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Liu F, Zhou J, Wu X. Effects of evidence-based nursing on surgical site wound infection in patients undergoing acute appendicitis surgery: A meta-analysis. Int Wound J 2024; 21:e14539. [PMID: 38506317 PMCID: PMC10952117 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.14539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the effects of evidence-based nursing (EBN) intervention on wound infection and postoperative complications in patients after appendectomy for acute appendicitis (AA), with the expectation of providing a theoretical basis for postoperative care in AA. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on the postoperative application of EBN in patients with AA were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, China Biomedical Literature Database, Wanfang and China National Knowledge Infrastructure from the inception of databases to October 2023. Two authors screened and evaluated the literature based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and data were extracted from the final included literature. Stata software (version 17.0) was employed for data analysis. In total, 29 RCTs involving 2848 patients with AA were included, with 1424 in the EBN group and 1424 in the conventional care group. The analyses revealed that patients with AA who experienced EBN were significantly less likely to develop postoperative wound infections (odds ratio [OR] = 0.23, 95% confidence intervals [CIs]: 0.14-0.38, p < 0.001) and postoperative complications (OR = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.15-0.26, p < 0.001) as opposed to conventional care. Available evidence suggests that EBN can effectively reduce the risk of wound infection and postoperative complications in patients undergoing appendectomy for AA, thereby improving patient prognosis. This finding is worth promoting in the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Department of EmergencyThe People's Hospital of Chongqing Liangjiang New AreaChongqingChina
| | - Juan Zhou
- Department of General SurgeryThe People's Hospital of Chongqing Liangjiang New AreaChongqingChina
| | - Xue‐Lian Wu
- Department of Child HealthcareThe People's Hospital of Chongqing Liangjiang New AreaChongqingChina
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Xiao M, Liu X. Laparoscopic Appendectomy Combined with an "Antimicrobial-Free" Strategy for Acute Uncomplicated Appendicitis. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2023; 33:1134-1140. [PMID: 37733260 DOI: 10.1089/lap.2023.0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To explore the efficacy and safety of enhanced recovery protocol (ERP) combined with laparoscopic appendectomy (LA) in the treatment of acute uncomplicated appendicitis (AUA) without antibiotics. Methods: In this study, a total of 160 patients with AUA who underwent LA between January 2018 and December 2021 were included and divided into the antibiotic group (n = 80) or the no-antibiotic group (n = 80). The patients in the antibiotic group received the ERP combined with antimicrobials during the perioperative period, while those in the no-antibiotic group only received the ERP during the perioperative period. The clinical data of these patients were collected to compare the inflammation level and stress state before and after surgery. In addition, the incidence of postoperative complications and the recovery speed of the patients were compared between groups. Results: There were no significant differences in the inflammation level and stress state before or after surgery, the incidence of postoperative complications or the recovery speed between the antibiotic group and the no-antibiotic group (P > .05). Conclusion: The use of ERP combined with LA as an antimicrobial-free treatment scheme in the perioperative period was found to be safe and effective for patients with AUA. Therefore, this approach is clinically valuable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingsheng Xiao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Fifth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Nanan, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Fifth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Nanan, Chongqing, China
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Huerta CT, Ramsey WA, Lynn R, Voza FA, Saberi RA, Gilna GP, Parreco JP, Thorson CM, Sola JE, Perez EA. Outcomes of Incidental Appendectomy During Ovarian Operations in a National Pediatric Cohort. J Surg Res 2023; 291:496-506. [PMID: 37536191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2023.