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Raynor T, Bedwell J. Pediatric tracheostomy decannulation: what's the evidence? Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2023; 31:397-402. [PMID: 37751378 DOI: 10.1097/moo.0000000000000929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Pediatric decannulation failure can be associated with large morbidity and mortality, yet there are no published evidence-based guidelines for pediatric tracheostomy decannulation. Tracheostomy is frequently performed in medically complex children in whom it can be difficult to predict when and how to safely decannulate. RECENT FINDINGS Published studies regarding pediatric decannulation are limited to reviews and case series from single institutions, with varying populations, indications for tracheostomy, and institutional resources. This article will provide a review of published decannulation protocols over the past 10 years. Endoscopic airway evaluation is required to assess the patency of the airway and address any airway obstruction prior to decannulation. There is considerable variability in tracheostomy tube modification between published protocols, though the majority support a capping trial and downsizing of the tracheostomy tube to facilitate capping. Most protocols include overnight capping in a monitored setting prior to decannulation with observation ranging from 24 to 48 h after decannulation. There is debate regarding which patients should have capped polysomnography (PSG) prior to decannulation, as this exam is resource-intensive and may not be widely available. Persistent tracheocutaneous fistulae are common following decannulation. Excision of the fistula tract with healing by secondary intention has a lower reported operative time, overall complication rate, and postoperative length of stay. SUMMARY Pediatric decannulation should occur in a stepwise process. The ideal decannulation protocol should be safe and expedient, without utilizing excessive healthcare resources. There may be variability in protocols based on patient population or institutional resources, but an explicitly described protocol within each institution is critical to consistent care and quality improvement over time. Further research is needed to identify selection criteria for who would most benefit from PSG prior to decannulation to guide allocation of this limited resource.
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Böschen E, Wendt A, Müller-Stöver S, Piechnik L, Fuchs H, Lund M, Steindor M, Große-Onnebrink J, Keßler C, Grychtol R, Rothoeft T, Bieli C, van Egmond-Fröhlich A, Stehling F. Tracheostomy decannulation in children: a proposal for a structured approach on behalf of the working group chronic respiratory insufficiency within the German-speaking society of pediatric pulmonology. Eur J Pediatr 2023:10.1007/s00431-023-04966-6. [PMID: 37121990 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-023-04966-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The number of children with tracheostomies with and without home mechanical ventilation has grown continuously in recent years. For some of these children, the need for tracheostomy resolves and the child can be weaned from the tracheal cannula. Choosing the optimal time point for decannulation after elaborated prior diagnostic work-up needs careful consideration. The decannulation process requires an interdisciplinary team; however, these specialized structures for the experienced care of these children with tracheostomy are not available in all areas. The Working Group on Chronic Respiratory Insufficiency in the German Speaking Pediatric Pneumology Society (GPP) developed these recommendations to guide through a decannulation process. Initial evaluation of decannulation feasibility starts in the outpatient clinic with a detailed history, examination, and a speaking valve trial and is followed by an inpatient workup including sleep study, airway endoscopy and possibly modifications of the tracheal cannula. Downsizing the tracheal cannula allows a stepwise controlled weaning prior to removal of the tracheal cannula. After shrinking of the tracheostomy, the final surgical closure is performed. Conclusion: An algorithm with diagnostic and therapeutic procedures for a safe and successful decannulation process is proposed. What is Known: • In children tracheostomy decannulation is a complex process that requires careful preparation and surveillance. What is New: • This statement of the German speaking society of pediatric pulmonology provides an expert practice guidance on the decannulation procedure and the value of one-way speaking valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eicke Böschen
- Department of Respiratory Care, Pediatric Pulmonology and Sleep Medicine, Childrens Hospital, Altonaer Kinderkrankenhaus, Bleickenallee 38, 22763, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Anke Wendt
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Müller-Stöver
- Department of Respiratory Care, Pediatric Pulmonology and Sleep Medicine, Childrens Hospital, Altonaer Kinderkrankenhaus, Bleickenallee 38, 22763, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lydia Piechnik
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans Fuchs
- Center for Pediatrics, Department of Neonatology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Madeleine Lund
- Department of Respiratory Care, Pediatric Pulmonology and Sleep Medicine, Childrens Hospital, Altonaer Kinderkrankenhaus, Bleickenallee 38, 22763, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mathis Steindor
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Sleep Medicine, Childrens Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Christina Keßler
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital Munster, Munster, Germany
| | - Ruth Grychtol
- Department of Paediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Rothoeft
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, University Childrens Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christian Bieli
- Department of Paediatric Pulmonology, University Childrens Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Florian Stehling
