1
|
Braga VHDS, Armelin VA, Noll IG, Florindo LH, Milsom WK. Cardiorespiratory reflexes in white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus): Lack of cardiac baroreflex response to blood pressure manipulation? Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 288:111554. [PMID: 37989399 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Arterial pressure (Pa) regulation is essential to adequately distribute nutrients to metabolizing tissues, remove wastes and avoid lesions associated with hypertension. In vertebrates, short-term Pa regulation is achieved through the baroreflex, which elicits inversely proportional changes in heart rate (fH) and vascular resistance to restore Pa. The cardiac limb of this reflex has been reported in all vertebrate groups studied to date: teleosts, amphibians, snakes, lizards, crocodiles, birds and mammals - which led to the suggestion that the baroreflex is an ancient trait present in all vertebrate species. However, it is not clear whether more basal groups of vertebrates, such as cyclostomes, elasmobranchs and chondrosteans, manifest baroreflex regulation of fH. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine whether the white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus; Chondrostei: Acipenseridae) exhibits a cardiac baroreflex. To do so, we induced Pa perturbations through injections of phenylephrine, sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and saline solution (hypervolemia), and examined possible fH baroreflex responses. We also investigated whether fH responses triggered by fright and chemoreflex were present in this species, in order to confirm the potential of sturgeon to perform reflexive cardiac adjustments. The findings indicate that A. transmontanus exhibits reflex bradycardia in response to fright and chemoreceptor stimulation, illustrating its capacity for short-term cardiac regulation. However, this species does not display baroreflex control of fH across its physiological range. This dissociation suggests that while the nervous and cardiovascular systems of A. transmontanus are primed for rapid reflex responses, a cardiac baroreflex mechanism remains absent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Hugo da Silva Braga
- Department of Biological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil. https://twitter.com/b07855682
| | - Vinicius Araújo Armelin
- Department of Physiology, University of São Paulo (USP), Rua do Matão - Travessa 14 - N. 101, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Igor Guagnoni Noll
- Department of Biological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Florindo
- Department of Biological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 235, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil; Aquaculture Centre (CAUNESP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, n/n, Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil.
| | - William Kenneth Milsom
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia (UBC), 4200 - 6270 University Blvd, V6T 1Z4 Vancouver, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Aaskov ML, Nelson D, Lauridsen H, Huong DTT, Ishimatsu A, Crossley DA, Malte H, Bayley M. Do air-breathing fish suffer branchial oxygen loss in hypoxic water? Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231353. [PMID: 37700647 PMCID: PMC10498054 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In hypoxia, air-breathing fish obtain O2 from the air but continue to excrete CO2 into the water. Consequently, it is believed that some O2 obtained by air-breathing is lost at the gills in hypoxic water. Pangasionodon hypophthalmus is an air-breathing catfish with very large gills from the Mekong River basin where it is cultured in hypoxic ponds. To understand how P. hypophthalmus can maintain high growth in hypoxia with the presumed O2 loss, we quantified respiratory gas exchange in air and water. In severe hypoxia (PO2: ≈ 1.5 mmHg), it lost a mere 4.9% of its aerial O2 uptake, while maintaining aquatic CO2 excretion at 91% of the total. Further, even small elevations in water PO2 rapidly reduced this minor loss. Charting the cardiovascular bauplan across the branchial basket showed four ventral aortas leaving the bulbus arteriosus, with the first and second gill arches draining into the dorsal aorta while the third and fourth gill arches drain into the coeliacomesenteric artery supplying the gut and the highly trabeculated respiratory swim-bladder. Substantial flow changes across these two arterial systems from normoxic to hypoxic water were not found. We conclude that the proposed branchial oxygen loss in air-breathing fish is likely only a minor inefficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magnus L. Aaskov
- Division of Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000C Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Derek Nelson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Henrik Lauridsen
- Comparative Medicine Lab, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Do Thi Thanh Huong
- College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Atsushi Ishimatsu
- Institute for East China Sea Research, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Dane A. Crossley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Hans Malte
- Division of Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000C Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mark Bayley
- Division of Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000C Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Borowiec BG, Scott GR. Rapid and reversible modulation of blood haemoglobin content during diel cycles of hypoxia in killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 261:111054. [PMID: 34384878 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.111054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether fish can make dynamic haematological adjustments to support aerobic metabolism during repeated cycles of hypoxia-reoxygenation. Killifish were acclimated to normoxia, constant hypoxia (2 kPa O2), or intermittent cycles of nocturnal hypoxia (12 h of normoxia: 12 h of 2 kPa O2 hypoxia) for 28 days. Normoxia-acclimated fish were sampled in the daytime in normoxia and after exposure to a single bout of nocturnal hypoxia. Each hypoxia acclimation group were sampled at the PO2 experienced during acclimation during both the day and night. All acclimation groups had increased blood haemoglobin content and haematocrit and reduced spleen mass during nocturnal hypoxia compared to normoxic controls. Blood haemoglobin content was negatively correlated with spleen mass at both the individual and group level. Fish acclimated to intermittent hypoxia rapidly reversed these changes during diurnal reoxygenation. The concentrations of haemoglobin, ATP, and GTP within erythrocytes did not vary substantially between groups. We also measured resting O2 consumption rate (MO2) and maximum MO2 (induced by an exhaustive chase) in hypoxia in each acclimation group. Fish acclimated to intermittent hypoxia maintained higher resting MO2 than other groups in hypoxia, comparable to the resting MO2 of normoxia-acclimated controls measured in normoxia. Differences in resting MO2 in hypoxia did not result from variation in O2 transport capacity, because maximal MO2 in hypoxia always exceeded resting MO2. Therefore, reversible modulation of blood haemoglobin content along with metabolic adjustments help killifish cope with intermittent cycles of hypoxia in the estuarine environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Graham R Scott