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The utility of incidental appendectomy (IA) during many ovarian operations has not been evaluated in the pediatric population. This study sought to compare outcomes after ovarian surgery with IA in the pediatric population. METHODS Females (≤20 y old) undergoing ovarian surgeries (oophorectomy, detorsion and/or drainage) were identified from the Nationwide Readmissions Database (2016-2018). Those with appendicitis were excluded. A propensity score-matched analysis (PSMA) with 46 covariates (demographics, comorbidities, hospitalization factors, etc.) was performed between those receiving ovarian surgery with or without IA. RESULTS There were 13,202 females (median age 17 [IQR 14-20] y old) who underwent oophorectomy (90%), detorsion (26%), and/or ovarian drainage (13%). There were more episodes of torsion in the PSMA cohort receiving ovarian surgery alone (17% versus 10% IA; P = 0.016), while other indications (ovarian mass, cyst) were similar. Open (66% versus 34% laparoscopic) IAs were more frequent. Length of stay (LOS) was longer for those undergoing IA (3 [2-4] versus 2 [2-4] days ovarian surgery alone; P < 0.001). There was a higher rate of postoperative GI complications in the IA cohort. Subgroup analysis of those undergoing laparoscopic operations demonstrated no difference in LOS or postoperative complications between patients undergoing IA or not. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that IA in pediatric ovarian operations is associated with longer LOS and higher GI postoperative complications. However, laparoscopic IA was not associated with higher cost, complications, LOS, or readmissions. This suggests that IA performed during ovarian surgeries in select patients may be cost-effective and worthy of future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Theodore Huerta
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Walter A Ramsey
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Royi Lynn
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Francesca A Voza
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Rebecca A Saberi
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Gareth P Gilna
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Joshua P Parreco
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Healthcare System, Hollywood, Florida
| | - Chad M Thorson
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Juan E Sola
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Eduardo A Perez
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
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Dotlacil V, Lerchova T, Coufal S, Kucerova B, Schwarz J, Hradsky O, Skaba R, Rygl M. Comparison of laparoscopic and open ileocecal resection for Crohn's disease in children. Pediatr Surg Int 2023; 39:140. [PMID: 36847848 PMCID: PMC9971069 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-023-05419-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ileocecal resection (ICR) is the most frequently performed surgery in paediatric Crohn's disease (CD) patients. The aim of the study was to compare laparoscopic-assisted and open ICR. METHODS Retrospective review of consecutive CD patients undergoing ICR between March 2014 and December 2021 was performed. The patients were divided into open (OG) and laparoscopic (LG) groups. Compared parameters included patients' demographics, clinical characteristics, surgery, duration of hospitalisation and follow-up. Complications were classified according to the Clavien-Dindo classification (CDc). Risk factors were identified using multivariable analysis. RESULTS Sixty-two patients (29 females, 46.7%) were included in the analysis, forty-two patients in OG. The median duration of surgery was 130 in OG versus 148 in LG (p = 0.065) minutes. Postoperative complications were reported in 4 patients (12.1%). There was no significant difference in postoperative complications according to CDc (OG 7.14 vs LG 5%, p = 1). The median length of hospitalisation was 8 in OG and 7 days in LG (p = 0.0005). The median length of follow-up was 21.5 months. CONCLUSION The laparoscopic-assisted approach had shorter hospital stay and was not associated with increased risk of 30-day postoperative complications. Laparoscopic surgery should be considered the preferred surgical approach for primary ICR.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Dotlacil
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Uvalu 84, Praha 5, 150 06, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - T Lerchova
- Department of Paediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - S Coufal
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - B Kucerova
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Uvalu 84, Praha 5, 150 06, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Schwarz
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Faculty Hospital, Charles University in Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - O Hradsky
- Department of Paediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - R Skaba
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Uvalu 84, Praha 5, 150 06, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Rygl
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Uvalu 84, Praha 5, 150 06, Prague, Czech Republic
