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Wu S, Li R, Jiang Y, Yu J, Zheng J, Li Z, Li M, Xin K, Wang Y, Xu Z, Li S, Chen X. Liquid biopsy in urothelial carcinoma: Detection techniques and clinical applications. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115027. [PMID: 37354812 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The types of urothelial carcinoma (UC) include urothelial bladder cancer and upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Current diagnostic techniques cannot meet the needs of patients. Liquid biopsy is an accurate method of determining the molecular profile of UC and is a cutting-edge and popular technique that is expected to complement existing detection techniques and benefit patients with UC. Circulating tumor cells, cell-free DNA, cell-free RNA, extracellular vesicles, proteins, and metabolites can be found in the blood, urine, or other bodily fluids and are examined during liquid biopsies. This article focuses on the components of liquid biopsies and their clinical applications in UC. Liquid biopsies have tremendous potential in multiple aspects of precision oncology, from early diagnosis and treatment monitoring to predicting prognoses. They may therefore play an important role in the management of UC and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Wu
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Yuanhong Jiang
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Jiazheng Yu
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Jianyi Zheng
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Zeyu Li
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Mingyang Li
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Kerong Xin
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning 110042, China.
| | - Zhenqun Xu
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China.
| | - Shijie Li
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China.
| | - Xiaonan Chen
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China.
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Weidle UH, Birzele F. Bladder Cancer-related microRNAs With In Vivo Efficacy in Preclinical Models. CANCER DIAGNOSIS & PROGNOSIS 2021; 1:245-263. [PMID: 35403137 PMCID: PMC8988954 DOI: 10.21873/cdp.10033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Progressive and metastatic bladder cancer remain difficult to treat. In this review, we critique seven up-regulated and 25 down-regulated microRNAs in order to identify new therapeutic entities and corresponding targets. These microRNAs were selected with respect to their efficacy in bladder cancer-related preclinical in vivo models. MicroRNAs and related targets interfering with chemoresistance, cell-cycle, signaling, apoptosis, autophagy, transcription factor modulation, epigenetic modification and metabolism are described. In addition, we highlight microRNAs targeting transmembrane receptors and secreted factors. We discuss druggability issues for the identified targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich H Weidle
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Birzele
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences,Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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3
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Chen G, Yu M, Cao J, Zhao H, Dai Y, Cong Y, Qiao G. Identification of candidate biomarkers correlated with poor prognosis of breast cancer based on bioinformatics analysis. Bioengineered 2021; 12:5149-5161. [PMID: 34384030 PMCID: PMC8806858 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1960775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is a malignancy with high incidence among women in the world. This study aims to screen key genes and potential prognostic biomarkers for BC using bioinformatics analysis. Total 58 normal tissues and 203 cancer tissues were collected from three Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) gene expression profiles, and then the differential expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Subsequently, the Gene Ontology (GO) function and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG) pathway were analyzed to investigate the biological function of DEGs. Additionally, hub genes were screened by constructing a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network. Then, we explored the prognostic value and molecular mechanism of these hub genes using Kaplan–Meier (KM) curve and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). As a result, 42 up-regulated and 82 down-regulated DEGs were screened out from GEO datasets. The DEGs were mainly related to cell cycles and cell proliferation by GO and KEGG pathway analysis. Furthermore, 12 hub genes (FN1, AURKA, CCNB1, BUB1B, PRC1, TPX2, NUSAP1, TOP2A, KIF20A, KIF2C, RRM2, ASPM) with a high degree were identified initially, among which, 11 hub genes were significantly correlated with the prognosis of BC patients based on the Kaplan–Meier-plotter. GSEA reviewed that these hub genes correlated with KEGG_CELL_CYCLE and HALLMARK_P53_PATHWAY. In conclusion, this study identified 11 key genes as BC potential prognosis biomarkers on the basis of integrated bioinformatics analysis. This finding will improve our knowledge of the BC progress and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Mingwei Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Jianqiao Cao
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Huishan Zhao
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yuanping Dai
- Department of Medical Genetics, Liuzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Guangxi, P.R. China
| | - Yizi Cong
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Guangdong Qiao
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, P.R. China
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Miralaei N, Majd A, Ghaedi K, Peymani M, Safaei M. Integrated pan-cancer of AURKA expression and drug sensitivity analysis reveals increased expression of AURKA is responsible for drug resistance. Cancer Med 2021; 10:6428-6441. [PMID: 34337875 PMCID: PMC8446408 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The AURKA gene encodes a protein kinase involved in cell cycle regulation and plays an oncogenic role in many cancers. The main objective of this study is to analyze AURKA expression in 13 common cancers and its role in prognostic and drug resistance. Method Using the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) as well as CCLE and GDSC data, the level of AURKA gene expression and its role in prognosis and its association with drug resistance were evaluated, respectively. In addition, the expression level of AURKA was assessed in colorectal cancer (CRC) and gastric cancer (GC) samples. Besides, using Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) data, drugs that could affect the expression level of this gene were also identified. Results The results indicated that the expression level of AURKA gene in 13 common cancers increased significantly compared to normal samples or it survived poorly (HR >1, p < 0.01) in lung, prostate, kidney, bladder, and uterine cancers. Also, the gene expression data showed increased expression in CRC and GC samples compared to normal ones. The level of AURKA was significantly associated with the resistance to SB 505124, NU‐7441, and irinotecan drugs (p < 0.01). Eventually, GEO data showed that JQ1, actinomycin D1, and camptothecin could reduce the expression of AURKA gene in different cancer cell lines (logFC < 1, p < 0.01). Conclusion Increased expression of AURKA is observed in prevalent cancers and associated with poor prognostic and the development of drug resistance. In addition, some chemotherapy drugs can reduce the expression of this gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noushin Miralaei
