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Freas CA, Spetch ML. Directed retreat and navigational mechanisms in trail following Formica obscuripes. Learn Behav 2024; 52:114-131. [PMID: 37752304 PMCID: PMC10923983 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-023-00604-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Ant species exhibit behavioural commonalities when solving navigational challenges for successful orientation and to reach goal locations. These behaviours rely on a shared toolbox of navigational strategies that guide individuals under an array of motivational contexts. The mechanisms that support these behaviours, however, are tuned to each species' habitat and ecology with some exhibiting unique navigational behaviours. This leads to clear differences in how ant navigators rely on this shared toolbox to reach goals. Species with hybrid foraging structures, which navigate partially upon a pheromone-marked column, express distinct differences in their toolbox, compared to solitary foragers. Here, we explore the navigational abilities of the Western Thatching ant (Formica obscuripes), a hybrid foraging species whose navigational mechanisms have not been studied. We characterise their reliance on both the visual panorama and a path integrator for orientation, with the pheromone's presence acting as a non-directional reassurance cue, promoting continued orientation based on other strategies. This species also displays backtracking behaviour, which occurs with a combination of unfamiliar terrestrial cues and the absence of the pheromone, thus operating based upon a combination of the individual mechanisms observed in solitarily and socially foraging species. We also characterise a new form of goalless orientation in these ants, an initial retreating behaviour that is modulated by the forager's path integration system. The behaviour directs disturbed inbound foragers back along their outbound path for a short distance before recovering and reorienting back to the nest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody A Freas
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2113, Australia.
| | - Marcia L Spetch
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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2
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Freas CA, Spetch ML. Varieties of visual navigation in insects. Anim Cogn 2023; 26:319-342. [PMID: 36441435 PMCID: PMC9877076 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-022-01720-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The behaviours and cognitive mechanisms animals use to orient, navigate, and remember spatial locations exemplify how cognitive abilities have evolved to suit a number of different mobile lifestyles and habitats. While spatial cognition observed in vertebrates has been well characterised in recent decades, of no less interest are the great strides that have also been made in characterizing and understanding the behavioural and cognitive basis of orientation and navigation in invertebrate models and in particular insects. Insects are known to exhibit remarkable spatial cognitive abilities and are able to successfully migrate over long distances or pinpoint known locations relying on multiple navigational strategies similar to those found in vertebrate models-all while operating under the constraint of relatively limited neural architectures. Insect orientation and navigation systems are often tailored to each species' ecology, yet common mechanistic principles can be observed repeatedly. Of these, reliance on visual cues is observed across a wide number of insect groups. In this review, we characterise some of the behavioural strategies used by insects to solve navigational problems, including orientation over short-distances, migratory heading maintenance over long distances, and homing behaviours to known locations. We describe behavioural research using examples from a few well-studied insect species to illustrate how visual cues are used in navigation and how they interact with non-visual cues and strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody A. Freas
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada ,School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Marcia L. Spetch
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
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3
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Freas CA, Wystrach A, Schwarz S, Spetch ML. Aversive view memories and risk perception in navigating ants. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2899. [PMID: 35190612 PMCID: PMC8861035 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06859-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many ants establish foraging routes through learning views of the visual panorama. Route models have focused primarily on attractive view use, which experienced foragers orient towards to return to known sites. However, aversive views have recently been uncovered as a key component of route learning. Here, Cataglyphis velox rapidly learned aversive views, when associated with a negative outcome, a period of captivity in vegetation, triggering increases in hesitation behavior. These memories were based on the accumulation of experiences over multiple trips with each new experience regulating forager hesitancy. Foragers were also sensitive to captivity time differences, suggesting they possess some mechanism to quantify duration. Finally, we analyzed foragers' perception of risky (i.e. variable) versus stable aversive outcomes by associating two sites along the route with distinct captivity schedules, a fixed or variable duration, with the same mean across training. Foragers exhibited fewer hesitations in response to risky outcomes compared to fixed ones, indicating they perceived risky outcomes as less severe. Results align with a logarithmic relationship between captivity duration and hesitations, suggesting that aversive stimulus perception is a logarithm of its actual value. We discuss how aversive view learning could be executed within the mushroom bodies circuitry following a prediction error rule.