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He K, Iwaniuk M, Goretsky MJ, Cina RA, Saito JM, Hall B, Grant C, Cohen ME, Newland JG, Ko CY, Rangel SJ. Procedure-level Misutilization of Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in Pediatric Surgery: Implications for Improved Stewardship and More Effective Infection Prevention. J Pediatr Surg 2023; 58:1116-1122. [PMID: 36914463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2023.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to quantify prophylaxis misutilization to identify high-priority procedures for improved stewardship and SSI prevention. METHODS This was a multicenter analysis including 90 hospitals participating in the NSQIP-Pediatric Antibiotic Prophylaxis Collaborative from 6/2019 to 6/2020. Prophylaxis data were collected from all hospitals and misutilization measures were developed from consensus guidelines. Overutilization included use of overly broad-spectrum agents, continuation of prophylaxis >24 h after incision closure, and use in clean procedures without implants. Underutilization included omission (clean-contaminated cases), use of inappropriately narrow-spectrum agents, and administration post-incision. Procedure-level misutilization burden was estimated by multiplying NSQIP-derived misutilization rates by case volume data obtained from the Pediatric Health Information System database. RESULTS 9861 patients were included. Overutilization was most commonly associated with overly broad-spectrum agents (14.0%), unindicated utilization (12.6%), and prolonged duration (8.4%). Procedure groups with the greatest overutilization burden included small bowel (27.2%), cholecystectomy (24.4%), and colorectal (10.7%). Underutilization was most commonly associated with post-incision administration (6.2%), inappropriate omission (4.4%), and overly narrow-spectrum agents (4.1%). Procedure groups with the greatest underutilization burden included colorectal (31.2%), gastrostomy (19.2%), and small bowel (11.1%). CONCLUSION A relatively small number of procedures account for a disproportionate burden of antibiotic misutilization in pediatric surgery. TYPE OF STUDY Retrospective Cohort. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine He
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Michael J Goretsky
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of the King's Daughters, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Robert A Cina
- Department of Surgery, The Medical University of South Carolina, Charlestown, SC, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Saito
- Department of Surgery, Washington University St. Louis School of Medicine and BJC Healthcare, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bruce Hall
- American College of Surgeons, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Surgery, Washington University St. Louis School of Medicine and BJC Healthcare, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | - Jason G Newland
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Shawn J Rangel
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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He K, Nayak RB, Allori AC, Brighton BK, Cina RA, Ellison JS, Goretsky MJ, Jatana KR, Proctor MR, Grant C, Thompson VM, Iwaniuk M, Cohen ME, Saito JM, Hall BL, Newland JG, Ko CY, Rangel SJ. Correlation Between Postoperative Antimicrobial Prophylaxis Use and Surgical Site Infection in Children Undergoing Nonemergent Surgery. JAMA Surg 2022; 157:1142-1151. [PMID: 36260310 PMCID: PMC9582965 DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2022.4729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Importance Use of postoperative antimicrobial prophylaxis is common in pediatric surgery despite consensus guidelines recommending discontinuation following incision closure. The association between postoperative prophylaxis use and surgical site infection (SSI) in children undergoing surgical procedures remains poorly characterized. Objective To evaluate whether use of postoperative surgical prophylaxis is correlated with SSI rates in children undergoing nonemergent surgery. Design, Setting, and Participants This is a multicenter cohort study using 30-day postoperative SSI data from the American College of Surgeons' Pediatric National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP-Pediatric) augmented with antibiotic-use data obtained through supplemental medical record review from June 2019 to June 2021. This study took place at 93 hospitals participating in the ACS NSQIP-Pediatric Surgical Antibiotic Prophylaxis Stewardship Collaborative. Participants were children (<18 years of age) undergoing nonemergent surgical procedures. Exclusion criteria included antibiotic allergies, conditions associated with impaired immune function, and preexisting infections requiring intravenous antibiotics at time of surgery. Exposures Continuation of antimicrobial prophylaxis beyond time of incision closure. Main Outcomes and Measures Thirty-day postoperative rate of incisional or organ space SSI. Hierarchical regression was used to estimate hospital-level odds ratios (ORs) for SSI rates and postoperative prophylaxis use. SSI measures were adjusted for differences in procedure mix, patient characteristics, and comorbidity profiles, while use measures were adjusted for clinically related procedure groups. Pearson correlations were used to examine the associations between hospital-level postoperative prophylaxis use and SSI measures. Results Forty thousand six hundred eleven patients (47.3% female; median age, 7 years) were included, of which 41.6% received postoperative prophylaxis (hospital range, 0%-71.2%). Odds ratios (ORs) for postoperative prophylaxis use ranged 190-fold across hospitals (OR, 0.10-19.30) and ORs for SSI rates ranged 4-fold (OR, 0.55-1.90). No correlation was found between use of postoperative prophylaxis and SSI rates overall (r = 0.13; P = .20), and when stratified by SSI type (incisional SSI, r = 0.08; P = .43 and organ space SSI, r = 0.13; P = .23), and surgical specialty (general surgery, r = 0.02; P = .83; urology, r = 0.05; P = .64; plastic surgery, r = 0.11; P = .35; otolaryngology, r = -0.13; P = .25; orthopedic surgery, r = 0.05; P = .61; and neurosurgery, r = 0.02; P = .85). Conclusions and Relevance Use of postoperative surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis was not correlated with SSI rates at the hospital level after adjusting for differences in procedure mix and patient characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine He
