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Finotto L, Walker TI, Reina RD. The effect of fishing-capture stress on the oxygen uptake rate and swimming activity of the holocephalan Callorhinchus milii. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 341:203-214. [PMID: 38158379 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Overfishing, capture mortality, and consequences following the release of surviving animals represent severe threats to chondrichthyans. Although holocephalans are common bycaught and discarded species, other than postrelease mortality, little is known of fishing capture stress impacts. The stress response elicited after capture, essential to increase survival chances, is energetically demanding and affects the amount of energy available for other biological activities, with potential long-term impairments. We measured the effect of 30-min simulated gillnet capture on oxygen uptake rate (ṀO2 ), a proxy for metabolic rate and energy use, on recovery pattern, and on swimming activity of elephant fish (Callorhinchus milii). Immediately after simulated capture, Active and Inactive ṀO2 , measured during swimming and resting periods, respectively, were 27.5% and 43.1% lower than precapture values. This metabolic decline is likely an adaptation for reducing the energy allocated to non-essential activities, thus preserving it to sustain the stress response and processes essential for immediate survival. Supporting this, after gillnet capture, animals decreased their swimming time by 26.6%, probably due to a reduction in the energy allocated to movement. After 7 days, swimming activity and both Inactive ṀO2 and Active ṀO2 returned to precapture values. Although metabolic decline may enhance survival chances, the associated decreased swimming activity might increase predation risk and slow the physiological recovery after a fishing event. Moreover, some of the activities involved in Inactive ṀO2 are fundamental for life maintenance and therefore its depression after a capture event might have long-term repercussions for life sustenance and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licia Finotto
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terence I Walker
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard D Reina
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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2
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Cameron LWJ, Roche WK, Beckett K, Payne NL. A review of elasmobranch catch-and-release science: synthesis of current knowledge, implications for best practice and future research directions. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 11:coad100. [PMID: 38161598 PMCID: PMC10756054 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coad100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Until relatively recently commercial fisheries have been considered the main driving factor for elasmobranch population declines. However, this belief has begun to shift with the realization that recreational elasmobranch catches may equal or exceed commercial catches in some regions. Many recreational angling fisheries for elasmobranchs involve high participation in catch-and-release angling practices. However, high release rates may not necessarily equate to high survival rates. Therefore, to assist accurate assessment of the potential impact of recreational angling on elasmobranchs, we attempted to summarize and integrate currently available information on specific risk factors associated with recreational angling, alongside associated mortality rates, as well as information on angler behaviour as it relates to identified risk factors. We categorized the major angling-related effects into two groups: injury-induced effects; and biochemical disruption-induced effects; providing a summary of each group and outlining the main lethal and sub-lethal outcomes stemming from these. These outcomes include immediate and delayed post-release mortality, behavioural recovery periods (which may in-turn confer increased predation risks), chronic health impacts and capture-induced parturition and abortion. Additionally, we detailed a range of angling practices and equipment, including hook-type, hook removal and emersion (i.e. air exposure), as well as inter- and intra-specific factors, including aerobic scope, respiratory mode, body size and species-specific behaviours, which are likely to influence injury and/or mortality rates and should therefore be considered when assessing angling-related impacts. We then utilized these data to provide a range of actionable recommendations for both anglers and policymakers which would serve to reduce the population-level impact of recreational angling on these enigmatic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke W J Cameron
- School of Natural Sciences, Department of Zoology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - William K Roche
- Inland Fisheries Ireland, 3044 Lake Drive, Citywest Business Campus, Dublin D24 CK66, Ireland
| | - Katy Beckett
- School of Natural Sciences, Department of Zoology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Nicholas L Payne
- School of Natural Sciences, Department of Zoology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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3
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Hang Z, Tong P, Zhao P, He Z, Shao L, Jia Y, Wang XC, Li Z. Hierarchical stringent response behaviors of activated sludge system to stressed conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 870:161832. [PMID: 36716870 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The stringent response of activated sludge systems to either stressed or harmful environments is important for the stable operation of activated sludge, which is examined by taking copper ion (Cu2+) as a stress model in this study. When weak stress was employed (Cu2+ ≤ 2.5 mg/L), the N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) of C6-, C8-, and C10-HSL increased by 30 %, 13 %, and 127 %, respectively, while the redox sensor green (RSG) intensity decreased by 28 %. Encountering the increased stress (2.5 mg/L < Cu2+ ≤ 5 mg/L), bacteria concentration in the supernatant increased by 87 %. However, the respiration rates of autotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria (SOURa and