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Islam M, Deeti S, Murray T, Cheng K. What view information is most important in the homeward navigation of an Australian bull ant, Myrmecia midas? J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2022; 208:545-559. [PMID: 36048246 PMCID: PMC9734209 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-022-01565-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many insects orient by comparing current panoramic views of their environment to memorised views. We tested the navigational abilities of night-active Myrmecia midas foragers while we blocked segments of their visual panorama. Foragers failed to orient homewards when the front view, lower elevations, entire terrestrial surround, or the full panorama was blocked. Initial scanning increased whenever the visual panorama was blocked but scanning only increased along the rest of the route when the front, back, higher, or lower elevations were blocked. Ants meandered more when the front, the back, or the higher elevations were obscured. When everything except the canopy was blocked, the ants were quick and direct, but moved in random directions, as if to escape. We conclude that a clear front view, or a clear lower panorama is necessary for initial homeward headings. Furthermore, the canopy is neither necessary nor sufficient for homeward initial heading, and the back and upper segments of views, while not necessary, do make finding home easier. Discrepancies between image analysis and ant behaviour when the upper and lower views were blocked suggests that ants are selective in what portions of the scene they attend to or learn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzahid Islam
- grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Sudhakar Deeti
- grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Trevor Murray
- grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Ken Cheng
- grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109 Australia
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5
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Abstract
Animals navigate a wide range of distances, from a few millimeters to globe-spanning journeys of thousands of kilometers. Despite this array of navigational challenges, similar principles underlie these behaviors across species. Here, we focus on the navigational strategies and supporting mechanisms in four well-known systems: the large-scale migratory behaviors of sea turtles and lepidopterans as well as navigation on a smaller scale by rats and solitarily foraging ants. In lepidopterans, rats, and ants we also discuss the current understanding of the neural architecture which supports navigation. The orientation and navigational behaviors of these animals are defined in terms of behavioral error-reduction strategies reliant on multiple goal-directed servomechanisms. We conclude by proposing to incorporate an additional component into this system: the observation that servomechanisms operate on oscillatory systems of cycling behavior. These oscillators and servomechanisms comprise the basis for directed orientation and navigational behaviors. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody A Freas
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Ken Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia;
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Freas CA, Plowes NJR, Spetch ML. Traveling through light clutter: Path integration and panorama guided navigation in the Sonoran Desert ant, Novomessor cockerelli. Behav Processes 2021; 186:104373. [PMID: 33684462 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2021.104373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Foraging ants use multiple navigational strategies, including path integration and visual panorama cues, which are used simultaneously and weighted based upon context, the environment and the species' sensory ecology. In particular, the amount of visual clutter in the habitat predicts the weighting given to the forager's path integrator and surrounding panorama cues. Here, we characterize the individual cue use and cue weighting of the Sonoran Desert ant, Novomessor cockerelli, by testing foragers after local and distant displacement. Foragers attend to both a path-integration-based vector and the surrounding panorama to navigate, on and off foraging routes. When both cues were present, foragers initially oriented to their path integrator alone, yet weighting was dynamic, with foragers abandoning the vector and switching to panorama-based navigation after a few meters. If displaced to unfamiliar locations, experienced foragers travelled almost their full homeward vector (∼85 %) before the onset of search. Through panorama analysis, we show views acquired on-route provide sufficient information for orientation over only short distances, with rapid parallel decreases in panorama similarity and navigational performance after even small local displacements. These findings are consistent with heavy path integrator weighting over the panorama when the local habitat contains few prominent terrestrial cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody A Freas
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Nicola J R Plowes
- Department of Biology, Mesa Community College, Mesa, AZ, United States
| | - Marcia L Spetch
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
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Goedeker SJ, Wrynn TE, Gall BG. Orientation behavior of riparian long-jawed orb weavers ( Tetragnatha elongata) after displacement over water. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:2899-2906. [PMID: 33767845 PMCID: PMC7981236 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Many organisms possess remarkable abilities to orient and navigate within their environment to achieve goals. We examined the orientation behavior of a riparian spider, the Long-Jawed Orb Weaver (Tetragnatha elongata), when displaced onto the surface of the water. When displaced, spiders move with alternating movements of the first three leg pairs while dragging the most posterior pair of legs behind them. In addition, spiders often perform a series of orientation behaviors consisting of concentric circles before ultimately choosing a path of travel directly toward the nearest point to land. While the number of orientation behaviors increased with increasing distance from shore, distance from shore had no effect on the direction of travel, which was significantly oriented toward the closest shoreline. These results indicate a complex ability to orient toward land when displaced onto water, possibly to decrease the amount of time on the surface of the water and thus decrease predation risk.
