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Wang D, Liao X, Zhang H, Wang Y, Zhang M, Ren F, Ma X, Sheng J, Jin P, Yu D, Xie H, Wang X. A syrup containing L-arabinose and D-xylose appears superior to PEG-4000 as a bowel cleansing agent. AMB Express 2024; 14:63. [PMID: 38824272 PMCID: PMC11144180 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-024-01715-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Adequate bowel cleansing is crucial for endoscopic diagnosis and treatment, and the recovery of gut microbiota after intestinal cleansing is also important. A hypertonic syrup predominantly comprising L-arabinose and D-xylose (20% xylo-oligosaccharides) can be extracted from the hemicellulose of corn husks and cobs. L-Arabinose and xylo-oligosaccharides have been reported to relieve constipation and improve the gut microbial environment. This study evaluated the bowel cleansing effect of the aforementioned syrup and its influence on the organism and intestinal microbiota after cleansing in comparison with polyethylene glycol-4000 (PEG-4000) in mice. Bowel cleansing was performed using syrup or PEG-4000 in C57BL/6J mice, and the effect of intestinal preparation and its influence on serum electrolytes and gut microbiota after bowel cleansing were evaluated. The volume of intestinal residual feces in the syrup group was significantly lower than that in the PEG-4000 group. Additionally, syrup disturbed serum electrolytes more mildly than PEG-4000. Alpha diversity in the gut microbiota was significantly higher in the syrup group than in the PEG-4000 group on the first day after bowel cleansing. However, no difference in beta diversity was observed between the two groups. Syrup increased the abundance of Bifidobacteria and Christensenella and decreased the abundance of Akkermansia in comparison with PEG-4000 on the first day after bowel cleansing. Thus, this syrup has potential clinical use as a bowel cleansing agent given the above effects, its benefits and safety, and better taste and acceptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, #5 Nanmencang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xingchen Liao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, #5 Nanmencang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, #5 Nanmencang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yilin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, #5 Nanmencang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, #5 Nanmencang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Fangli Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xianzong Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, #5 Nanmencang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Jianqiu Sheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, #5 Nanmencang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, #5 Nanmencang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Dongliang Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, #5 Nanmencang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, #5 Nanmencang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, #5 Nanmencang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, China.
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Dale T, Hannay I, Bedford MR, Tucker GA, Brameld JM, Parr T. The effects of exogenous xylanase supplementation on the in vivo generation of xylooligosaccharides and monosaccharides in broilers fed a wheat-based diet. Br Poult Sci 2020; 61:471-481. [PMID: 32683884 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1751805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
1. This study quantified xylanase-induced changes in soluble monosaccharides, xylooligosaccharides (XOS) and volatile fatty acid (VFA) contents of the different sections of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and whether these were related to altered bird performance. 2. An in vitro digestion of the wheat-based diet was carried out with the xylanase (Econase XT at 16,000BXU/kg diet) to compare the in vitro and in vivo generation of these XOS and monosaccharides. For the in vivo study, 80 male Ross 508 b roiler chicks were split into two groups fed a wheat-based diet with or without Econase XT (16,000BXU/kg diet) for 21 days. 3. There were no effects of Econase XT inclusion on growth performance characteristics, likely a result of the high-quality wheat diet, the corresponding high performance of the control group (FCR average of 1.45 in controls) and the relatively young age of the birds (from four to 26 days of age). 4. Econase XT supplementation increased the xylotetraose (X4) content in the colon (P = 0.046, enzyme x GIT section interaction) and the xylose contents in the colon and caeca (P < 0.001, enzyme x GIT section interaction). 5. The trend for increased acetate production in the caeca of Econase XT treated birds (P = 0.062) suggested that the XOS generated were subsequently fermented in the caeca, potentially impacting upon the types of microbiota present. 6. The present study suggested that wheat arabinoxylan degradation was enhanced by xylanase supplementation, which may have increased the production of beneficial volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the caeca, and thereby potentially modulated the caecal microbiome, but without affecting bird performance at this early age.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dale
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus , Loughborough, UK
| | - I Hannay
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus , Loughborough, UK
| | | | - G A Tucker
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus , Loughborough, UK
| | - J M Brameld
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus , Loughborough, UK
| | - T Parr
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus , Loughborough, UK
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Gardner BR, Mitchell EP. Acute, Fatal, Presumptive Xylitol Toxicosis in Cape Sugarbirds ( Promerops cafer). J Avian Med Surg 2018; 31:356-358. [PMID: 29327962 DOI: 10.1647/2016-234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-nine wild Cape sugarbirds ( Promerops cafer) died acutely after ingestion of a homemade xylitol nectar solution from a bird feeder. The most aggressive feeders were first affected. Most birds showed clinical signs within 15 minutes of nectar ingestion, including incoordination, weakness, falling from perches, collapse, and death. A few birds showing clinical signs seemed to spontaneously recover and fly away. Full necropsy examinations done on 27 birds were hampered by freezing artifact and autolysis, but results indicated death was caused by the consequences of acute hypoglycemia. A presumptive diagnosis of xylitol toxicity was made based on the history, clinical signs, and absence of other obvious causes of death. This is potentially the first record of xylitol toxicity in wild birds.