- Department of Biology, Tehran North Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Majd
- Department of Biology, Tehran North Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamran Ghaedi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Peymani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Safaei
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Kim J, Jin P, Yang W, Kim WJ. Proteomic profiling of bladder cancer for precision medicine in the clinical setting: A review for the busy urologist. Investig Clin Urol 2021; 61:539-554. [PMID: 33135400 PMCID: PMC7606121 DOI: 10.4111/icu.20200317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, proteomic methods have successfully identified potential biomarkers of urological malignancies, such as prostate cancer (PC), bladder cancer (BC), and renal cell carcinoma (RCC), reflecting different numbers of key cellular processes, including extracellular environment modification, invasion and metastasis, chemotaxis, differentiation, metabolite transport, and apoptosis. The potential application of proteomics in the detection of clinical markers of urological malignancies can help improve patient assessment through early cancer detection, prognosis, and treatment response prediction. A variety of proteomic studies have already been carried out to find prognostic BC biomarkers, and a large number of potential biomarkers have been reported. It is worth noting that proteomics research has not been applied to the study of predictive markers; this may be due to the incompatibility between the number of measured variables and the available sample size, which has become particularly evident in the study of therapeutic response. On the contrary, prognostic correlation is more common, which is also reflected in existing research. We are now entering an era of clinical proteomics. Driven by proteomic-based workflows, computing tools, and the applicability of cross-correlation of proteomic data, it is now feasible to use proteomic analysis to support personalized medicine. In this paper, we will summarize the current emerging technologies for advanced discovery, targeted proteomics, and proteomic applications in BC, particularly in discovery of human-based biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayoung Kim
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peng Jin
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wun Jae Kim
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea.,Institute of UroTech, Cheongju, Korea.
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Bratu O, Marcu D, Anghel R, Spinu D, Iorga L, Balescu I, Bacalbasa N, Diaconu C, Savu C, Savu C, Cherciu A. Tumoral markers in bladder cancer (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:773. [PMID: 34055072 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder tumors are frequently diagnosed urologic malignant diseases with an extremely high recurrence rate compared to other neoplastic tumors. Urothelial bladder carcinomas are mostly identified in their incipient form, as non-muscle invasive, but despite that, a third of them develop into aggressive recurrent disease. The diagnosis of bladder carcinoma at this moment is established using cytology and cystoscopy and is a great challenge for clinicians due to the lack of sensitivity. Urinary biomarkers could improve and enhance the diagnosis and screening techniques and determine a more accurate recurrence rate. However, bladder cancer is a heterogeneous disease and the existence of a single marker test with reduced cost is unlikely; thus, until then, the use of a panel of markers to obtain valuable information is inevitable even though suboptimal for use. To improve this deadlock, new biomarker panels should be identified and prepared to equalize the cost-efficiency balance. The present paper is a literature review concerning the most commonly used tumor markers in urinary bladder cancer as well as the most commonly encountered genetic modifications in such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovidiu Bratu
- Department of Urology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Urology, University Emergency Central Military Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Urology, Academy of Romanian Scientists, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dragos Marcu
- Department of Urology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Urology, University Emergency Central Military Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Radu Anghel
- Department of Urology, University Emergency Central Military Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dan Spinu
- Department of Urology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Urology, University Emergency Central Military Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Lucian Iorga
- Department of Urology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Urology, University Emergency Central Military Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irina Balescu
- Department of Visceral Surgery, 'Ponderas' Academic Hospital, 021188 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Nicolae Bacalbasa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 023991 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Visceral Surgery, Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine, 'Fundeni' Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'I. Cantacuzino' Clinical Hospital, 030167 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Camelia Diaconu
- Department of Internal Medicine, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, 105402 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cornel Savu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, 'Marius Nasta' National Institute of Pneumophtisiology, 050159 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carmen Savu
- Department of Anesthesiology, 'Fundeni' Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandru Cherciu
- Department of Urology, University Emergency Central Military Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
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7
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Xu Y, Wang C, Chen X, Li Y, Bian W, Yao C. San Huang Decoction Targets Aurora Kinase A to Inhibit Tumor Angiogenesis in Breast Cancer. Integr Cancer Ther 2020; 19:1534735420983463. [PMID: 33349071 PMCID: PMC7758657 DOI: 10.1177/1534735420983463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
San Huang Decoction (SHD), a Chinese herb formula, has been popularly prescribed in the clinical treatment of patients suffering from breast cancer. The aim of this study was to explore the anti-angiogenic effects of SHD in breast cancer and explain the underlying mechanism. Transwell and Matrigel assays showed that SHD reduced human umbilical vein endothelial cell migration and tubule formation and ELISA and qRT-PCR assays demonstrated its mediation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. siRNA silencing of aurora kinase A (AURKA) produced results similar to those obtained by inhibition of AURKA with SHD. In addition, a chorioallantoic membrane assay was carried out to directly examine the effect of SHD on breast cancer anti-angiogenesis and immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical staining analysis showed that SHD reduced the expression of CD31, AURKA, and VEGF in a xenograft model. Furthermore, SHD regulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase expression in breast cancer cells, which was examined by western blotting. In conclusion, our findings indicated that SHD treatment mimicked the decrease in tumor neovascularization in breast cancer cells after the siRNA-mediated knockdown of AURKA. Thus, SHD may inhibit tumor angiogenesis in breast cancer by targeting AURKA and downregulating the ERK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlei Xu