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Morgan R, Tunnah L, Tuong DD, Hjelmstedt P, Nhu PN, Stiller KT, Phuong NT, Huong DTT, Bayley M, Wang T, Milsom WK. Striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) use air-breathing and aquatic surface respiration when exposed to severe aquatic hypercarbia. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2021; 335:820-830. [PMID: 33773086 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the extent to which the facultative air-breathing fish, the striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus), uses air-breathing to cope with aquatic hypercarbia, and how air-breathing is influenced by the experimental exposure protocol and level of hypercarbia. We exposed individuals to severe aquatic hypercarbia (up to Pw CO2 = 81 mmHg) using step-wise and progressive exposure protocols while measuring gill ventilation rate, heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, and air-breathing frequency, as well as arterial blood pH and PCO2 . We confirm that P. hypophthalmus is tolerant of hypercarbia. Under both protocols gill ventilation rate, heart rate, and mean arterial blood pressure were maintained near control levels even at very high CO2 levels. We observed a marked amount of individual variation in the PwCO2 at which air-breathing was elicited, with some individuals not responding at all. The experimental protocol also influenced the onset of air-breathing. Air-breathing began at lower Pw CO2 in the step-wise protocol (23 ± 4.1 mmHg) compared with the progressive protocol (46 ± 7.8 mmHg). Air-breathing was often followed by aquatic surface respiration, at higher PCO2 (71 ± 5.2 mmHg) levels. On average, the blood PCO2 was approximately 43% lower (46 ± 2.5 mmHg) than water Pw CO2 (~81 mmHg) at our highest tested CO2 level. While this suggests that aerial CO2 elimination is an effective, and perhaps critical, respiratory strategy used by P. hypophthalmus to cope with severe hypercarbia, this observation may also be explained by a long lag time required for equilibration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Morgan
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Louise Tunnah
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dang D Tuong
- Department of Aquatic Nutrition and Products Processing, College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Per Hjelmstedt
- Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skara, Sweden
| | - Pham N Nhu
- Department of Aquatic Nutrition and Products Processing, College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Kevin T Stiller
- Production Biology - The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Nofima AS, Sjølseng, Sunndalsøra, Norway
| | - Nguyen Thanh Phuong
- Department of Aquatic Nutrition and Products Processing, College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Do Thi Thanh Huong
- Department of Aquatic Nutrition and Products Processing, College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Mark Bayley
- Department of Bioscience, Zoophysiology, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tobias Wang
- Department of Bioscience, Zoophysiology, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - William K Milsom
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Armelin VA, Braga VHDS, Teixeira MT, Guagnoni IN, Wang T, Florindo LH. The baroreflex in aquatic and amphibious teleosts: Does terrestriality represent a significant driving force for the evolution of a more effective baroreflex in vertebrates? Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 255:110916. [PMID: 33545361 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.110916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
All vertebrates have baroreflexes that provide fast regulation of arterial blood pressure (PA) to maintain adequate tissue perfusion and avoid vascular lesions from excessive pressures. The baroreflex is a negative feedback loop, where altered PA results in reciprocal changes in heart rate (fH) and systemic vascular conductance to restore pressure. In terrestrial environments, gravity usually leads to blood pooling in the lower body reducing venous return, cardiac filling, cardiac output and PA. Conversely, in aquatic environments, the hydrostatic pressure of surrounding water mitigates blood pooling and prevents vascular distensions. In this context, we aimed to test the hypothesis that vertebrate species that were exposed to gravity-induced hemodynamic disturbances throughout their evolutionary histories have a more effective barostatic reflex than those that were not. We examined the cardiac baroreflex of fish that perform (Clarias gariepinus and Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus) and do not perform (Hoplias malabaricus and Oreochromis niloticus) voluntary terrestrial sojourns, using pharmacological manipulations of PA to characterize reflex changes in fH using a four-variable sigmoidal logistic function (i.e. the "Oxford technique"). Our results revealed that amphibious fish exhibit higher baroreflex gain and responsiveness to hypotension than strictly aquatic fish, suggesting that terrestriality and the gravitational circulatory stresses constitute a relevant driving force for the evolution of a more effective baroreflex in vertebrates. We also demonstrate that strictly aquatic teleosts have considerable baroreflex gain, supporting the view that the baroreflex is an ancient cardiovascular trait that appeared before vertebrates colonized the gravity-dominated realm of land.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Araújo Armelin
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, 321, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil; Department of Zoology and Botany, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT - FAPESP/CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Victor Hugo da Silva Braga
- Department of Zoology and Botany, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT - FAPESP/CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Teodoro Teixeira
- Department of Zoology and Botany, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT - FAPESP/CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Igor Noll Guagnoni
- Department of Zoology and Botany, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT - FAPESP/CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tobias Wang
- Section for Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University (AU), C. F. Møllers Allé 3, Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT - FAPESP/CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Florindo