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Moreyra S, Lozada M. How behavioral plasticity enables foraging under changing environmental conditions in the social wasp Vespula germanica (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:231-237. [PMID: 32017382 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The foraging strategy at abundant resources of the social wasp Vespula germanica includes scanning in the direction of the nest while memorizing resource-specific landmarks and contextual cues. In the present study, we sought to explore wasps' behavioral plasticity on foraging trips to resources whose location and composition changed after a single visit. We evaluated how contextual modifications of food displacement and replacements 60 cm apart from the original site, affect re-orientation for re-finding previously memorized food resources. The results showed that wasps detected and collected the resource faster when more changes were introduced on the following visit. If returning foragers discovered several modifications on both the location and the kind of resource, they collected food more rapidly from the displaced dish, than if only a single parameter in the environment had been changed. These findings illustrate the grade of behavioral plasticity in V. germanica while foraging on abundant resources, which may contribute to the understanding of the prodigious invasive success of this species in anthropized environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Moreyra
- Laboratorio Ecotono, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medio Ambiente (INIBIOMA)-CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral, Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Mariana Lozada
- Laboratorio Ecotono, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medio Ambiente (INIBIOMA)-CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral, Bariloche, Argentina
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10
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Islam M, Freas CA, Cheng K. Effect of large visual changes on the navigation of the nocturnal bull ant, Myrmecia midas. Anim Cogn 2020; 23:1071-1080. [PMID: 32270349 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-020-01377-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nocturnal insects have remarkable visual capacities in dim light. They can navigate using both the surrounding panorama and celestial cues. Individual foraging ants are efficient navigators, able to accurately reach a variety of goal locations. During navigation, foragers compare the current panoramic view to previously learnt views. In this natural experiment, we observed the effects of large panorama changes, the addition of a fence and the removal of several trees near the nest site, on the navigation of the nocturnal bull ant Myrmecia midas. We examined how the ants' navigational efficiency and behaviour changed in response to changes in ~ 30% of the surrounding skyline, following them over multiple nights. Foragers were displaced locally off-route where we collected initial orientations and homing paths both before and after large panorama changes. We found that immediately after these changes, foragers were unable to initially orient correctly to the nest direction and foragers' return paths were less straight, suggesting increased navigational uncertainty. Continued testing showed rapid recovery in both initial orientation and path straightness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzahid Islam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
| | - Cody A Freas
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ken Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
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11
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Freas CA, Congdon JV, Plowes NJR, Spetch ML. Pheromone cue triggers switch between vectors in the desert harvest ant, Veromessor pergandei. Anim Cogn 2020; 23:1087-1105. [PMID: 32078060 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-020-01354-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The desert harvester ant (Veromessor pergandei) employs a mixture of social and individual navigational strategies at separate stages of their foraging trip. Individuals leave the nest along a pheromone-based column, travelling 3-40 m before spreading out to forage individually in a fan. Foragers use path integration while in this fan, accumulating a direction and distance estimate (vector) to return to the end of the column (column head), yet foragers' potential use of path integration in the pheromone-based column is less understood. Here we show foragers rely on path integration both in the foraging fan and while in the column to return to the nest, using separate vectors depending on their current foraging stage in the fan or column. Returning foragers displaced while in the fan oriented and travelled to the column head location while those displaced after reaching the column travel in the nest direction, signifying the maintenance of a two-vector system with separate fan and column vectors directing a forager to two separate spatial locations. Interestingly, the trail pheromone and not the surrounding terrestrial cues mediate use of these distinct vectors, as fan foragers briefly exposed to the pheromone cues of the column in isolation altered their paths to a combination of the fan and column vectors. The pheromone acts as a contextual cue triggering both the retrieval of the column-vector memory and its integration with the forager's current fan-vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody A Freas
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada.