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Liyang Branch of Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Changzhou, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiyan Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongfei Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Weihe Bian
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Chang Yao
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Chang Yao, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Han Zhong Road 155, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China. The First Clinical School of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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8
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Wilson JL, Antoniassi MP, Lopes PI, Azevedo H. Proteomic research and diagnosis in bladder cancer: state of the art review. Int Braz J Urol 2020; 47:503-514. [PMID: 32459456 PMCID: PMC7993960 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2021.99.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Proteomic biomarkers have been emerging as alternative methods to the gold standard procedures of cystoscopy and urine cytology in the diagnosis and surveillance of bladder cancer (BC). This review aims to update the state of the art of proteomics research and diagnosis in BC. Materials and Methods: We reviewed the current literature related to BC research on urinary, tissue, blood and cell line proteomics, using the Pubmed database. Findings: Two urinary protein biomarkers are FDA-approved (NMP22® and BTA® tests), only if performed along with cystoscopy for surveillance after initial diagnosis, but not in the primary diagnostic setting due to high false-positive rates in case of infections, stones and hematuria. There are a great number of non-FDA approved proteins being studied, with good preliminary results; panels of proteins seem valuable tools to be refined in ongoing trials. Blood proteins are a bigger challenge, because of the complexity of the serum protein profile and the scarcity of blood proteomic studies in BC. Previous studies with the BC tissue proteome do not correlate well with the urinary proteome, likely due to the tumor heterogeneity. Cell line proteomic research helps in the understanding of basic mechanisms that drive BC development and progression; the main difficulty is culturing low-grade tumors in vitro, which represents the majority of BC tumors in clinical practice. Conclusion: Protein biomarkers have promising value in the diagnosis, surveillance and prognostic of BC. Urine is the most appropriate body fluid for biomarker research in BC due to its easiness of sampling, stability and enrichment of shed and secreted tumor-specific proteins. Panels of biomarkers may exhibit higher sensitivity than single proteins in the diagnosis of BC at larger populations due to clinical and tumor heterogeneity. Prospective clinical trials are warranted to validate the relevance of proteomic data in the clinical management of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Luis Wilson
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Divisão de Urologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Mariana Pereira Antoniassi
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Divisão de Urologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Paula Intasqui Lopes
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Divisão de Urologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Hatylas Azevedo
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Divisão de Urologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide a current comprehensive review of the available urinary biomarkers for the detection and surveillance of bladder cancer. RECENT FINDINGS The limitations of urine cytology and invasive nature of cystoscopic evaluation have led to a growing search for an ideal, cost-effective biomarker with acceptable sensitivity and specificity. Current FDA approved biomarkers such as UroVysion fluorescent in situ hybridization, Immunocyt, and nuclear matrix protein 22 do not have the specificity, and thus positive predictive value to warrant their cost as a routine adjunct or replacement for cystoscopy. Several promising commercially available assays such as Cxbladder, Assure MDx, and Xpert BC may perform better than cytology in select populations. Novel genomic, epigenetic, inflammatory, and metabolomic-based assays are being analyzed as potential urinary biomarkers. SUMMARY Urinary biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity are an unmet need in bladder cancer. Several new assays may meet these criteria and future research may justify use in clinical practice.
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Fumarola S, Cecati M, Sartini D, Ferretti G, Milanese G, Galosi AB, Pozzi V, Campagna R, Morresi C, Emanuelli M, Bacchetti T. Bladder Cancer Chemosensitivity is Affected by Paraoxonase-2 Expression. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9020175. [PMID: 32093309 PMCID: PMC7070528 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9020175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of the current study was to identify potential roles of paraoxonase-2 in bladder carcinogenesis. T24 bladder cancer cells were transfected with plasmids inducing paraoxonase-2 silencing or overexpression. Upon the selection of clones stably down- or upregulating paraoxonase-2, cell proliferation, migration, and the production of reactive oxygen species were evaluated, before and after treatment with cisplatin and gemcitabine, used alone or in combination. The activity levels of both caspase-3 and caspase-8 were also analyzed. shRNA-mediated gene silencing and the overexpression of paraoxonase-2 revealed that the enzyme was able to promote both the proliferation and migration of T24 cells. Moreover, the knockdown of paraoxonase-2 was significantly associated with a reduced cell viability of T24 cells treated with chemotherapeutic drugs and led to both an increase of reactive oxygen species production and caspase-3 and caspase-8 activation. Conversely, under treatment with anti-neoplastic compounds, a higher proliferative capacity was found in T24 cells overexpressing paraoxonase-2 compared with controls. In addition, upon enzyme upregulation, both the production of reactive oxygen species and activation of caspase-3 and caspase-8 were reduced. Although further analyses will be required to fully understand the involvement of paraoxonase-2 in bladder tumorigenesis and in mechanisms leading to the development of chemoresistance, the data reported in this study seem to demonstrate that the enzyme could exert a great impact on tumor progression and susceptibility to chemotherapy, thus suggesting paraoxonase-2 as a novel and interesting molecular target for effective bladder cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Fumarola
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.F.); (M.C.); (D.S.); (G.F.); (G.M.); (A.B.G.); (R.C.)
| | - Monia Cecati
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.F.); (M.C.); (D.S.); (G.F.); (G.M.); (A.B.G.); (R.C.)
