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Deuchler S, Schubert R, Singh P, Chedid A, Brui N, Kenikstul N, Kohnen T, Ackermann H, Koch F. Vitreous expression of cytokines and growth factors in patients with diabetic retinopathy-An investigation of their expression based on clinical diabetic retinopathy grade. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248439. [PMID: 34010297 PMCID: PMC8133486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is an inflammatory condition that affects the posterior of the eye; yet, there are limited published data on techniques measuring the expression of growth and inflammatory factors (GIF) from the posterior segment. The purpose of the current study was two-fold: to sample the vitreous fluid from the eyes of patients with DR and assess the expression of GIF. As DR is an inflammatory disease, the second objective of this study was to determine the relationship between the status of DR and the expression of vitreous GIF. This non-randomized clinical trial was approved by BfARM for the analysis and evaluation of 12 eyes from patients with diabetic macular edema. Vitreous sampling was performed before treatment with fluocinolone acetonide and the extracted vitreous material was examined for the determination of GIF including interleukins 6 (IL-6) and 8 (IL-8), interferon gamma-inducible protein (IP-10), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), placental growth factor (PIGF), pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) and intercellular adhesion molecule (CD54). These were linearly compared with the grade of inflammation in the vitreous assessed via DR score and ART. Additionally, all eyes were grouped based on their diabetic retinopathy status. All cytokine levels, except MCP-1 and PEDF, were numerically higher in DME patients with proliferative DR than those with non-proliferative DR. DR grade was found to linearly correlate with the expression of CD54 (p = 0.02, rho = 0.64), IL-8 (p = 0.03, rho = 0.64) and PIGF (p = 0.007, rho = 0.76). A correlation was found between ART and CD54 (p = 0.02, rho = 0.66) and also between ART and IL-8 (p = 0.04, rho = 0.60). A trend was found between ART and PIGF (p = 0.08, rho 0.52). For IL-6, there appeared to be a trend with DR grade (p = 0.14, rho = 0.45) and ART (p = 0.09, rho = 0.51). Proliferative DR was shown to be associated with a significant higher expression of CD54, IL-8 and PIGF, thus suggesting that they are potentially important in defining and monitoring the effectiveness of a patients' therapy. Vitreous probes may be helpful in deciding which therapy to administer (i.e. anti-VEGF or corticosteroid or both) based on the expression of GIF. Registry EudraCT number: 2016-004488-38; DRKS-ID: DRKS00014915.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Deuchler
- Department of Ophthalmology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Ralf Schubert
- Pneumological-immunological Laboratory, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Pankaj Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Adonis Chedid
- Department of Ophthalmology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Natallia Brui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ninel Kenikstul
- Department of Ophthalmology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Kohnen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hanns Ackermann
- Institute of Biostatistics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Frank Koch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Luo Y, Wan J, Luo C, Liu H, Zhou Y, Chen J, Duan Y, Ning X, Zhou Z, Wang K, Li J, Xu H, Chen Z. Higher Aqueous Levels of Resistin and Lipocalin-2 Indicated Worse Visual Improvement following anti-VEGF Therapy in Patients with Retinal Vein Occlusion. Curr Eye Res 2020; 46:845-854. [PMID: 33103481 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2020.1842462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the aqueous humor levels of elastase-2, lactoferrin, lipocalin-2 (LCN-2), resistin, and thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) in patients with retinal vein occlusion (RVO) and their relationship with visual prognosis following intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS 52 RVO patients (23 cases of central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) and 29 cases of branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO)) and 20 cases of senile cataract were enrolled in this study. All RVO patients underwent fundus examinations before and 6-8 months after intravitreal anti-VEGF treatment. Five milliliters of blood were collected from RVO patients before treatment for the measurement of lipids and coagulation factors. Sixty microliters of aqueous humor were collected during intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF or during cataract surgery. The levels of elastase-2, lactoferrin, LCN-2, resistin, and TSP-1 in aqueous humor were determined by Luminex xMAP multiple analysis. RESULTS The aqueous levels of resistin and LCN-2 were significantly higher but the level of TSP-1 was significantly lower in RVO patients compared to controls. Further, sub-group analysis showed that CRVO patients had significantly higher levels of resistin and LCN-2 than controls. The aqueous levels of resistin and LCN-2 were negatively correlated with visual improvement following anti-VEGF therapy in CRVO but not in BRVO patients. Visual improvement in RVO patients was not associated with blood lipid levels or any of the coagulation factors. CONCLUSION CRVO patients had significantly higher aqueous levels of resistin and LCN-2, which negatively impacted on visual improvement after anti-VEGF therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Luo
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.,Aier Eye Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jianbo Wan
- Aier Eye Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Chang Luo
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.,Aier Eye Institute, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - HengWei Liu
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - YuFan Zhou
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Aier Eye Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yiqin Duan
- Aier Eye Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiangyan Ning
- Aier Eye Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zengchao Zhou
- Aier Eye Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Kehua Wang
- Aier Eye Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jun Li
