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Hager J, Sergi CM. Pediatric Echinococcosis of the Liver in Austria: Clinical and Therapeutical Considerations. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13071343. [PMID: 37046561 PMCID: PMC10093495 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13071343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Echinococcosis is considered a neglected disease in most European countries. However, migratory flows of populations, long-term stays in endemic areas, uninterrupted tourism (travel to Echinococcus-endemic countries), traveling dogs and dog translocations from endemic areas, and inappropriate hygiene practices are potential factors that alarm public health officials. Identifying a cyst-like mass in the liver or lung of an individual with a travel history of likely exposure to sheepdogs in an area where the parasite Echinococcus (E.) granulosus (sive cysticus) is endemic advocates for a prompt preliminary diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis (CE), no matter the age of the affected individuals. Routine imaging techniques, including ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT) scans, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, are used to detect cysts. After a cyst has been discovered, serologic investigations are used to confirm the diagnosis. Typically, alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is found in older individuals. Yet young people are also affected because frequent oral exploration of the environment is a regular behavior for infants and toddlers. In this review, therapeutic considerations for pediatric echinococcosis—drug-based benzimidazole therapy; AE: atypical liver resection, the resection of individual or multiple segments, a right or left hemi-hepatectomy, or an extended hemi-hepatectomy; CE: PAIR-technique, cyst excision, liver segment(s) resection (laparoscopically or conventionally)—are revised following experience in one of the most affected regions of Europe. In addition, we performed a systematic review using three databases (i.e., PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus) to evaluate the quality of evidence in published studies on pediatric echinococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Hager
- Pediatric Surgery, University Clinic of Surgery, Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Consolato M. Sergi
- Anatomic Pathology Division, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 8440 112 St, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
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Qin SL, Guo Y, Li SX, Zhou L, Maimaiti A, Akemu Y, He J, Yao HX. The role of the TGF-β/LIF signaling pathway mediated by SMADs during the cyst formation of Echinococcus in young children. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:50. [PMID: 36443650 PMCID: PMC9706881 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-022-00452-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aims to explore the correlation of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), drosophila mothers against decapentaplegic protein gene (SMAD) 2/3/4, and leukemia inhibitory factors (LIF) with the cyst formation of hepatic Echinococcus granulosus in young children. METHODS A total of 40 patients who met the diagnostic criteria for children's hydatid disease in people's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region between January 2020 and June 2021 were enrolled a s the study subjects. The cystic fluid of these children was collected as the case group and the corresponding infected viscera or pericystic tissue as the control group, with 40 cases in each group. In vitro cultured protoscolice of hydatid cyst, four groups including control group, LIF siRNA group, LIF factor group and SMAD4 siRNA group were divided by inhibiting TGF-β/SMADs signal pathway. Each assay was performed in triplicate. The expression of TGF-β, SMAD2/3/4 and LIF were detected. RESULTS The results of the clinical trial showed that the contents of SMAD2 and SMAD3 were increased in the case group compared with the control group; the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The expression levels of TGF-β, Smad4, and LIF increased in the case group compared with the control group; however, the differences were not statistically significant. The results of further in vitro experiments, the expression levels of TGF-β, SMAD 2/3/4, and LIF after adding siRNA to interfere with Smad4 decreased in the case group compared with the control group; the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the expression levels of TGF-β, SMAD2/3/4, and LIF increased after treatment with added LIF in the case group, and the expression levels of TGF-β, SMAD2/3/4, and LIF decreased after adding siRNA to interfere with LIF in the case group; the differences were all statistically significant (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION SMAD2 and SMAD3 have a certain clinical relevance with hydatidosis in young children. The LIF expression level may be related to the cystic transformation of protoscoleces. It has been suggested that the TGF-β/Smads/LIF signaling pathway may be present in the process of protoscoleces cyst formation; this provides a research basis for the prevention and treatment of post-infection parasitism of E. multilocularis eggs in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-li Qin