| | - Jenna V Congdon
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | | | - Marcia L Spetch
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
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12
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Lionetti VAG, Cheng K. Vector calibration in Australian desert ants, Melophorus bagoti: Effects of a delay after the acquisition of vector information. Ethology 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ken Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
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13
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Freas CA, Plowes NJR, Spetch ML. Not just going with the flow: foraging ants attend to polarised light even while on the pheromone trail. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2019; 205:755-767. [PMID: 31422422 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-019-01363-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The polarisation pattern of skylight serves as an orientation cue for many invertebrates. Solitary foraging ants, in particular, rely on polarised light to orient along with a number of other visual cues. Yet it is unknown, if this cue is actively used in socially foraging species that use pheromone trails to navigate. Here, we explore the use of polarised light in the presence of the pheromone cues of the foraging trail. The desert harvester ant, Veromessor pergandei, relies on pheromone cues and path integration in separate stages of their foraging ecology (column and fan, respectively). Here, we show that foragers actively orient to an altered overhead polarisation pattern, both while navigating individually in the fan and while on the pheromone-based column. These heading changes occurred during twilight, as well as in the early morning and late afternoon before sunset. Differences in shift size indicate that foragers attend to both the polarisation pattern and the sun's position when available, yet during twilight, headings are dominated by the polarisation pattern. Finally, when the sun's position was experimentally blocked before sunset, shift sizes increased similar to twilight testing. These findings show that celestial cues provide directional information on the pheromone trail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody A Freas
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, P217 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada.
| | - Nicola J R Plowes
- Department of Life Sciences, Mesa Community College, 1833 Southern Avenue, Mesa, AZ, 85202, USA
| | - Marcia L Spetch
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, P217 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
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Freas CA, Cheng K. Panorama similarity and navigational knowledge in the nocturnal bull ant, Myrmicia midas. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb.193201. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.193201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nocturnal ants forage and navigate during periods of reduced light, making detection of visual cues difficult, yet they are skilled visual navigators. These foragers retain visual panoramic memories both around the nest and along known routes for later use, be it to return to previously visited food sites or to the nest. Here, we explore the navigational knowledge of the nocturnal bull ant, Myrmecia midas, by investigating differences in nest-ward homing after displacement of three forager groups based on similarities in the panoramas between the release site and previously visited locations. Foragers that travel straight up the foraging tree or to close trees around the nest show reduced navigational success in orienting and returning from displacements compared to individuals that forage further from the nest site. By analysing the cues present in the panorama, we show that multiple metrics of forager navigational performance correspond with the degree of similarity between the release site panorama and panoramas of previously visited sites. In highly cluttered environments, where panoramas change rapidly over short distances, the views acquired near the nest are only useful over a small area and memories acquired along foraging routes become critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody A. Freas
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ken Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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Murray T, Kocsi Z, Dahmen H, Narendra A, Le Möel F, Wystrach A, Zeil J. The role of attractive and repellent scene memories in ant homing (Myrmecia croslandi). J Exp Biol 2019; 223:jeb.210021. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.210021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Solitary foraging ants rely on vision when travelling along routes and when pinpointing their nest. We tethered foragers of Myrmecia croslandi on a trackball and recorded their intended movements when the trackball was located on their normal foraging corridor (on-route), above their nest and at a location several meters away where they have never been before (off-route). We find that at on- and off-route locations, most ants walk in the nest or foraging direction and continue to do so for tens of metres in a straight line. In contrast, above the nest, ants walk in random directions and change walking direction frequently. In addition, the walking direction of ants above the nest oscillates at a fine scale, reflecting search movements that are absent from the paths of ants at the other locations. An agent-based simulation shows that the behaviour of ants at all three locations can be explained by the integration of attractive and repellent views directed towards or away from the nest, respectively. Ants are likely to acquire such views via systematic scanning movements during their learning walks. The model predicts that ants placed in a completely unfamiliar environment should behave as if at the nest, which our subsequent experiments confirmed. We conclude first, that the ants’ behaviour at release sites is exclusively driven by what they currently see and not by information on expected outcomes of their behaviour. Second, that navigating ants might continuously integrate attractive and repellent visual memories. We discuss the benefits of such a procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Murray
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Zoltan Kocsi
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Ajay Narendra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Florent Le Möel
- Research Center on Animal Cognition, University Paul Sabatier/CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Antoine Wystrach
- Research Center on Animal Cognition, University Paul Sabatier/CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jochen Zeil
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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