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Sleep Medicine, Childrens Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Sharma P. Pediatric tracheostomy – From a rare procedure to an elective procedure. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC CRITICAL CARE 2023. [DOI: 10.4103/jpcc.jpcc_95_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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Somashekhar A, Kumar PP, Basavaraja G, Sanjay KS, Fathima A, Baskar P. Pediatric tracheostomy decannulation: A prospective study at a tertiary care centre. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC CRITICAL CARE 2023. [DOI: 10.4103/jpcc.jpcc_77_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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Sachdev A, Gupta N, Singh BP, Choudhari ND, Sharma N, Gupta S, Gupta D, Chugh P. Indication-based timing of tracheostomy and its effects on outcome in the pediatric intensive care unit. Pediatr Pulmonol 2022; 57:1684-1692. [PMID: 35506424 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.25952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of study was to find an association between the timing of tracheostomy with duration of mechanical ventilation (MV) and length of stay (LOS) in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and hospital. METHODS The data were collected prospectively from 2000 to 2018 and were analyzed retrospectively. Data included clinical diagnosis, indication, and duration (days) of MV, LOS in PICU and hospital before and after tracheostomy. Patients who did not receive MV or underwent MV for <24 h were excluded. According to the indication of tracheostomy enrolled patients were divided into four groups-airways anomalies (AA), central neurological impairment (CNI), cardiopulmonary insufficiency (CPI), and neuromuscular disorders (NMD). Patients in each group were divided into early (ET) and late tracheostomy (LT) category based on the median (interquartile range interquartile range [IQR]) days of pretracheostomy MV. RESULTS Two hundred and fifty six patients were analyzed. The frequency and median [IQR] days of pretracheostomy MV were -AA 54 [7(3,16)], CNI 120 [12(9,16)], CPI 51 [25(16.5,30.5)], and NMD 31[12(8,16.5)]. In AA patients, median (IQR) durations of posttracheostomy MV [2(1,5.2) versus 3.5(2,12); p = 0.032], PICU [7(5,8.2) versus11(7,18); p = 0.004] and hospital [12(9.7,21) versus 21.5(12,28); p = 0.027] stays were lower in ET as compared with LT group. Posttracheostomy MV duration was significantly short in ET patients with CNI and NMD (p < 0.005). The total days of MV, PICU and hospital stay were significantly lower in ET as compared with LT patients in all four groups (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION As compared with LT, ET patient had shorter durations of total MV and PICU and hospital stay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Sachdev
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Child Health, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Neeraj Gupta
- Department of Pediatrics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Bhanu P Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Child Health, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Nilay D Choudhari
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Child Health, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Nikhil Sharma
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Child Health, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Suresh Gupta
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Child Health, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Dhiren Gupta
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Child Health, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Parul Chugh
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Xiao L, Kaspy K, Zielinski D, Amin R. Pediatric tracheostomy tube decannulation with or without polysomnography: A PRO-CON debate. Pediatr Pulmonol 2022; 57:609-615. [PMID: 34825785 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.25773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Determining the timing for decannulation in children with a tracheostomy is a complex process, as the appropriate timing varies based on the initial indication for the tracheostomy tube as well as individual patient characteristics. The original condition for which a tracheostomy was created may improve over time with decannulation being a very important long-term goal for many families and multidisciplinary teams. However, decannulation is an inherently risky procedure associated with morbidity and mortality. Therefore, careful planning is required to ensure the safety of the procedure. Although routine airway endoscopy is an important component of decannulation protocols, guidelines are less prescriptive regarding the definition of a complete endoscopic airway evaluation and the routine use of polysomnography. This review will summarize the important PRO and CON arguments of integrating polysomnography into pediatric decannulation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Xiao
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Respiratory Medicine, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kimberley Kaspy
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David Zielinski
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Reshma Amin