- grid.513202.7Department of pediatric surgery, people’s Hospital, No. 91, Tianchi Road, Tianshan District, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830000 Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region China ,Department of general surgery, Children’s Hospital, Xinjiang, 830000 Uygur Autonomous Region China
| | - Yun Guo
- Department of general surgery, Children’s Hospital, Xinjiang, 830000 Uygur Autonomous Region China
| | - Shui-Xue Li
- grid.513202.7Department of pediatric surgery, people’s Hospital, No. 91, Tianchi Road, Tianshan District, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830000 Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region China ,Department of general surgery, Children’s Hospital, Xinjiang, 830000 Uygur Autonomous Region China
| | - Ling Zhou
- grid.513202.7Department of pediatric surgery, people’s Hospital, No. 91, Tianchi Road, Tianshan District, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830000 Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region China ,Department of general surgery, Children’s Hospital, Xinjiang, 830000 Uygur Autonomous Region China
| | - Azguli Maimaiti
- grid.513202.7Department of pediatric surgery, people’s Hospital, No. 91, Tianchi Road, Tianshan District, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830000 Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region China ,Department of general surgery, Children’s Hospital, Xinjiang, 830000 Uygur Autonomous Region China
| | - Yusufu Akemu
- grid.513202.7Department of pediatric surgery, people’s Hospital, No. 91, Tianchi Road, Tianshan District, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830000 Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region China ,Department of general surgery, Children’s Hospital, Xinjiang, 830000 Uygur Autonomous Region China
| | - Jun He
- grid.513202.7Department of pediatric surgery, people’s Hospital, No. 91, Tianchi Road, Tianshan District, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830000 Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region China ,Department of general surgery, Children’s Hospital, Xinjiang, 830000 Uygur Autonomous Region China
| | - Hai-Xia Yao
- grid.513202.7Department of pediatric surgery, people’s Hospital, No. 91, Tianchi Road, Tianshan District, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830000 Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region China ,Department of general surgery, Children’s Hospital, Xinjiang, 830000 Uygur Autonomous Region China
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Abstract
PURPOSE Hydatid cyst (HC) is a serious health problem in developing countries. The aim is to discuss the clinical information, surgical and puncture-aspiration-injection-re-aspiration (PAIR) treatments, and results of patients with HC in a developing country. METHODS Patients were analyzed in terms of gender, age, presenting complaint, misdiagnosed HC, cyst location, cyst number, cyst size, liver HC type according to the World Health Organization Informal Working Group Echinococcosis (WHO-IWGE) classification, pulmonary HC, hemithorax locations, treatments and interventions, duration of hospitalization, follow-up period, postoperative complications, and recurrence. RESULTS There were 106 girls and 99 boys with a mean age of 10.7 years. The most common location was the liver (n = 170), and the second most common was the lungs (n = 67). The mean diameter for liver HC was 86.27 mm, and it was 73.90 mm for pulmonary HC. PAIR was performed on 61 patients with liver HC using interventional radiology. 109 patients underwent surgery. The most common complications were cystobiliary fistula in liver HC and atelectasis in pulmonary HC. CONCLUSION HC should be one of the first considerations in the differential diagnosis in all anatomical areas in the presence of suspicious radiological and clinical findings in endemic regions.
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Akbulut S, Koc C, Sahin TT. Comment on A serious complication of liver hydatid cysts in children: cystobiliary fistulas. Pediatr Surg Int 2020; 36:863-864. [PMID: 32399764 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-020-04669-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sami Akbulut
- Deaprtment of Surgery and Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Elazig Yolu 10. Km, 44280, Malatya, Turkey.
| | - Cemalettin Koc
- Deaprtment of Surgery and Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Elazig Yolu 10. Km, 44280, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Tevfik Tolga Sahin
- Deaprtment of Surgery and Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Elazig Yolu 10. Km, 44280, Malatya, Turkey
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