Ness T, Bley TA, Schmidt WA, Lamprecht P. The diagnosis and treatment of giant cell arteritis.
DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2013;
110:376-85; quiz 386. [PMID:
23795218 DOI:
10.3238/arztebl.2013.0376]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is the most common systemic vasculitis in persons aged 50 and above (incidence, 3.5 per 100,000 per year). It affects cranial arteries, the aorta, and arteries elsewhere in the body, e.g., in the limbs.
METHODS
We selectively review the pertinent literature, including guidelines and recommendations from Germany and abroad.
RESULTS
The typical symptoms of new-onset GCA are bitemporal headaches, jaw claudiacation, scalp tenderness, visual disturbances, systemic symptoms such as fever and weight loss, and polymyalgia. The diagnostic assessment comprises laboratory testing (erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein), imaging studies (duplex sonography, high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging, positron-emission tomography), and temporal artery biopsy. The standard treatment is with corticosteroids (adverse effects: diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, cataract, arterial hypertension). A meta-analysis of three randomized controlled trials led to a recommendation for treatment with methotrexate to lower the recurrence rate and spare steroids. Patients for whom methotrexate is contraindicated or who cannot tolerate the drug can be treated with azathioprine instead.
CONCLUSION
Giant cell arteritis, if untreated, progresses to involve the aorta and its collateral branches, leading to various complications. Late diagnosis and treatment can have serious consequences, including irreversible loss of visual function.
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