SOURh) and adenosine triphosphate decreased by 52 %, 18 %, and 27 %, respectively, and the flocs disintegrated with a diameter decreasing from 57 to 51 μm. When the stress became more serious (Cu2+ > 5 mg/L), the respiration rates continued to decline, but the quasi-endogenous respiration ratio (Rq/t) increased from 31 % to 47 %. Negligible changes occurred in the endogenous respiration rate (SOURe), adenosine diphosphate, and adenosine monophosphate. Based on these results, a hierarchical stringent response model of the activated sludge system to stressed conditions was proposed, and these responses were evaluated by respirogram. The initial response to weak stress was related to the most sensitive signals of quorum sensing and RSG intensity, well described by the quasi-endogenous respiration rate. The adaptive response to increased stress was the proactive migrations of low- and high-nucleic-acid bacteria to the supernatant, causing the looseness and even disintegration of sludge flocs, well described by SOURa, SOURh, and Rq/t. The lethal response to lethal stress was related to endogenous metabolic processes, well described by SOURe. This work provides new insights into understanding the stringent response of activated sludge systems to some stressed conditions. It helps to regulate the stability of activated sludge systems with respirogram technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Hang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment, and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Peipei Tong
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment, and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Pian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment, and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Zhangwei He
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment, and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Linjun Shao
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment, and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Yanru Jia
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment, and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment, and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Zhihua Li
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment, and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Xi'an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment Technology in Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
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Finotto L, Walker TI, Reina RD. Influence of female reproductive state and of fishing-capture stress on the oxygen uptake rate of a viviparous elasmobranch. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 339:357-368. [PMID: 36690919 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In animals discarded after a fishing capture event, the elicited stress response necessary to ensure their survival is energetically costly. This energy is diverted from other important biological activities, including growth and reproduction, possibly impairing them. Given that elasmobranchs are among the most threatened vertebrate groups, estimating capture-induced energetic changes and comparing these variations to the energy requirements of pregnancy maintenance is necessary. In pregnant southern fiddler rays (Trygonorrhina dumerilii), we measured changes in oxygen uptake rate (ṀO2 ; a proxy for metabolic rate and energy usage) in response to trawling simulation and air exposure, and estimated the oxygen requirements of sustaining late-term pregnancy and embryos. ṀO2 was measured in pregnant females, before (prestress ṀO2 ) and after trawling simulation (after-capture ṀO2 ), and again after females gave birth (postpartum ṀO2 ). After-capture ṀO2 was 31.7% lower than ṀO2 measured in minimally stressed females, suggesting a reduction in energy expenditure. This reduction is likely triggered by an initially excessive energetic investment in the stress response, and is aimed at shutting down nonessential activities to redirect energy to processes fundamental for survival. Prestress ṀO2 was 78.5% higher than postpartum ṀO2 . Capture simulation decreased ṀO2 to values similar to those observed postpartum, suggesting a capture-induced reduction in oxygen and energy allocation to pregnancy and embryonic respiration, which could be associated with reproductive impairments. These data, by better estimating the impact of capture and discard on energetic requirements and reproductive fitness, may support the introduction of area and/or seasonal closures to fishing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licia Finotto
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terence I Walker
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard D Reina
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Determination of Adenylate Nucleotides in Amphipod Gammarus fossarum by Ion-Pair Reverse Phase Liquid Chromatography: Possibilities of Positive Pressure Micro-Solid Phase Extraction. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenine nucleotides—adenosine monophosphate, diphosphate, and triphosphate—are of utmost importance to all living organisms, where they play a critical role in the energy metabolism and are tied to allosteric regulation in various regulatory enzymes. Adenylate energy charge represents the precise relationship between the concentrations of adenosine monophosphate, diphosphate, and triphosphate and indicates the amount of metabolic energy available to an organism. The experimental conditions of adenylate extraction in freshwater amphipod Gammarus fossarum are reported here for the first time and are crucial for the qualitative and quantitative determination of adenylate nucleotides using efficient and sensitive ion-pair reverse phase LC. It was shown that amphipod calcified exoskeleton impeded the neutralization of homogenate. The highest adenylate yield was obtained by homogenization in perchloric acid and subsequent addition of potassium hydroxide and phosphate buffer to achieve a pH around 11. This method enables separation and accurate detection of adenylates. Our study provides new insight into the complexity of adenylate extraction and quantification that is crucial for the application of adenylate energy charge as a confident physiological measure of environmental stress and as a health index of G. fossarum.