| | - Davide Sartini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.F.); (M.C.); (D.S.); (G.F.); (G.M.); (A.B.G.); (R.C.)
| | - Gianna Ferretti
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.F.); (M.C.); (D.S.); (G.F.); (G.M.); (A.B.G.); (R.C.)
| | - Giulio Milanese
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.F.); (M.C.); (D.S.); (G.F.); (G.M.); (A.B.G.); (R.C.)
| | - Andrea Benedetto Galosi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.F.); (M.C.); (D.S.); (G.F.); (G.M.); (A.B.G.); (R.C.)
| | - Valentina Pozzi
- New York-Marche Structural Biology Center, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Roberto Campagna
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.F.); (M.C.); (D.S.); (G.F.); (G.M.); (A.B.G.); (R.C.)
| | - Camilla Morresi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy (T.B.)
| | - Monica Emanuelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.F.); (M.C.); (D.S.); (G.F.); (G.M.); (A.B.G.); (R.C.)
- New York-Marche Structural Biology Center, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +390712204681; Fax: +390712204398
| | - Tiziana Bacchetti
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy (T.B.)
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11
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Lopez-Beltran A, Cheng L, Gevaert T, Blanca A, Cimadamore A, Santoni M, Massari F, Scarpelli M, Raspollini MR, Montironi R. Current and emerging bladder cancer biomarkers with an emphasis on urine biomarkers. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2019; 20:231-243. [DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2020.1699791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Lopez-Beltran
- Department of Pathology and Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Cordoba University, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Thomas Gevaert
- Laboratory of Experimental Urology, Organ Systems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, AZ Klina, Brasschaat, Belgium
| | - Ana Blanca
- Unit of Experimental Urology, Instituto Maimonides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alessia Cimadamore
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, United Hospital, School of Medicine, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, Ancona, Italy
| | | | | | - Marina Scarpelli
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, United Hospital, School of Medicine, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, Ancona, Italy
| | - Maria R. Raspollini
- Histopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, United Hospital, School of Medicine, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, Ancona, Italy
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12
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Lucca I, Hofbauer SL, Haitel A, Susani M, Shariat SF, Klatte T, De Martino M. Urinary expression of genes involved in DNA methylation and histone modification for diagnosis of bladder cancer in patients with asymptomatic microscopic haematuria. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:57-62. [PMID: 31289472 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to identify and test a urine marker panel of genes involved in DNA methylation and histone modification for the detection of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB). RNA samples obtained from the voided urine of 227 patients with asymptomatic microscopic haematuria (AMH) were analysed. Gene array analysis was performed on 18 randomly selected cDNA samples, which revealed that histone deacetylase 9 (HDAC9), HDAC3, tRNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase1 and DNA methyltransferase 1 were differentially expressed between patients with UCB and control subjects. Subsequently, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis was employed to test the performance of the identified four-gene panel on the remaining 209 cDNA samples. In this targeted discovery cohort, all four genes were significantly associated with UCB on univariable analyses [each odds ratio (OR) >2, P<0.05], but only HDAC3 was significant following multivariable analysis (OR=2.8, P=0.011). The addition of HDAC3 to a base risk factor model improved its accuracy by 1.4%. These data suggest that urinary HDAC3 is associated with the presence of UCB in patients with AMH; however, HDAC3 improved the accuracy of the established risk factors only to a marginal extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Lucca
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.,Department of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Andrea Haitel
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Susani
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Shahrokh F Shariat
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.,Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.,Karl Landsteiner Society, Urology and Andrology, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.,Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10011, USA.,Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tobias Klatte
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michela De Martino
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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13
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Guo M, Lu S, Huang H, Wang Y, Yang MQ, Yang Y, Fan Z, Jiang B, Deng Y. Increased AURKA promotes cell proliferation and predicts poor prognosis in bladder cancer. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2018; 12:118. [PMID: 30547784 PMCID: PMC6293497 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-018-0634-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Bladder cancer (BC) is the most common cancer of the urinary bladder and upper tract, in which the clinical management is limited. AURKA (aurora kinase A) has been identified as an oncogene in cancer development; however, its potential role and underlying mechanisms in the progression of BC remain unknown. Results In this study, we evaluated Aurora kinase A (AURKA) expression in patient samples by performing gene expression profiling, and found that AURKA expression levels were significantly higher in BC tissues than in normal tissues. Increased AURKA in BC was strongly associated with stage and grade. Moreover, BC patients with elevated AURKA achieved poor overall survival rates. The experiments in vitro comprehensively validated the critical role of AURKA in promoting BC cell proliferation using the methods of gene overexpression and gene silencing. Furthermore, we proved that AURKA inhibitor MLN8237 arrested BC cell growth and induced apoptosis. Conclusions These findings implicate AURKA acting as an effective biomarker for BC detection and prognosis, as well as therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Guo
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Sicheng Lu
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hongming Huang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yaohui Wang
- Department of Pathology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Mary Q Yang
- MidSouth Bioinformatics Center, Department of Information Science, George Washington Donaghey College of Engineering and Information Technology and Joint Bioinformatics Graduate Program, University of Arkansas at Little Rock and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72204, USA
| | - Ye Yang
- National Medical Centre of Colorectal Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210001, China.,Integrated Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhimin Fan
- National Medical Centre of Colorectal Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210001, China.
| | - Bin Jiang
- National Medical Centre of Colorectal Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210001, China.
| | - Youping Deng
- National Medical Centre of Colorectal Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210001, China. .,Bioinformatics Core, Department of Complementary & Integrative Medicine, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA.