- Aier Eye Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Heping Xu
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.,Aier Institute of Optometry and Vision Science, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - ZhongPing Chen
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.,Aier Eye Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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Switching therapy from bevacizumab to aflibercept for the management of persistent diabetic macular edema. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2017; 255:1133-1140. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3624-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Bahrami B, Zhu M, Hong T, Chang A. Diabetic macular oedema: pathophysiology, management challenges and treatment resistance. Diabetologia 2016; 59:1594-608. [PMID: 27179659 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3974-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic macular oedema (DMO) is the leading cause of vision loss in patients living with diabetes. DMO results from hyperglycaemia-induced activation of pathways that lead to oxidative stress and release of cytokines, impairing the inner and outer blood-retinal barriers. Improved understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to DMO have led to the development of effective therapies, including vitreoretinal surgery, laser photocoagulation, intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs and corticosteroids. Advances in imaging, including fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography, have also enhanced diagnosis and management of the condition. Despite these advances, there remain patients who do not respond completely to therapy, reflecting the complex pathophysiology of DMO. These patients may be considered treatment-resistant. In this review, we summarise the pathophysiology of DMO, as well as the available treatments and their mechanism of action. Additionally, we focus on treatment-resistant disease and review the literature on potential options for managing this complication of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobak Bahrami
- Sydney Institute of Vision Science, 13/187 Macquarie Street, Sydney, 2000, NSW, Australia
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Meidong Zhu
- Sydney Institute of Vision Science, 13/187 Macquarie Street, Sydney, 2000, NSW, Australia
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas Hong
- Sydney Institute of Vision Science, 13/187 Macquarie Street, Sydney, 2000, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Chang
- Sydney Institute of Vision Science, 13/187 Macquarie Street, Sydney, 2000, NSW, Australia.
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Abstract
To evaluate whether intravitreal thrombin activity is elevated in eyes with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) and central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) in comparison to healthy controls. Prospective clinical case series of 19 patients with BRVO, 13 patients suffering from CRVO and nine participants serving as controls. Vitreous taps were extracted from the central vitreous body, 200 μl frozen/thawed sample was immediately stabilized with 200 μl 5% human albumin, and 200 μl mixture thereof was stabilized with 200 μl 2.5 mol/l arginine, pH 8.6. Thrombin activity was determined chromogenically. Intravitreal levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as a marker for blood-retina barrier (BRB) breakdown were measured by a commercial chemiluminescent enzyme immuno assay (R&D). Intravitreal thrombin activity and VEGF levels were 1.6 ± 1.2 mIU/ml (mean value ± SD; range: 0.2-4.2 mIU/ml) and 554 ± 568 pg/ml (range: 20-2005 pg/ml) in BRVO-affected eyes, 2.6 ± 1.2 mIU/ml (range: 0.8-5.2 mIU/ml) and 1332 ± 1350 pg/ml (range: 58-3943 pg/ml) in eyes suffering from CRVO as well as 0.8 ± 0.8 mIU/ml (range: 0.2-2.7 mIU/ml) and 115 ± 120 pg/ml (range: 32-431 pg/ml) in controls. There are significant differences of intravitreal thrombin activity and intravitreal VEGF levels between eyes with BRVO, CRVO, and controls (P = 0.007 and P = 0.003, Kruskal-Wallis test). Intravitreal thrombin activity is significantly correlated with intravitreal VEGF levels (r = 0656; P < 0.001, Pearson correlation). Intravitreal thrombin activity might serve as a new marker for BRB breakdown or macular fibrin deposition in ophthalmology. Significant differences of intravitreal thrombin activity between eyes with BRVO, CRVO, and healthy controls might offer new therapeutic strategies for RVO-affected eyes. The effect of oral and intravitrealy injected direct thrombin inhibitors needs to be evaluated in further investigations.
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Residual edema evaluation with ranibizumab 0.5 mg and 2.0 mg formulations for diabetic macular edema (REEF study). Eye (Lond) 2015; 29:534-41. [PMID: 25633882 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2014.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the efficacy of ranibizumab 0.5-mg and 2.0-mg intravitreal injections for persistent diabetic macular edema (DME) previously treated with bevacizumab. METHODS In all, 43 patients with residual center-involved DME following intravitreal bevacizumab were included in this 12-month prospective, nonrandomized, multicenter study. Enrolled patients received three monthly ranibizumab 0.5-mg injections. At month 3, patients with residual macular edema switched to three monthly injections of ranibizumab 2.0-mg. Assessments included monthly visual acuity and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. RESULTS Mean visual acuity improved by +6.4 letters at month 3 and +8.8 letters at month 6. Mean central subfield thickness (CST) decreased by -113 μm at month 3 and -165 μm at month 6. Before enrollment, 29/43 (67.4%) patients showed <10% CST reduction following monthly bevacizumab treatment. After three monthly ranibizumab 0.5-mg injections, 22/29 (75.9%) patients showed >10% reduction in CST, whereas 6 showed <10% reduction. Of these six, three (50%) showed >10% reduction in CST after switching to three monthly ranibizumab 2.0-mg doses. No serious adverse events were observed to month 6. CONCLUSION Ranibizumab 0.5-mg or 2.0-mg may improve visual and anatomic outcomes in patients with DME who demonstrated minimal or no response to bevacizumab therapy. Moreover, increased dosage of ranibizumab (2.0-mg) may provide additional benefit over ranibizumab 0.5-mg in some patients. However, 2.0-mg ranibizumab is not currently commercially licensed or available.