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Huntley NF, Patience JF. Xylose: absorption, fermentation, and post-absorptive metabolism in the pig. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2018; 9:4. [PMID: 29340150 PMCID: PMC5759861 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-017-0226-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylose, as β-1,4-linked xylan, makes up much of the hemicellulose in cell walls of cereal carbohydrates fed to pigs. As inclusion of fibrous ingredients in swine diets continues to increase, supplementation of carbohydrases, such as xylanase, is of interest. However, much progress is warranted to achieve consistent enzyme efficacy, including an improved understanding of the utilization and energetic contribution of xylanase hydrolysis product (i.e. xylooligosaccharides or monomeric xylose). This review examines reports on xylose absorption and metabolism in the pig and identifies gaps in this knowledge that are essential to understanding the value of carbohydrase hydrolysis products in the nutrition of the pig. Xylose research in pigs was first reported in 1954, with only sporadic contributions since. Therefore, this review also discusses relevant xylose research in other monogastric species, including humans. In both pigs and poultry, increasing purified D-xylose inclusion generally results in linear decreases in performance, efficiency, and diet digestibility. However, supplementation levels studied thus far have ranged from 5% to 40%, while theoretical xylose release due to xylanase supplementation would be less than 4%. More than 95% of ingested D-xylose disappears before the terminal ileum but mechanisms of absorption have yet to be fully elucidated. Some data support the hypothesis that mechanisms exist to handle low xylose concentrations but become overwhelmed as luminal concentrations increase. Very little is known about xylose metabolic utilization in vertebrates but it is well recognized that a large proportion of dietary xylose appears in the urine and significantly decreases the metabolizable energy available from the diet. Nevertheless, evidence of labeled D-xylose-1-14C appearing as expired 14CO2 in both humans and guinea pigs suggests that there is potential, although small, for xylose oxidation. It is yet to be determined if pigs develop increased xylose metabolic capacity with increased adaptation time to diets supplemented with xylose or xylanase. Overall, xylose appears to be poorly utilized by the pig, but it is important to consider that only one study has been reported which supplemented D-xylose dietary concentrations lower than 5%. Thus, more comprehensive studies testing xylose metabolic effects at dietary concentrations more relevant to swine nutrition are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole F Huntley
- Department of Animal Science, 213 Kildee Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, 50011 IA USA
| | - John F Patience
- Department of Animal Science, 201B Kildee Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, 50011 IA USA
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Wang W, Cao J, Yang F, Wang X, Zheng S, Sharshov K, Li L. High-throughput sequencing reveals the core gut microbiome of Bar-headed goose (Anser indicus) in different wintering areas in Tibet. Microbiologyopen 2016; 5:287-95. [PMID: 26842811 PMCID: PMC4831473 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidating the spatial dynamic and core gut microbiome related to wild bar‐headed goose is of crucial importance for probiotics development that may meet the demands of bar‐headed goose artificial breeding industries and accelerate the domestication of this species. However, the core microbial communities in the wild bar‐headed geese remain totally unknown. Here, for the first time, we present a comprehensive survey of bar‐headed geese gut microbial communities by Illumina high‐throughput sequencing technology using nine individuals from three distinct wintering locations in Tibet. A total of 236,676 sequences were analyzed, and 607 OTUs were identified. We show that the gut microbial communities of bar‐headed geese have representatives of 14 phyla and are dominated by Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. The additive abundance of these four most dominant phyla was above 96% across all the samples. At the genus level, the sequences represented 150 genera. A set of 19 genera were present in all samples and considered as core gut microbiome. The top seven most abundant core genera were distributed in that four dominant phyla. Among them, four genera (Lactococcus, Bacillus, Solibacillus, and Streptococcus) belonged to Firmicutes, while for other three phyla, each containing one genus, such as Proteobacteria (genus Pseudomonas), Actinobacteria (genus Arthrobacter), and Bacteroidetes (genus Bacteroides). This broad survey represents the most in‐depth assessment, to date, of the gut microbes that associated with bar‐headed geese. These data create a baseline for future bar‐headed goose microbiology research, and make an original contribution to probiotics development for bar‐headed goose artificial breeding industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'ning, 810000, China.,Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Jian Cao
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'ning, 810000, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101,, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'ning, 810000, China