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14
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Santoni G, Morelli MB, Amantini C, Battelli N. Urinary Markers in Bladder Cancer: An Update. Front Oncol 2018; 8:362. [PMID: 30245975 PMCID: PMC6137202 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is ones of the most common cancer worldwide. It is classified in muscle invasive (MIBC) and muscle non-invasive (NMIBC) BC. NMIBCs frequently recur and progress to MIBCs with a reduced survival rate and frequent distant metastasis. BC detection require unpleasant and expensive cystoscopy and biopsy, which are often accompanied by several adverse effects. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop novel diagnostic methods for initial detection and surveillance in both MIBCs and NMIBCs. Multiple urine-based tests approved by FDA for BC detection and surveillance are commercially available. However, at present, sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of these urine-based assays are still suboptimal and, in the attend to improve them, novel molecular markers as well as multiple-assays must to be translated in clinic. Now there are growing evidence toward the use of minimally invasive “liquid biopsy” to identify biomarkers in urologic malignancy. DNA- and RNA-based markers in body fluids such as blood and urine are promising potential markers in diagnostic, prognostic, predictive and monitoring urological malignancies. Thus, circulating cell-free DNA, DNA methylation and mutations, circulating tumor cells, miRNA, IncRNA and mRNAs, cell-free proteins and peptides, and exosomes have been assessed in urine specimens. However, proteomic and genomic data must to be validated in well-designed multicenter clinical studies, before to be employed in clinic oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Santoni
- Immunopathology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Maria B Morelli
- Immunopathology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.,Immunopathology Laboratory, School of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Consuelo Amantini
- Immunopathology Laboratory, School of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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15
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Teke K, Yilmaz H, Uslubas AK, Akpinar G, Kasap M, Mutlu O, Yildiz DK, Guzel N, Dillioglugil O. Histopathologic and molecular comparative analyses of intravesical Aurora kinase-A inhibitor Alisertib with bacillus Calmette-Guérin on precancerous lesions of bladder in a rat model. Int Urol Nephrol 2018; 50:1417-1425. [PMID: 29931492 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-018-1914-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent studies have shown that Aurora-A expression is associated with bladder cancer initiation and progression. In this study, the effects of intravesical Aurora-A inhibitor Alisertib (ALS) and bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) were compared on bladder carcinogenesis. METHODS Two mg N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea was administered intravesically to forty of Wistar-albino rats every other week for 8 weeks. At week 10, rats were divided into four groups (10/group): No-treatment (vehicle), ALS-alone, BCG-alone, and ALS + BCG. The intravesical treatment of ALS, BCG, and ALS plus BCG was performed once a week for 6 weeks. At week 16, bladders were collected for immunohistopathological and Western blot analysis. The cell cycle regulators p53, p21, Aurora-A, phosphorylated Aurora-A (p-Aurora-A), and apoptotic marker cleavage of poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase (c-PARP) were determined by Western blot. RESULTS Histopathologically relatively healthy urothelium was observed in ALS + BCG group (87.5%) compared to the ALS-alone (50%) and the BCG-alone (50%) groups. The lowest expression of p21 and p53 was detected in the BCG-alone, while the highest level of expression was evident in no-treatment group. The ALS treatment alone caused a slight decrease in Aurora-A while there was a dramatic decrease in p-Aurora-A in comparison to no-treatment group. In overall combined treatment with ALS + BCG significantly increased c-PARP compared to all mono-treatments, and decreased all cell cycle parameters compared to no-treatment group. CONCLUSIONS Although intravesical ALS treatment has similar antiproliferative effects like BCG, ALS + BCG combined treatment led to a best histopathologic and apoptotic response. Consequently, BCG combined with Aurora-A inhibition may provide a new intravesical treatment modality in the prevention of bladder carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerem Teke
- Department of Urology, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, 41380, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Hasan Yilmaz
- Department of Urology, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, 41380, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ali Kemal Uslubas
- Department of Urology, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, 41380, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Gurler Akpinar
- Department of Medical Biology, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Murat Kasap
- Department of Medical Biology, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Oguz Mutlu
- Department of Pharmacology, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Demir Kursat Yildiz
- Department of Pathology, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Nil Guzel
- Department of Medical Biology, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ozdal Dillioglugil
- Department of Urology, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, 41380, Kocaeli, Turkey
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16
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Iftimie S, García-Heredia A, Pujol-Bosch F, Pont-Salvadó A, López-Azcona AF, Hernández-Aguilera A, Cabré N, Luciano-Mateo F, Fort-Gallifa I, Castro A, Camps J, Joven J. Serum Paraoxonase-1 Concentration as a Potential Predictor of Urinary Bladder Cancer Recurrence. A Five Year Follow-Up Study. Arch Med Res 2018; 49:119-122. [PMID: 29699809 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This study provides preliminary information on the usefulness of measuring serum paraoxonase-1 (PON1) concentration and activity (and other inflammatory markers) to predict tumor recurrence in patients with urinary bladder cancer. We studied a total of 39 hospitalized patients in whom the diagnosis of urinary bladder cancer was confirmed by transurethral resection. After five years of follow-up, 29 patients presented with tumor recurrence. As control subjects, we also studied 61 healthy subjects and a further 132 hospitalized patients who had a urinary catheter-related infection due to causes other than cancer. Results showed that urinary bladder patients had lower serum PON1 concentration and activity, and higher chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2, C-reactive protein, and procalcitonin concentrations than the control individuals. Patients with tumor recurrence had significantly lower serum PON1 concentration than patients without tumor recurrence. The mean area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristics plot for serum PON1 concentration in discriminating patients with and those without tumor recurrence was 0.755 and the best combination of sensitivity and specificity was obtained at PON1 = 100 mg/L (0.72 and 0.80, respectively). Establishing this value as a cut-off, positive predictive value was = 0.91, and negative predictive value was = 0.50. These results suggest that the measurement of serum PON1 concentration may be a high-sensitivity marker of tumor recurrence in urinary bladder cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Iftimie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anabel García-Heredia