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Jimenez‐Ruiz EI, Maeda‐Martínez AN, Ocaño‐Higuera VM, Sumaya‐Martinez MT, Sanchez‐Herrera LM, Fregoso‐Aguirre OA, Rincones‐López JE, Palomino‐Hermosillo YA. Shelf life of fresh fillets from eviscerated farmed tilapia (
Oreochromis niloticus
) handled at different pre‐filleting times. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.14529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Iván Jimenez‐Ruiz
- Unidad de Tecnología de Alimentos, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit Tepic México
| | | | | | - Maria Teresa Sumaya‐Martinez
- Unidad de Tecnología de Alimentos, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit Tepic México
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Gallagher AJ, Meyer L, Pethybridge HR, Huveneers C, Butcher PA. Effects of short-term capture on the physiology of white sharks Carcharodon carcharias: amino acids and fatty acids. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2019. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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8
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Barragán-Méndez C, Ruiz-Jarabo I, Fuentes J, Mancera JM, Sobrino I. Survival rates and physiological recovery responses in the lesser-spotted catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula) after bottom-trawling. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 233:1-9. [PMID: 30905654 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In 2019, Europe will adopt a no-discards policy in fisheries. This entails the landing of captured species unless strong evidence is provided supporting their survival and recovery after fishing. Thus, research on this topic is gaining momentum. Bottom-trawling, as a non-selective fishing method, is characterized by a high proportion of discards including vulnerable key species, such as demersal sharks. Their survival may also depend on capture depth. By paralleling onboard and laboratory experiments with the small-spotted catshark, Scyliorhinus canicula, we offer a robust experimental design to assess the survival of discarded sharks. Catsharks were captured by bottom-trawling at two depths (shallow ~89 m and deep ~479 m). Blood samples were collected following trawl capture and analyzed for stress biomarkers (lactate, osmolality, phosphate, urea). During recovery in onboard tanks, behavior was video-recorded and fish were re-sampled after 24 h. A second experiment was conducted in laboratory facilities to simulate air-exposure after trawling and to analyze the physiological recovery. Our results showed that 95.7% of the animals survived 24 h after trawling. We confirmed that trawling elicited acute stress responses in catshark but that they managed to recover. This was demonstrated by lactate concentrations that were 2.6 mM upon capture, but recovered to assumed baselines after 24 h (0.2 mM). Non-invasive video monitoring revealed behavioral differences with depth, whereby those captured at 89 m depth required longer to recover than those captured at 479 m depth. Implementation of standardized survival studies by fishery managers can benefit from holistic physiological approaches, such as the one proposed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Barragán-Méndez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEI-MAR), Av. República Saharaui s/n, E-11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - I Ruiz-Jarabo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEI-MAR), Av. República Saharaui s/n, E-11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - J Fuentes
- Centre for Marine Sciences (CCMar), University of Algarve, Gambelas Campus, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - J M Mancera
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEI-MAR), Av. República Saharaui s/n, E-11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - I Sobrino
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Centre of Cádiz, Puerto Pesquero, Muelle de Levante, s/n, PO Box 2609, E-11006 Cádiz, Spain
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9
