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Greiner T, Manzhula K, Baumann L, Kaddatz H, Runge J, Keiler J, Kipp M, Joost S. Morphology of the murine choroid plexus: Attachment regions and spatial relation to the subarachnoid space. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:1046017. [DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.1046017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexus has recently been identified as a possible migration route for peripheral immune cells into the central nervous system. For future investigation of this route, profound knowledge of the morphology of the murine choroid plexus is a prerequisite. We here present a detailed morphological description of the murine choroid plexus, its attachment regions as well as its spatial relation to the subarachnoid space. We used micro-computed tomography of immersion-contrasted fixated brains to generate three-dimensional models of the ventricle system and the choroid plexus and aligned micro-computed tomography-based sections with histological paraffin-embedded sections after immunohistochemical labeling of the basal lamina and choroid plexus epithelium marker proteins (laminin and aquaporin 1). The murine choroid plexus is located in all four ventricles and is attached to the brain parenchyma in narrow attachment regions with a specific morphology in each ventricle. While in the lateral and fourth ventricle, the attachment site is formed by thin tissue bridges, the choroid plexus attachment in the third ventricle has a more complex V-like shape. In all ventricles, the choroid plexus is in close spatial relationship with the subarachnoid space that extends from the brain surface along physiologic openings toward the choroid plexus. In summary, we here provide a description of the morphology of the murine ventricle system and choroid plexus, the attachment regions of the choroid plexus and its connection to the subarachnoid space, as well as a three-dimensional model of the ventricles, the choroid plexus, and the subarachnoid space to facilitate a spatial understanding of these complex structures.
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Hagen SM, Eftekhari S, Hamann S, Juhler M, Jensen RH. Intracranial pressure and optic disc changes in a rat model of obstructive hydrocephalus. BMC Neurosci 2022; 23:29. [PMID: 35606718 PMCID: PMC9128145 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-022-00716-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The kaolin induced obstructive hydrocephalus (OHC) model is well known for its ability to increase intracranial pressure (ICP) in experimental animals. Papilledema (PE) which is a predominant hallmark of elevated ICP in the clinic has not yet been studied in this model using high-resolution digital fundus microscopy. Further, the long-term effect on ICP and optic nerve head changes have not been fully demonstrated. In this study we aimed to monitor epidural ICP after induction of OHC and to examine changes in the optic disc. In addition, we validated epidural ICP to intraventricular ICP in this disease model. METHOD Thirteen male Sprague-Dawley rats received an injection into the cisterna magna containing either kaolin-Ringer's lactate suspension (n = 8) or an equal amount of Ringer's lactate solution (n = 5). Epidural ICP was recorded post-operatively, and then continuously overnight and followed up after 1 week. The final epidural ICP value after 1 week was confirmed with simultaneous ventricular ICP measurement. Optic disc photos (ODP) were obtained preoperatively at baseline and after one week and were assessed for papilledema. RESULTS All animals injected with kaolin developed OHC and had significant higher epidural ICP (15.49 ± 2.47 mmHg) compared to control animals (5.81 ± 1.33 mmHg) on day 1 (p < 0.0001). After 1 week, the epidural ICP values were subsided to normal range in hydrocephalus animals and there was no significant difference in epidural ICP between the groups. Epidural ICP after 1 week correlated with the ventricular ICP with a Pearson's r = 0.89 (p < 0.0001). ODPs from both groups showed no signs of acute papilledema, but 5 out of 8 (62.5%) of the hydrocephalus animals were identified with peripapillary changes. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that the raised ICP at day 1 in the hydrocephalus animals was completely normalized within 1 week and that epidural ICP measurements are valid method in this model. No acute papilledema was identified in the hydrocephalus animals, but the peripapillary changes indicate a potential gliosis formation or an early state of a growing papilledema in the context of lateral ventricle dilation and increased ICP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snorre Malm Hagen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Valdemar Hansens Vej 13, 2600, Glostrup, Denmark.
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Nordstjernevej 42, 2600, Glostrup, Denmark.
| | - Sajedeh Eftekhari
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Nordstjernevej 42, 2600, Glostrup, Denmark.
| | - Steffen Hamann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Valdemar Hansens Vej 13, 2600, Glostrup, Denmark.
| | - Marianne Juhler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Rigmor H Jensen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Nordstjernevej 42, 2600, Glostrup, Denmark.
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The Need for Head Space: Brachycephaly and Cerebrospinal Fluid Disorders. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11020139. [PMID: 33673129 PMCID: PMC7918167 DOI: 10.3390/life11020139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brachycephalic dogs remain popular, despite the knowledge that this head conformation is associated with health problems, including airway compromise, ocular disorders, neurological disease, and other co-morbidities. There is increasing evidence that brachycephaly disrupts cerebrospinal fluid movement and absorption, predisposing ventriculomegaly, hydrocephalus, quadrigeminal cistern expansion, Chiari-like malformation, and syringomyelia. In this review, we focus on cerebrospinal fluid physiology and how this is impacted by brachycephaly, airorhynchy, and associated craniosynostosis.