- Biomedical Research Unit, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Francesc Pujol-Bosch
- Department of Urology, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Antoni Pont-Salvadó
- Department of Urology, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ana Felisa López-Azcona
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Hernández-Aguilera
- Biomedical Research Unit, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Noemí Cabré
- Biomedical Research Unit, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Fedra Luciano-Mateo
- Biomedical Research Unit, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Isabel Fort-Gallifa
- Biomedical Research Unit, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Antoni Castro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Camps
- Biomedical Research Unit, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Jorge Joven
- Biomedical Research Unit, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
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17
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Yuan Q, Sun T, Ye F, Kong W, Jin H. MicroRNA-124-3p affects proliferation, migration and apoptosis of bladder cancer cells through targeting AURKA. Cancer Biomark 2018; 19:93-101. [PMID: 28269755 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-160427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to establish the relationship between miR-124-3p and Aurora A kinase (AURKA) in bladder cancer (BC). METHODS The expressions of miR-124-3p and AURKA in BC tissues and cell lines were detected using RT-PCR and western blot. BC cells were transfected with miR-124-3p mimics and AURKA siRNA. After this cell proliferation, migration, cell cycle and apoptosis were measured using CCK-8, colony formation assay, wound healing assay and cytometry tests. The relationship between miR-124-3p and AURKA was confirmed with luciferase reporter assay. Mice xenograft models were constructed to examine the effects of AURKA on BC in vivo. RESULTS MiR-124-3p expression was significantly down-regulated in BC tissues and cell lines, while AURKA was significantly up-regulated compared to normal samples. MiR-124-3p targeted AURKA and decreased its expression. Transfection of miR-124-3p mimics and AURKA siRNA was shown to down-regulate BC cell proliferation and migration as well as induce cell apoptosis. As suggested by xenograft models, the inhibition of AURKA can effectively suppress tumor growth. CONCLUSION MiR-124-3p has significant impact on proliferation, migration and apoptosis of BC cells by targeting AURKA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyue Yuan
- Cancer Cente, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.,Cancer Cente, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Tingge Sun
- Cancer Cente, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.,Cancer Cente, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Feng Ye
- Cancer Cente, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Weisheng Kong
- BASO Cell Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Zhuhai, Guangdong 519015, China
| | - Haofan Jin
- Cancer Cente, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
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18
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Xu W, Xia H, Liu W, Zheng W, Hua L. Exploration of genetics commonness between bladder cancer and breast cancer based on a silcio analysis on disease subtypes. Technol Health Care 2018; 26:361-377. [PMID: 29758961 PMCID: PMC6027900 DOI: 10.3233/thc-174699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Muscle-invasive bladder cancers (MIBCs) are heterogeneous cancers and can be grouped into basal-like and luminal subtypes that are highly reminiscent of those found in breast cancer. Like basal-like breast cancers, basal-like MIBCs are associated with advanced stage and metastatic disease. However, the biological and clinical significance of molecular subtypes of MIBCs remain unclear. Therefore, we implemented a serious of bioinformatics methods to explore genetic similarities between bladder and breast cancers. METHODS AND RESULTS In the current study, by the application of multiple levels data analysis including random forest analysis, PPI and transcription factor regulation network construction, Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, we explored the genetics commonness between MIBC and breast cancers from the molecular heterogeneity based on the disease subtypes. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified some basal-related and luminal-related genes shared by two cancers. These studies can help shed light on the potential relationships between MIBC and breast cancer as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hong Xia
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Weiying Zheng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Lin Hua
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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19
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Clinical performance and utility of a NNMT-based urine test for bladder cancer. Int J Biol Markers 2017; 33:94-101. [PMID: 29148015 DOI: 10.5301/ijbm.5000311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background: Bladder cancer (BC) represents the most common neoplasm of the urinary tract. Although cystoscopy and urine cytology represent the gold standard methods to monitor BC, both procedures have limitations. Therefore, the identification of reliable biomarkers for early and noninvasive detection of BC is urgently required. Methods: In this study, we analyzed nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) expression in urine samples from 55 BC patients and 107 controls, using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to identify the best cutoff value to discriminate BC patients from healthy donors, and to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of a urine-based NNMT test. Results: The results demonstrated that urinary NNMT expression was significantly (p<0.05) higher in BC patients. Moreover, a significant (p<0.05) inverse correlation was found between NNMT expression and histological grade. The ROC analysis revealed that a ΔCq of 13.3 was the best cutoff value, since it was associated with the highest combination of sensitivity and specificity. Moreover, the area under the curve (AUC) value was 0.913 (p<0.05), indicating the excellent diagnostic accuracy of a urine-based NNMT test. Conclusions: Our data indicate that NNMT is a promising biomarker that could be used to support the early and noninvasive diagnosis of BC.