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Monteiro C, Ferreira de Oliveira JMP, Pinho F, Bastos V, Oliveira H, Peixoto F, Santos C. Biochemical and transcriptional analyses of cadmium-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in human osteoblasts. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2018; 81:705-717. [PMID: 29913117 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1485122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) accumulation is known to occur predominantly in kidney and liver; however, low-level long-term exposure to Cd may also result in bone damage. Few studies have addressed Cd-induced toxicity in osteoblasts, particularly upon cell mitochondrial energy processing and putative associations with oxidative stress in bone. To assess the influence of Cd treatment on mitochondrial function and oxidative status in osteoblast cells, human MG-63 cells were treated with Cd (up to 65 μM) for 24 or 48 h. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid and protein oxidation and antioxidant defense mechanisms such as total antioxidant activity (TAA) and gene expression of antioxidant enzymes were analyzed. In addition, Cd-induced effects on mitochondrial function were assessed by analyzing the activity of enzymes involved in mitochondrial respiration, membrane potential (ΔΨm), mitochondrial morphology and adenylate energy charge. Treatment with Cd increased oxidative stress, concomitantly with lipid and protein oxidation. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses of antioxidant genes catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), glutathione S-reductase (GSR), and superoxide dismutase (SOD1 and SOD2) exhibited a trend toward decrease in transcripts in Cd-stressed cells, particularly a downregulation of GSR. Longer treatment with Cd (48 h) resulted in energy charge states significantly below those commonly observed in living cells. Mitochondrial function was affected by ΔΨm reduction. Inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes and citrate synthase also occurred following Cd treatment. In conclusion, Cd induced mitochondrial dysfunction which appeared to be associated with oxidative stress in human osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Monteiro
- a Department of Biology & CESAM , University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário , Aveiro , Portugal
| | - José Miguel P Ferreira de Oliveira
- b LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Francisco Pinho
- a Department of Biology & CESAM , University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário , Aveiro , Portugal
| | - Verónica Bastos
- c Department of Biology & LAQV/REQUIMTE , Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Helena Oliveira
- a Department of Biology & CESAM , University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário , Aveiro , Portugal
| | - Francisco Peixoto
- d Biology and Environment Department , Chemistry Research Center, University of Trás-os-Montes & Alto Douro , Portugal
| | - Conceição Santos
- c Department of Biology & LAQV/REQUIMTE , Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
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10
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Guida L, Awruch C, Walker TI, Reina RD. Prenatal stress from trawl capture affects mothers and neonates: a case study using the southern fiddler ray (Trygonorrhina dumerilii). Sci Rep 2017; 7:46300. [PMID: 28401959 PMCID: PMC5388872 DOI: 10.1038/srep46300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing fishing effects on chondrichthyan populations has predominantly focused on quantifying mortality rates. Consequently, sub-lethal effects of capture stress on the reproductive capacity of chondrichthyans are largely unknown. We investigated the reproductive consequences of capture on pregnant southern fiddler rays (Trygonorrhina dumerilii) collected from Swan Bay, Australia, in response to laboratory-simulated trawl capture (8 h) followed immediately by air exposure (30 min). Immediately prior to, and for up to 28 days post trawling, all females were measured for body mass (BM), sex steroid concentrations (17-β estradiol, progesterone, testosterone) and granulocyte to lymphocyte (G:L) ratio. At parturition, neonates were measured for total length (TL), BM and G:L ratio. Trawling reduced maternal BM and elevated the G:L ratio for up to 28 days. Trawling did not significantly affect any sex steroid concentrations relative to controls. Neonates from trawled mothers were significantly lower in BM and TL than control animals, and had an elevated G:L ratio. Our results show that capture of pregnant T. dumerilii can influence their reproductive potential and affect the fitness of neonates. We suggest other viviparous species are likely to be similarly affected. Sub-lethal effects of capture, particularly on reproduction, require further study to improve fisheries management and conservation of chondrichthyans.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Guida
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - C Awruch
- CESIMAR (Centro Para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos) - CENPAT- CONICET, Puerto Madryn, Chubut U9120ACD, Argentina.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - T I Walker
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - R D Reina
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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11