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Verma R, Mocanu C, Shi J, Miller MR, Chiang J, Wolter NE, Propst EJ, St-Laurent A, Amin R. Decannulation following tracheostomy in children: A systematic review of decannulation protocols. Pediatr Pulmonol 2021; 56:2426-2443. [PMID: 34231976 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.25503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide a systematic review of the existing pediatric decannulation protocols, including the role of polysomnography, and their clinical outcomes. METHODS Five online databases were searched from database inception to May 29, 2020. Study inclusion was limited to publications that evaluated tracheostomy decannulation in children 18 years of age and younger. Data extracted included patient demographics and primary indication for tracheostomy. Methods used to assess readiness for decannulation were noted including the use of bronchoscopy, tracheostomy tube modifications, and gas exchange measurements. After decannulation, details regarding mode of ventilation, location, and length of observation period, and clinical outcomes were also collected. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed. RESULTS A total of 24 studies including 1395 children were reviewed. Tracheostomy indications included upper airway obstruction at a well-defined anatomic site (35%), upper airway obstruction not at a well-defined site (12%) and need for long-term ventilation and pulmonary care (53%). Bronchoscopy was routinely used in 23 of 24 (96%) protocols. Tracheostomy tube modifications in the protocols included capping (n = 20, 83%), downsizing (n = 14, 58%), and fenestrations (n = 2, 8%). Measurements of gas exchange included polysomnography (n = 13/18, 72%), oximetry (n = 10/18, 56%), blood gases (n = 3,17%), and capnography (n = 3, 17%). After decannulation, children in 92% of protocols were transitioned to room air. Observation period of 48 h or less was used in 76% of children. CONCLUSIONS There exists large variability in pediatric decannulation protocols. Polysomnography plays an integral role in assessing most children for tracheostomy removal. Evidence-based guidelines to standardize pediatric tracheostomy care remain an urgent priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Verma
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cora Mocanu
- Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jenny Shi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael R Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jackie Chiang
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nikolaus E Wolter
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evan J Propst
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aaron St-Laurent
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Reshma Amin
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences (CHES) SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Kennedy A, Hart CK, de Alarcon A, Balakrishnan K, Boudewyns A, Chun R, Fayoux P, Goudy SL, Hartnick C, Hsu WC, Johnson RF, Kuo M, Peer S, Pransky SM, Rahbar R, Rickert S, Roy S, Russell J, Sandu K, Sidell DR, Smith RJ, Soma M, Spratley J, Thierry B, Thompson DM, Trozzi M, Watters K, White DR, Wyatt M, Zalzal GH, Zdanksi CJ, Zur KB, Rutter MJ. International Pediatric Otolaryngology Group (IPOG) management recommendations: Pediatric tracheostomy decannulation. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 141:110565. [PMID: 33341719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2020.110565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To provide recommendations to otolaryngologists, pulmonologists, and allied clinicians for tracheostomy decannulation in pediatric patients. METHODS An iterative questionnaire was used to establish expert recommendations by the members of the International Pediatric Otolaryngology Group. RESULTS Twenty-six members completed the survey. Recommendations address patient criteria for decannulation readiness, airway evaluation prior to decannulation, decannulation protocol, and follow-up after both successful and failed decannulation. CONCLUSION Tracheostomy decannulation recommendations are aimed at improving patient-centered care, quality and safety in children with tracheostomies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee Kennedy
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Catherine K Hart
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Alessandro de Alarcon
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Karthik Balakrishnan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - An Boudewyns
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Robert Chun
- Department of Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Pierre Fayoux
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Steven L Goudy
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christopher Hartnick
- Department of Otology and Laryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wei-Chung Hsu
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Romaine F Johnson
- Children's Health Airway Management Program, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michael Kuo
- Otolaryngology, Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK
| | - Shazia Peer
- Division of Otolaryngology, University of Cape Town & Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Seth M Pransky
- Pediatric Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Pediatric Specialty Partners, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Reza Rahbar
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott Rickert
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Hassenfeld Children's Hospital, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Soham Roy
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John Russell
- Department of Paediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Health Ireland, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kishore Sandu
- Airway Unit, Department of Otolaryngology, Lausanne University Hospital, CHUV, Switzerland
| | - Douglas R Sidell
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Richard J Smith
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Marlene Soma
- Paediatric Otolaryngology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Jorge Spratley
- Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, University of Porto Medical School, S. Joao Hospital Center, Porto, Portugal
| | - Briac Thierry
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Necker Children's Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Dana M Thompson
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marilena Trozzi
- Pediatric Surgery Department, Bambino Gesu Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Karen Watters
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David R White
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, MUSC Shawn Jenkins Children's Hospital, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Michelle Wyatt