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20
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Han Y, Jin X, Zhou H, Liu B. Identification of key genes associated with bladder cancer using gene expression profiles. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:297-303. [PMID: 29375713 PMCID: PMC5766060 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to further investigate the molecular mechanisms of bladder cancer. The microarray data GSE52519 were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus, comprising 9 bladder cancer and 3 normal bladder tissue samples. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using Limma package analysis. Subsequently, Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Reactome pathway enrichment analyses were performed for down- and upregulated DEGs. Transcription factors and genes associated with cancer from DEGs were identified. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed using STRING, and pathway enrichment analysis was also conducted for genes in the core sub-network that was identified using BioNet. In total, 420 downregulated and 335 upregulated DEGs were identified. Functional and pathway enrichment analyses identified that a number of DEGs, including AURKA, CCNA2, CCNE1, CDC20 and CCNB2, were enriched in the cell cycle. Furthermore, a total of 12 upregulated proto-oncogenes were identified, including AURKA and CCNA2. In the PPI sub-network, a number of DEGs (e.g., CCNB2, CDC20, CCNA2 and MCM6) with higher degrees were enriched in the KEGG pathway of the cell cycle. In conclusion, the DEGs associated with the cell cycle (e.g., CDC20, CCNA2, CCNB2 and AURKA) may serve pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Han
- Department of Urology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Xuefei Jin
- Department of Urology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Urology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
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21
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Yang TY, Teng CLJ, Lin TCC, Chen KC, Hsu SL, Wu CC. Transcriptional repression of Aurora-A gene by wild-type p53 through directly binding to its promoter with histone deacetylase 1 and mSin3a. Int J Cancer 2017; 142:92-108. [PMID: 28884479 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we firstly showed that p53 transcriptionally represses Aurora-A gene expression through directly binding to its promoter. DNA affinity precipitation assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay indicated that p53 physically bound to the Aurora-A promoter. Moreover, the in vitro and in vivo assays showed that p53 directly bound to the Aurora-A promoter together with histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and mSin3a as corepressors. Furthermore, we identified that the nucleotides -360 to -354 (CCTGCCC), upstream of the Aurora-A transcriptional start site, was responsible for the p53-mediated repression. Mutation within this site disrupted its interaction with p53, mSin3a and HDAC1, as well as attenuated the repressive effect of p53 on Aurora-A promoter activity. Treatment with trichostatin A (TSA), a HDAC1 inhibitor, disrupted the interaction of p53-HDAC1-mSin3a complex with the nucleotides -365∼-345 region, and enhanced the Aurora-A promoter activity and gene expression. Additionally, knockdown of p53 or mSin3a also drastically blocked the formation of p53-HDAC1-mSin3a repressive complex onto this promoter region and elevated the Aurora-A promoter activity and gene expression. Moreover, the p53-HDAC1-mSin3a repressive complex also involved in the inhibition of Aurora-A gene expression upon cisplatin treatment. Finally, the clinical investigation showed that Aurora-A and p53 exhibited an inverse correlation in both the expression level and prognostic status, and the low p53/high Aurora-A showed the poorest prognosis of NSCLC patients. Our findings showed novel regulatory mechanisms of p53 in regulating Aurora-A gene expression in NSCLC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Ying Yang
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, 407, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chieh-Lin Jerry Teng
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Faculty of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tsung-Chieh Chester Lin
- Genomic Medicine Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kun-Chieh Chen
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, 407, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shih-Lan Hsu
- Department of Education & Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, 407, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chun-Chi Wu
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Medical Research, Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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22
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Afsharpad M, Nowroozi MR, Ayati M, Saffari M, Nemati S, Mohebbi E, Nekoohesh L, Zendehdel K, Modarressi MH. ODF4, MAGEA3, and MAGEB4: Potential Biomarkers in Patients with Transitional Cell Carcinoma. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2017; 22:160-70. [PMID: 28865418 PMCID: PMC5889501 DOI: 10.22034/ibj.22.3.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of outer dense fiber 4 (ODF4), melanoma-associated antigen A3 (MAGEA3), and MAGEAB4 mRNAs in transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), using a small amount of cell reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on urinary exfoliated cells. Methods: We recruited a total of 105 suspected TCC patients and 54 sex- and age-matched non-TCC controls. The candidates’ genetic expression patterns were investigated with RT-PCR, while reverse transcription quantitative PCR was applied to quantify and compare each mRNA level between cases and control groups. Results: The sensitivity of ODF4, MAGEA3, and MAGEAB4 RT-PCR was 54.8%, 63%, and 53.4%, whereas the specificity was 73.7%, 86%, and 94.7%, respectively. Combining ODF4, MAGEA3, and MAGEAB4 RT-PCR offered a relatively higher sensitivity (83.6%). Conclusion: RT-PCR with ODF4, MAGEA3, and MAGEAB4 on urinary exfoliated cells could provide clinicians with a promising method to improve TCC diagnosis, especially in the case of gross hematuria and catheterization. The method used here is non-invasive, simple and convenient, and unlike cytology, it does not rely directly on expert professional opinions. These features can be of particular importance to the management of TCC patients in whom regular and lifelong surveillance is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandana Afsharpad
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohsen Ayati
- Uro Oncology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Saffari
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Nemati
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Mohebbi
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Nekoohesh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Zendehdel
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Cancer Biology Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Modarressi
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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23
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Aurora Kinase A is a Biomarker for Bladder Cancer Detection and Contributes to its Aggressive Behavior. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40714. [PMID: 28102366 PMCID: PMC5244380 DOI: 10.1038/srep40714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of AURKA overexpression associated with poor clinical outcomes have been attributed to increased cell cycle progression and the development of genomic instability with aneuploidy. We used RNA interference to examine the effects of AURKA overexpression in human bladder cancer cells. Knockdown had minimal effects on cell proliferation but blocked tumor cell invasion. Whole genome mRNA expression profiling identified nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) as a downstream target that was repressed by AURKA. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and NNMT promoter luciferase assays revealed that AURKA’s effects on NNMT were caused by PAX3-mediated transcriptional repression and overexpression of NNMT blocked tumor cell invasion in vitro. Overexpression of AURKA and activation of its downstream pathway was enriched in the basal subtype in primary human tumors and was associated with poor clinical outcomes. We also show that the FISH test for the AURKA gene copy number in urine yielded a specificity of 79.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 74.2% to 84.1%), and a sensitivity of 79.6% (95% CI = 74.2% to 84.1%) with an AUC of 0.901 (95% CI = 0.872 to 0.928; P < 0.001). These results implicate AURKA as an effective biomarker for bladder cancer detection as well as therapeutic target especially for its basal type.