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Gómez-de Frutos MC, García-Suárez I, Laso-García F, Diekhorst L, Otero-Ortega L, Alonso-López E, Díez-Tejedor E, Gutiérrez-Fernández M, Ruiz-Ares G. Identification of brain structures and blood vessels by conventional ultrasound in rats. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 346:108935. [PMID: 32916202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultrasound is a safe, non-invasive and affordable imaging technique for the visualization of internal structures and the measurement of blood velocity using Doppler imaging. However, despite all these advantages, no study has identified the structures of the rat brain using conventional ultrasound. METHODS A 13 MHz high frequency transducer was used to identify brain structures in the rat. The enlargement of the transcranial window was performed gradually using the ultrasound directly on the skin of the animal, then against the skull, then through a delimited craniotomy and finally through a complete craniotomy. RESULTS Our results showed that ultrasound allowed the identification of cerebral ventricles and subarachnoid cisterns, as well as the analysis of real-time monitoring of cerebral blood flow in the main brain arteries of the rat. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Ultrasound is a tool with the potential to identify brain structures and blood vessels. In contrast to MRI, transcranial ultrasound is a fast, non-invasive, well tolerated and low-cost method and can be done at the bedside. CONCLUSION In the present study, we described an atlas of the main brain structures as well as the main vasculature in the rat using ultrasound. This technique could be applied in animal models of various neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Carmen Gómez-de Frutos
- Neurological Sciences and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iván García-Suárez
- Emergency Service, San Agustín University Hospital, Avilés, Asturias, Spain
| | - Fernando Laso-García
- Neurological Sciences and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luke Diekhorst
- Neurological Sciences and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Otero-Ortega
- Neurological Sciences and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisa Alonso-López
- Neurological Sciences and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Exuperio Díez-Tejedor
- Neurological Sciences and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Gutiérrez-Fernández
- Neurological Sciences and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Gerardo Ruiz-Ares
- Neurological Sciences and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Bedussi B, van der Wel NN, de Vos J, van Veen H, Siebes M, VanBavel E, Bakker EN. Paravascular channels, cisterns, and the subarachnoid space in the rat brain: A single compartment with preferential pathways. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:1374-1385. [PMID: 27306753 PMCID: PMC5453458 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16655550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests an extensive exchange of fluid and solutes between the subarachnoid space and the brain interstitium, involving preferential pathways along blood vessels. We studied the anatomical relations between brain vasculature, cerebrospinal fluid compartments, and paravascular spaces in male Wistar rats. A fluorescent tracer was infused into the cisterna magna, without affecting intracranial pressure. Tracer distribution was analyzed using a 3D imaging cryomicrotome, confocal microscopy, and correlative light and electron microscopy. We found a strong 3D colocalization of tracer with major arteries and veins in the subarachnoid space and large cisterns, attributed to relatively large subarachnoid space volumes around the vessels. Confocal imaging confirmed this colocalization and also revealed novel cisternal connections between the subarachnoid space and ventricles. Unlike the vessels in the subarachnoid space, penetrating arteries but not veins were surrounded by tracer. Correlative light and electron microscopy images indicated that this paravascular space was located outside of the endothelial layer in capillaries and just outside of the smooth muscle cells in arteries. In conclusion, the cerebrospinal fluid compartment, consisting of the subarachnoid space, cisterns, ventricles, and para-arteriolar spaces, forms a continuous and extensive network that surrounds and penetrates the rat brain, in which mixing may facilitate exchange between interstitial fluid and cerebrospinal fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Bedussi
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole N van der Wel
- 2 Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Electron Microscopy Centre Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Judith de Vos
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk van Veen
- 2 Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Electron Microscopy Centre Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Siebes
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ed VanBavel
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Ntp Bakker
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Choroidal fissure acts as an overflow device in cerebrospinal fluid drainage: morphological comparison between idiopathic and secondary normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39070. [PMID: 27941913 PMCID: PMC5150242 DOI: 10.1038/srep39070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To clarify the pathogenesis of two different types of adult-onset normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH), we investigated cerebrospinal fluid distribution on the high-field three-dimensional MRI. The subarachnoid spaces in secondary NPH were smaller than those in the controls, whereas those in idiopathic NPH were of similar size to the controls. In idiopathic NPH, however, the basal cistern and Sylvian fissure were enlarged in concurrence with ventricular enlargement towards the z-direction, but the convexity subarachnoid space was severely diminished. In this article, we provide evidence that the key cause of the disproportionate cerebrospinal fluid distribution in idiopathic NPH is the compensatory direct CSF communication between the inferior horn of the lateral ventricles and the ambient cistern at the choroidal fissure. In contrast, all parts of the subarachnoid spaces were equally and severely decreased in secondary NPH. Blockage of CSF drainage from the subarachnoid spaces could cause the omnidirectional ventricular enlargement in secondary NPH.
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