- Paediatric Otolaryngology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - George H Zalzal
- Division of Otolaryngology, Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Carlton J Zdanksi
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery and Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Karen B Zur
- Department of Otolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadephia, PA, USA
| | - Michael J Rutter
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Sachdev A, Chaudhari ND, Singh BP, Sharma N, Gupta D, Gupta N, Gupta S, Chugh P. Tracheostomy in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit-A Two Decades of Experience. Indian J Crit Care Med 2021; 25:803-811. [PMID: 34316177 PMCID: PMC8286380 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim and objective To study the profile, indications, related complications, and predictors of decannulation and mortality in patients who underwent tracheostomy in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Materials and methods Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data of tracheostomies was done on patients admitted at PICU. Demographics, primary diagnosis, indication of tracheostomy, and durations of endotracheal intubation, mechanical ventilation, and tracheostomy cannulation were recorded. The indication was recorded in one of the four categories—upper airway obstruction (UAO), central neurological impairment (CNI), prolonged mechanical ventilation, and peripheral neuromuscular disorders). Results Two hundred ninety cases were analyzed. UAO (42%) and CNI (48.2%) were main indications in the halves of the study period, respectively. Decannulation was successful in 188 (64.8%) patients. Seventy-seven percentage UAO patients were decannulated successfully [OR (odds ratio); 95% CI (confidence interval), 2.647; 1.182–5.924, p = 0.018]. Age <1 year (0.378; 0.187–0.764; p = 0.007), nontraumatic, noninfectious central neurological diseases (0.398; 0.186–0.855; p = 0.018), and malignancy (0.078; 0.021–0.298; p <0.001), durations of posttracheostomy ventilation (0.937; 0.893–0.983; p = 0.008), and stay in the PICU (0.989; 0.979–0.999; p = 0.029) were predictors of unsuccessful decannulation. There were 91 (31.4%) deaths. Age <1 year (2.39 (1.13–5.05; p = 0.02), malignancy (17.55; 4.10–75.11; p <0.001), durations of posttracheostomy ventilation (1.06; 1.006–1.10; p = 0.028), and hospital stay (1.007; 1.0–1.013; p = 0.043) were independent predictors of mortality. Indication of UAO favored survivor (0.24; 0.09–0.57; p <0.001). Conclusion The indications for tracheostomy in children had changed over the years. Infancy, primary diagnosis, length of posttracheostomy ventilation, and stay in the PICU and hospital were independent predictors of decannulation and mortality. What This Adds Similar to developed countries, the age at the time of tracheostomy and indication are changing. Inability to decannulate and mortality were associated with the age of a child at the time of tracheostomy, indication, medical diagnosis, and duration of postprocedure mechanical ventilation and stay in the hospital. How to cite this article Sachdev A, Chaudhari ND, Singh BP, Sharma N, Gupta D, Gupta N, et al. Tracheostomy in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit—A Two Decades of Experience. Indian J Crit Care Med 2021;25(7):803–811.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Sachdev
- Department of Pediatrics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Bhanu P Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Nikhil Sharma
- Department of Pediatrics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Dhiren Gupta
- Department of Pediatrics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Neeraj Gupta
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Suresh Gupta
- Department of Pediatrics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Parul Chugh
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Trang H, Samuels M, Ceccherini I, Frerick M, Garcia-Teresa MA, Peters J, Schoeber J, Migdal M, Markstrom A, Ottonello G, Piumelli R, Estevao MH, Senecic-Cala I, Gnidovec-Strazisar B, Pfleger A, Porto-Abal R, Katz-Salamon M. Guidelines for diagnosis and management of congenital central hypoventilation syndrome. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2020; 15:252. [PMID: 32958024 PMCID: PMC7503443 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-01460-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CCHS) is a rare condition characterized by an alveolar hypoventilation due to a deficient autonomic central control of ventilation and a global autonomic dysfunction. Paired-like homeobox 2B (PHOX2B) mutations are found in most of the patients with CCHS. In recent years, the condition has evolved from a life-threatening neonatal onset disorder to include broader and milder clinical presentations, affecting children, adults and families. Genes other than PHOX2B have been found responsible for CCHS in rare cases and there are as yet other unknown genes that may account for the disease. At present, management relies on lifelong ventilatory support and close follow up of dysautonomic progression. BODY: This paper provides a state-of-the-art comprehensive description of CCHS and of the components of diagnostic evaluation and multi-disciplinary management, as well as considerations for future research. CONCLUSION Awareness and knowledge of the diagnosis and management of this rare disease should be brought to a large health community including adult physicians and health carers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Trang
- Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debré, Centre de référence des maladies respiratoires rares, and Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Martin Samuels
- Staffordshire Children’s Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffs and Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Isabella Ceccherini
- Istituto Giannina Gaslini, UOSD Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics of Rare Diseases, Genoa, Italy
| | - Matthias Frerick
- Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Dritter Orden, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Jochen Peters
- Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Dritter Orden, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Marek Migdal
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive care, Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Raffaele Piumelli
- Sleep Disordered Breathing and SIDS Center, Meyer Children’s Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Irena Senecic-Cala
- University Hospital Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Zagreb and School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Barbara Gnidovec-Strazisar
- University Children’s Hospital, Department of child, adolescent & developmental neurology, University Clinical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andreas Pfleger
- Medical University of Graz, Paediatric Pulmonology and Allergology, Graz, Austria
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Chauhan N, Mohindra S, Patro SK, Mathew PJ, Mathew J. Investigation of the Paediatric Tracheostomy Decannulation: Factors Affecting Outcome. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY 2020; 32:139-145. [PMID: 32596172 PMCID: PMC7302532 DOI: 10.22038/ijorl.2019.37265.2217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Evidence for factors determining paediatric tracheostomy decannulation vary extensively; therefore, this prospective observational study aimed to investigate these factors. Materials and Methods: In total, 67 consecutive paediatric patients (<12 years old) who referred to the Department of Otolaryngology, (Postgraduate Institute Medical Education and Research),(Chandigarh), India, for decannulation were included and evaluated for contributing factors in this study. Parental counselling was performed, and informed consents were obtained from them. The patients underwent detailed work up including X-rays of airway/soft tissue neck (STN) and endoscopic assessment under anaesthesia for evaluating airway patency. Decannulations were attempted post assessment and followed up one month to classify decannulation as success or failure regarding the removal of the tracheostomy tube. Results: Totally, 61 patients out of 67 cases were successfully decannulated, whereas six children failed the decannulation. Moreover, the duration of tracheostomy (Pearson’s Chi-square 35.330, P=0.013), indication of tracheostomy (Pearson’s Chi-square 21.211, P=0.000), STN X-Ray (Chi-square 43.249, P=0.000), and bronchoscopic findings (Chi-square 67.000, P=0.000) were significantly associated with the outcome of decannulation. However, decannulation outcome had no significant correlation with various factors, such as the duration of intubation preceding tracheostomy, duration of ventilation, tracheal swabs, and antibiotic therapy. Conclusion: The STN X-ray is an independent predictor, and it is recommended for paediatric tracheostomy decannulation. Moreover, bronchoscopic assessment should be performed in children having doubtful infra-stomal airway. Duration of tracheostomy significantly affects decannulation outcome. However, intubation duration preceding tracheostomy and duration of assistive ventilation have no direct effects on the outcome of decannulation. In children, gradual decannulation should be preferred and one month follow up is adequate for deciding decannulation outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Chauhan
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Satyawati Mohindra
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sourabha K Patro
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Preethy J Mathew
- Department of Anaesthesia, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Joseph Mathew
- Department of Paediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Esianor BI, Jiang ZY, Diggs P, Yuksel S, Roy S, Huang Z. Pediatric tracheostomies in patients less than 2 years of age: Analysis of complications and long-term follow-up. Am J Otolaryngol 2020; 41:102368. [PMID: 31859007 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2019.102368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Identify variables that are predictive of morbidity and mortality in children under the age of two undergoing tracheostomy and to provide longitudinal data on this patient population. METHODS Patients were retrospectively identified using Current Procedural Terminology codes 31600, 31601, 31610 from 2009 to 2016. RESULTS Median age at time of tracheostomy was 0.43 years (interquartile range, 0.27-0.61). Patients were followed for a median of 1.39 years (range 0.03-4.25). Overall mortality rate in this cohort was 23.5% with the majority (81.3%) of deaths occurring >30 days following tracheostomy. The most frequently encountered major complication was cardiopulmonary arrest (10.29%) in the short-term follow up period (<30 days) and accidental decannulation (32.81%) during long-term follow up (>30 days). Peristomal skin breakdown was less likely to develop in patients who did not receive paralytics following tracheostomy. Most patients (54.4%) were discharged to home following initial admission and experienced a mean of 2.10 readmissions for any reason during the follow-up period. 64.4% of patients underwent surveillance direct laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy during the follow-up period and suprastomal granuloma formation was detected in 31.2% of these patients. 9 patients underwent decannulation at a median of 2 years from original tracheostomy placement. CONCLUSION Pediatric patients under the age of 2 undergoing tracheostomy exhibit high morbidity during both the initial hospital admission and the subsequent months following discharge. However, major complications were low and mortality was not directly related to tracheostomy status in any case.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zi Yang Jiang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Sancak Yuksel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Soham Roy
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhen Huang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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