| | - Xuelian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'ning, 810000, China
| | - Sisi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'ning, 810000, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101,, China
| | - Kirill Sharshov
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Novosibirsk, 630117, Russia
| | - Laixing Li
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'ning, 810000, China
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Wang W, Cao J, Li JR, Yang F, Li Z, Li LX. Comparative analysis of the gastrointestinal microbial communities of bar-headed goose (Anser indicus) in different breeding patterns by high-throughput sequencing. Microbiol Res 2015; 182:59-67. [PMID: 26686614 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The bar-headed goose is currently one of the most popular species for rare birds breeding in China. However, bar-headed geese in captivity display a reduced reproductive rate. The gut microbiome has been shown to influence host factors such as nutrient and energy metabolism, immune homeostasis and reproduction. It is therefore of great scientific and agriculture value to analyze the microbial communities associated with bar-headed geese in order to improve their reproductive rate. Here we describe the first comparative study of the gut microbial communities of bar-headed geese in three different breeding pattern groups by 16SrRNA sequences using the Illumina MiSeq platform. The results showed that Firmicutes predominated (58.33%) among wild bar-headed geese followed by Proteobacteria (30.67%), Actinobacteria (7.33%) and Bacteroidetes (3.33%). In semi-artificial breeding group, Firmicutes was also the most abundant bacteria (62.00%), followed by Bacteroidetes (28.67%), Proteobacteria (4.20%), Actinobacteria (3.27%) and Fusobacteria (1.51%). The microbial communities of artificial breeding group were dominated by Firmicutes (60.67%), Fusobacteria (29.67%) and Proteobacteria (9.33%). Wild bar-headed geese had a significant higher relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, while semi-artificial breeding bar-headed geese had significantly more Bacteroidetes. The semi-artificial breeding group had the highest microbial community diversity and richness, followed by wild group, and then the artificial breeding group. The marked differences of genus level group-specific microbes create a baseline for future bar-headed goose microbiology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'ning 810000, China; Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Jian Cao
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'ning 810000, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ji-Rong Li
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'ning 810000, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'ning 810000, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'ning 810000, China
| | - Lai-Xing Li
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'ning 810000, China.
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German DP, Bittong RA. Digestive enzyme activities and gastrointestinal fermentation in wood-eating catfishes. J Comp Physiol B 2009; 179:1025-42. [PMID: 19568757 PMCID: PMC2762538 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-009-0383-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Revised: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To determine what capabilities wood-eating and detritivorous catfishes have for the digestion of refractory polysaccharides with the aid of an endosymbiotic microbial community, the pH, redox potentials, concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and the activity levels of 14 digestive enzymes were measured along the gastrointestinal (GI) tracts of three wood-eating taxa (Panaque cf. nigrolineatus "Marañon", Panaque nocturnus, and Hypostomus pyrineusi) and one detritivorous species (Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus) from the family Loricariidae. Negative redox potentials (-600 mV) were observed in the intestinal fluids of the fish, suggesting that fermentative digestion was possible. However, SCFA concentrations were low (<3 mM in any intestinal region), indicating that little GI fermentation occurs in the fishes' GI tracts. Cellulase and xylanase activities were low (<0.03 U g(-1)), and generally decreased distally in the intestine, whereas amylolytic and laminarinase activities were five and two orders of magnitude greater, respectively, than cellulase and xylanase activities, suggesting that the fish more readily digest soluble polysaccharides. Furthermore, the Michaelis-Menten constants (K(m)) of the fishes' beta-glucosidase and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase enzymes were significantly lower than the K(m) values of microbial enzymes ingested with their food, further suggesting that the fish efficiently digest soluble components of their detrital diet rather than refractory polysaccharides. Coupled with rapid gut transit and poor cellulose digestibility, the wood-eating catfishes appear to be detritivores reliant on endogenous digestive mechanisms, as are other loricariid catfishes. This stands in contrast to truly "xylivorous" taxa (e.g., beavers, termites), which are reliant on an endosymbiotic community of microorganisms to digest refractory polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donovan P German
- Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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