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24
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Krabbe LM, Woldu SL, Shariat SF, Lotan Y. Improving diagnostic molecular tests to monitor urothelial carcinoma recurrence. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2016; 16:1189-1199. [PMID: 27696932 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2016.1244006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The high recurrence rates associated with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer require close surveillance with cystoscopy, an invasive and expensive procedure with risk of missing cancer. Finding an accurate urinary biomarker that can detect recurrent disease would represent a significant advancement in management. Areas covered: This review summarizes the commercially-available urinary biomarkers including cytology, UroVysion, BTA, NMP22, uCyt+, and Cxbladder assays. Additionally, we review recent investigational urinary biomarkers that hold promise in bladder cancer surveillance. Expert commentary: The quest for a reliable urinary biomarker for bladder cancer is decades-old and seems intuitive given the direct contact of urine with malignant urothelium. Beyond urine cytology, there are many commercially-available products approved for surveillance. However, none of the assays are routinely used due to lack of sensitivity and/or specificity. As such, emerging technologies, in particular the '-omic' technologies have resulted in a proliferation of promising reports on novel biomarkers in recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura-Maria Krabbe
- a Department of Urology , UT Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA.,b Department of Urology , University of Muenster Medical Center , Muenster , Germany
| | - Solomon L Woldu
- a Department of Urology , UT Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Shahrokh F Shariat
- a Department of Urology , UT Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA.,c Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center , Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria.,d Department of Urology and Medical Oncology , Weill Medical College of Cornell University , New York , NY , USA
| | - Yair Lotan
- a Department of Urology , UT Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
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25
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Moschini M, Karnes RJ, Suardi N, Bianchi M, Pellucchi F, Rocchini L, Damiano R, Serretta V, Salonia A, Montorsi F, Briganti A, Colombo R. Potential Effect of Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Therapy on the Timing of the Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2016; 14:e245-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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26
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Durlacher CT, Li ZL, Chen XW, He ZX, Zhou SF. An update on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of alisertib, a selective Aurora kinase A inhibitor. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2016; 43:585-601. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron T Durlacher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmacy; University of South Florida; Tampa FL USA
| | - Zhi-Ling Li
- Department of Pharmacy; Shanghai Children's Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Xiao-Wu Chen
- Department of General Surgery; The First People's Hospital of Shunde Affiliated to Southern Medical University; Shunde Foshan Guangdong
| | - Zhi-Xu He
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine; Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Centre & Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Medical Sciences; Guizhou Medical University; Guiyang Guizhou China
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmacy; University of South Florida; Tampa FL USA
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27
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Current Status of Urinary Biomarkers for Detection and Surveillance of Bladder Cancer. Urol Clin North Am 2016; 43:47-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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28
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Magiorkinis E, Diamantis A. The fascinating story of urine examination: From uroscopy to the era of microscopy and beyond. Diagn Cytopathol 2015; 43:1020-36. [DOI: 10.1002/dc.23370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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29
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Ederer IA, Lucca I, Hofbauer SL, Haidinger M, Haitel A, Susani M, Shariat SF, Klatte T. Histopathology and prognosis of de novo bladder tumors following solid organ transplantation. World J Urol 2015; 33:2087-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s00345-015-1554-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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30
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Lucca I, de Martino M, Klatte T, Shariat SF. Novel biomarkers to predict response and prognosis in localized bladder cancer. Urol Clin North Am 2015; 42:225-33, ix. [PMID: 25882564 DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent developments in diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Although the number of new biomarkers increases continuously, none are included in practice guidelines. Most NMIBC biomarkers show a higher sensitivity than urinary cytology, but lower specificity. Some protein and chromosome markers have been approved for screening and follow-up of patients in combination with cystoscopy. The long interval required for validation, testing, and approval of the assays and the lack of standardization could explain present issues in biomarker research. To enhance the development of new biomarkers, a more structured approach is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Lucca
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna A-1090, Austria; Department of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Rue du Bugnon 46, Lausanne CH-1010, Switzerland
| | - Michela de Martino
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Tobias Klatte
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Shahrokh F Shariat
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna A-1090, Austria; Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 1801 Inwood Road, Dallas, TX 75235, USA; Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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31
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The route to personalized medicine in bladder cancer: where do we stand? Target Oncol 2015; 10:325-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s11523-015-0357-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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