- Department of Zoology and Botany, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil; Aquaculture Center (CAUNESP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane n/n, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT - FAPESP/CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Armelin VA, Braga VHDS, Teixeira MT, Guagnoni IN, Wang T, Florindo LH. The nonpharmacological sequence method provides a reliable evaluation of baroreflex sensitivity in fish. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2021; 335:348-358. [PMID: 33503334 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The most commonly used technique to study the barostatic regulation of blood pressure in ectothermic vertebrates consists of determining the heart rate response to pharmacological manipulations of blood pressure, the so-called "Oxford method." Although well established, the Oxford method has some important limitations, such as induction of hypervolemia in small animals and undesired effects of vasoactive drugs on central and peripheral baroreflex components. As an alternative, the sequence method, which consists in the computerized evaluation of naturally-occurring baroreflex adjustments of heart rate without the need for pharmacological administrations, was developed to study baroreflexes. In the present study, we compare this sequence method with the Oxford technique in two teleost species with different life styles, and we assess the optimal software configuration for the employment of the sequence method in fish. Calculation of baroreflex gain through the sequence method was adequate and reliable when the software was configured to search for baroreflex sequences with a minimum length of three cardiac cycles with a delay of one cardiac cycle between fluctuations in mean ventral aortic blood pressure and reflex changes in pulse interval. When properly configured, the sequence and the Oxford methods yielded similar determinations of the baroreflex gain in fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius A Armelin
- Department of Physiology, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Department of Zoology and Botany, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT-FAPESP/CNPq), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Victor H da Silva Braga
- Department of Zoology and Botany, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT-FAPESP/CNPq), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana T Teixeira
- Department of Zoology and Botany, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT-FAPESP/CNPq), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Igor N Guagnoni
- Department of Zoology and Botany, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT-FAPESP/CNPq), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Tobias Wang
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT-FAPESP/CNPq), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.,Section for Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University (AU), Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Luiz H Florindo
- Department of Zoology and Botany, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT-FAPESP/CNPq), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.,Aquaculture Center (CAUNESP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Guagnoni IN, Armelin VA, da Silva Braga VH, Rantin FT, Florindo LH. Postprandial cardiorespiratory responses and the regulation of digestion-associated tachycardia in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). J Comp Physiol B 2020; 191:55-67. [PMID: 33005989 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-020-01317-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cardiorespiratory adjustments that occur after feeding are essential to supply the demands of digestion in vertebrates. The well-documented postprandial tachycardia is triggered by an increase in adrenergic activity and by non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC) factors in mammals and crocodilians, while it is linked to a withdrawal of vagal drive and NANC factors in non-crocodilian ectotherms-except for fish, in which the sole investigation available indicated no participation of NANC factors. On the other hand, postprandial ventilatory adjustments vary widely among air-breathing vertebrates, with different species exhibiting hyperventilation, hypoventilation, or even no changes at all. Regarding fish, which live in an environment with low oxygen capacitance that requires great ventilatory effort for oxygen uptake, data on the ventilatory consequences of feeding are also scarce. Thus, the present study sought to investigate the postprandial cardiorespiratory adjustments and the mediation of digestion-associated tachycardia in the unimodal water-breathing teleost Oreochromis niloticus. Heart rate (fH), cardiac autonomic tones, ventilation rate (fV), ventilation amplitude, total ventilation and fH/fV variability were assessed both in fasting and digesting animals under untreated condition, as well as after muscarinic cholinergic blockade with atropine and double autonomic blockade with atropine and propranolol. The results revealed that digestion was associated with marked tachycardia in O. niloticus, determined by a reduction in cardiac parasympathetic activity and by circulating NANC factors-the first time such positive chronotropes were detected in digesting fish. Unexpectedly, postprandial ventilatory alterations were not observed, although digestion triggered mechanisms that were presumed to increase oxygen uptake, such as cardiorespiratory synchrony.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Noll Guagnoni
- Department of Zoology and Botany, Institute of Biosciences, Languages and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT, FAPESP/CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Araújo Armelin
- Department of Zoology and Botany, Institute of Biosciences, Languages and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil.,Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, 321, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT, FAPESP/CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo da Silva Braga
- Department of Zoology and Botany, Institute of Biosciences, Languages and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT, FAPESP/CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco Tadeu Rantin
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565‑905, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT, FAPESP/CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Florindo
- Department of Zoology and Botany, Institute of Biosciences, Languages and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil. .,Aquaculture Center (CAUNESP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, n/n, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil. .,National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT, FAPESP/CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|