses or chromosome translocations. The demonstration that small-molecule ABL kinase inhibitors could effectively treat chronic myeloid leukaemia opened the door to the era of targeted cancer therapies. Recent reports have uncovered roles for ABL kinases in solid tumours. Enhanced ABL expression and activation in some solid tumours, together with altered cell polarity, invasion or growth induced by activated ABL kinases, suggest that drugs targeting these kinases may be useful for treating selected solid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emileigh K Greuber
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, BOX 3813, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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32
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Göke F, Franzen A, Menon R, Goltz D, Kirsten R, Boehm D, Vogel W, Göke A, Scheble V, Ellinger J, Gerigk U, Fend F, Wagner P, Schroeck A, Perner S. Rationale for treatment of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the lung using fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitors. Chest 2013; 142:1020-1026. [PMID: 22499828 DOI: 10.1378/chest.11-2943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously identified amplification of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 gene (FGFR1) as a potential therapeutic target for small-molecule inhibitor therapy in squamous cell lung cancer (L-SCC). Currently, clinical phase I trials are underway to examine whether patients with FGFR1-amplified L-SCC benefit from a targeted therapy approach using small-molecule inhibitors. Because most patients with lung cancer present with metastatic disease, we investigated whether lymph node metastases in L-SCC share the FGFR1 amplification status of their corresponding primary tumor. METHODS The study cohort consisted of 72 patients with L-SCC, 39 with regional lymph node metastases. Tissue microarrays were constructed from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue of the primary tumors and, where present, of the corresponding lymph node metastasis. A biotin-labeled target probe spanning the FGFR1 locus (8p11.22-23) was used to determine the FGFR1 amplification status by fluorescence in situ hybridization. RESULTS FGFR1 amplification was detected in 16% (12 of 72) of all primary L-SCCs. In metastatic tumors, 18% (seven of 39) of the lymph node metastases displayed FGFR1 amplification with an exact correlation of FGFR1 amplification status between tumor and metastatic tissue. CONCLUSIONS FGFR1 amplification is a common genetic event occurring at a frequency of 16% in L-SCCs. Moreover, lymph node metastases derived from FGFR1-amplified L-SCCs also exhibit FGFR1 amplification. Therefore, we suggest that the FGFR1 amplification is a clonal event in tumor progression. Beyond this biologically relevant observation, the findings carry potential therapeutic implications in that small-molecule inhibitors may be applicable to the treatment of a subset of patients with metastatic L-SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Göke
- Institute of Pathology, Affiliated Malteser Hospital, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Prostate Cancer Research, Affiliated Malteser Hospital, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alina Franzen
- Institute of Pathology, Affiliated Malteser Hospital, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Prostate Cancer Research, Affiliated Malteser Hospital, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Roopika Menon
- Institute of Pathology, Affiliated Malteser Hospital, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Prostate Cancer Research, Affiliated Malteser Hospital, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Diane Goltz
- Institute of Pathology, Affiliated Malteser Hospital, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Robert Kirsten
- Institute of Prostate Cancer Research, Affiliated Malteser Hospital, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Diana Boehm
- Institute of Prostate Cancer Research, Affiliated Malteser Hospital, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Wenzel Vogel
- Institute of Prostate Cancer Research, Affiliated Malteser Hospital, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Antonia Göke
- Institute of Prostate Cancer Research, Affiliated Malteser Hospital, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Veit Scheble
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Joerg Ellinger
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Malteser Hospital, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrich Gerigk
- Department of Thorax Surgery, Affiliated Malteser Hospital, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Falko Fend
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Patrick Wagner
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Andreas Schroeck
- Institute of Prostate Cancer Research, Affiliated Malteser Hospital, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Malteser Hospital, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sven Perner
- Institute of Pathology, Affiliated Malteser Hospital, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Prostate Cancer Research, Affiliated Malteser Hospital, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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33
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Shin WS, Kwon J, Lee HW, Kang MC, Na HW, Lee ST, Park JH. Oncogenic role of protein tyrosine kinase 7 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2013; 104:1120-6. [PMID: 23663482 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a common subtype of esophageal cancer that is particularly prevalent in East Asian countries. Our previous expression profile analysis showed that the gene encoding protein tyrosine kinase 7 (PTK7) is upregulated in ESCC tissues. Here, we aimed to validate PTK7 as a prognostic factor and a candidate target for molecular treatment of ESCC. Both RT-PCR and Western blot analysis of tissues from ESCC patients revealed that PTK7 was significantly upregulated in tumor tissue samples of ESCC. Immunohistochemical staining of PTK7 showed that increased expression of PTK7 was inversely correlated with overall survival (P = 0.021). In vitro knockdown of PTK7 inhibited proliferation, survival, wound healing, and invasion of ESCC cells. In addition, PTK7 knockdown decreased phosphorylation of Akt, Erk, and focal adhesion kinase (FAK), important determinants of cell proliferation, survival, and migration. Therefore, our findings suggest that PTK7 has potential as a prognostic marker for ESCC and might also be a candidate for targeted therapy in the treatment of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Sik Shin
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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