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Koss MJ, Hoffmann J, Nguyen N, Pfister M, Mischak H, Mullen W, Husi H, Rejdak R, Koch F, Jankowski J, Krueger K, Bertelmann T, Klein J, Schanstra JP, Siwy J. Proteomics of vitreous humor of patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96895. [PMID: 24828575 PMCID: PMC4020801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is absence of specific biomarkers and an incomplete understanding of the pathophysiology of exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS AND FINDINGS Eighty-eight vitreous samples (73 from patients with treatment naïve AMD and 15 control samples from patients with idiopathic floaters) were analyzed with capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry in this retrospective case series to define potential candidate protein markers of AMD. Nineteen proteins were found to be upregulated in vitreous of AMD patients. Most of the proteins were plasma derived and involved in biological (ion) transport, acute phase inflammatory reaction, and blood coagulation. A number of proteins have not been previously associated to AMD including alpha-1-antitrypsin, fibrinogen alpha chain and prostaglandin H2-D isomerase. Alpha-1-antitrypsin was validated in vitreous of an independent set of AMD patients using Western blot analysis. Further systems biology analysis of the data indicated that the observed proteomic changes may reflect upregulation of immune response and complement activity. CONCLUSIONS Proteome analysis of vitreous samples from patients with AMD, which underwent an intravitreal combination therapy including a core vitrectomy, steroids and bevacizumab, revealed apparent AMD-specific proteomic changes. The identified AMD-associated proteins provide some insight into the pathophysiological changes associated with AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Janusz Koss
- Department of Ophthalmology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruprecht Karls University, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Nauke Nguyen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marcel Pfister
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Harald Mischak
- Mosaiques Diagnostics, Hannover, Germany
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - William Mullen
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Holger Husi
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Rejdak
- Department of General Ophthalmology, Lublin University, Poland
| | - Frank Koch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Joachim Jankowski
- Department of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Transplantation Medicine Charité-Universitaetsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Krueger
- Department of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Transplantation Medicine Charité-Universitaetsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Joost P. Schanstra
- Mosaiques Diagnostics, Hannover, Germany
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Institut of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Justyna Siwy
- Mosaiques Diagnostics, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Transplantation Medicine Charité-Universitaetsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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Stefanini FR, Maia M, Falabella P, Pfister M, Niemeyer M, Kashani AH, Humayun MS, Koss MJ. Profile of ocriplasmin and its potential in the treatment of vitreomacular adhesion. Clin Ophthalmol 2014; 8:847-56. [PMID: 24851038 PMCID: PMC4018320 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s32274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent approval by the US Food and Drug Administration of ocriplasmin for the treatment of symptomatic vitreomacular adhesion (VMA), often associated with vitreomacular traction (VMT) and macular hole (MH), has brought new attention to the field of pharmacologic vitreolysis. The need for an enzyme to split the vitreomacular interface, which is formed by a strong adhesive interaction between the posterior vitreous cortex and the internal limiting membrane, historically stems from pediatric eye surgery. This review summarizes the different anatomic classifications of posterior vitreous detachment or anomalous posterior vitreous detachment and puts these in the context of clinical pathologies commonly observed in clinical practice of the vitreoretinal specialist, such as MH, VMT, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic macular edema. We revisit the outcome of the Phase II studies that indicated ocriplasmin was a safe and effective treatment for selected cases of symptomatic VMA and MH. Release of VMA at day 28 was achieved by 26.5% of patients in the ocriplasmin group versus 10.1% in the placebo group (P<0.001). Interestingly, for MHs, the numbers were more remarkable. Predictive factors for successful ocriplasmin treatment were identified for VMT (VMA diameter smaller than 1,500 μm) and MH (smaller than 250 μm). In comparison with the highly predictable outcome after vitrectomy, the general success rate of ocriplasmin not under clinical trial conditions has not fully met expectations and needs to be proven in real-world clinical settings. The ocriplasmin data will be compared in the future with observational data on spontaneous VMA release, will help retina specialists make more accurate predictions, and will improve outcome rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco R Stefanini
- Retina Division, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil ; Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maurício Maia
- Retina Division, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Falabella
- Retina Division, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil ; Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marcel Pfister
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Amir H Kashani
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mark S Humayun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Koss
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Ophthalmology, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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