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Ellis JR, McCully Phillips SR, Poisson F. A review of capture and post-release mortality of elasmobranchs. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2017; 90:653-722. [PMID: 27864942 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
There is a need to better understand the survivorship of discarded fishes, both for commercial stocks and species of conservation concern. Within European waters, the landing obligations that are currently being phased in as part of the European Union's reformed common fisheries policy means that an increasing number of fish stocks, with certain exceptions, should not be discarded unless it can be demonstrated that there is a high probability of survival. This study reviews the various approaches that have been used to examine the discard survival of elasmobranchs, both in terms of at-vessel mortality (AVM) and post-release mortality (PRM), with relevant findings summarized for both the main types of fishing gear used and by taxonomic group. Discard survival varies with a range of biological attributes (species, size, sex and mode of gill ventilation) as well as the range of factors associated with capture (e.g. gear type, soak time, catch mass and composition, handling practices and the degree of exposure to air and any associated change in ambient temperature). In general, demersal species with buccal-pump ventilation have a higher survival than obligate ram ventilators. Several studies have indicated that females may have a higher survival than males. Certain taxa (including hammerhead sharks Sphyrna spp. and thresher sharks Alopias spp.) may be particularly prone to higher rates of mortality when caught.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Ellis
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk, NR33 0HT, U.K
| | - S R McCully Phillips
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk, NR33 0HT, U.K
| | - F Poisson
- Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Centre de Recherche Halieutique UMR MARBEC (MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation), Avenue Jean Monnet, CS 30171, 34203 Sète, France
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12
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Bouyoucos IA, Suski CD, Mandelman JW, Brooks EJ. The energetic, physiological, and behavioral response of lemon sharks (Negaprion brevirostris) to simulated longline capture. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 207:65-72. [PMID: 28238832 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Commercial fisheries bycatch is a considerable threat to elasmobranch population recovery, and techniques to mitigate sub-lethal consequences can be improved with data on the energetic, physiological, and behavioral response of individuals to capture. This study sought to estimate the effects of simulated longline capture on the behavior, energy use, and physiological stress of juvenile lemon sharks (Negaprion brevirostris). Captive sharks equipped with acceleration biologgers were subjected to 1h of simulated longline capture. Swimming behaviors were identified from acceleration data using a machine-learning algorithm, energetic costs were estimated using accelerometer-calibrated relationships and respirometry, and physiological stress was quantified with point-of-care blood analyzers. During capture, sharks exhibited nine-fold increases in the frequency of burst swimming, 98% reductions in resting, and swam as often as unrestrained sharks. Aerobic metabolic rates during capture were 8% higher than for unrestrained sharks, and accounted for a 57.7% increase in activity costs when excess post-exercise oxygen consumption was included. Lastly, sharks exhibited significant increases in blood lactate and glucose, but no change in blood pH after 1h of capture. Therefore, these results provide preliminary insight into the behavioral and energetic responses of sharks to capture, and have implications for mitigating sub-lethal consequences of capture for sharks as commercial longline bycatch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Bouyoucos
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1102 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Shark Research and Conservation Program, Cape Eleuthera Institute, Eleuthera, Bahamas.
| | - Cory D Suski
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1102 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - John W Mandelman
- Anderson Cabot Center for Ocean Life, New England Aquarium, Central Wharf, Boston, MA 02110, USA
| | - Edward J Brooks
- Shark Research and Conservation Program, Cape Eleuthera Institute, Eleuthera, Bahamas
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