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Alexander C. Allori
- Division of Plastic, Maxillofacial & Oral Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Brian K. Brighton
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Levine Children's Hospital/Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | | | - Jonathan S. Ellison
- Department of Urology, Medical College of Wisconsin & Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | | | - Kris R. Jatana
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mark R. Proctor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | | - Jacqueline M. Saito
- Department of Surgery, Washington University St Louis School of Medicine, and BJC Healthcare, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Bruce L. Hall
- American College of Surgeons, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Surgery, Washington University St Louis School of Medicine, and BJC Healthcare, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Jason G. Newland
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Shawn J. Rangel
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Chen J, Liu F, Tian J, Xiang M. Laparoscopic bladder diverticulectomy in a child with situs inversus totalis: A case report and literature review. Front Surg 2022; 9:1009949. [PMID: 36311920 PMCID: PMC9614072 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.1009949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Situs inversus totalis (SIT) is a rare internal laterality disorder characterized by the mirror arrangement of organs. Multiple gene mutations and maternal environmental factors are thought to cause this variation. It is usually challenging to perform laparoscopic surgery in these cases. Bladder diverticulum is uncommon in children, with an incidence of 1.7%. We report a 14-year-old male patient who was admitted to our department because of lower abdominal pain and frequent urination. A series of examinations confirmed the rare combination of giant bladder diverticulum and SIT. After extensive preoperative discussion, we performed laparoscopic bladder diverticulectomy. The operation was successful. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of successful laparoscopic bladder surgery on a case of SIT. This article summarizes the key technical points and the difficulties of performing this kind of operation. In addition, during the process of reviewing the literature, we found that SIT often coexists with some high-risk factors for bladder diverticulum in some rare syndromes. It is helpful to further understand and provide experience in the diagnosis and treatment of the rare combination of bladder diverticulum and SIT in children.
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Zadey S, Mueller J, Fitzgerald TN. Improving Access to Laparoscopic Surgery in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. JAMA Surg 2022; 157:844-845. [PMID: 35857291 DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2022.2675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siddhesh Zadey
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.,Association for Socially Applicable Research (ASAR), Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jenna Mueller
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park
| | - Tamara N Fitzgerald
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.,Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina
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Theodorou CM, Lee SY, Lawrence Y, Saadai P, Hirose S, Brown EG. The Utility of Discharge Antibiotics in Pediatric Perforated Appendicitis Without Leukocytosis. J Surg Res 2022; 275:48-55. [PMID: 35219251 PMCID: PMC10032146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2022.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Optimal management of pediatric perforated appendicitis remains a topic of active investigation. Our institutional clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) were modified to discontinue antibiotics on discharge for patients with normal white blood cell count (WBC) without left shift. We hypothesized that patients would receive fewer antibiotics without increased complications. METHODS Patients <18 y old with perforated appendicitis who underwent laparoscopic appendectomy between November 1, 2016 and May 31, 2021 at a tertiary care children's hospital were included. Primary outcome was adverse events: postdischarge surgical site infection (SSI), 30-day emergency department (ED) visits, or readmissions. Outcomes were compared before and after CPG modification. Multivariable regression was performed to identify factors associated with SSI. RESULTS There were 113 patients pre- and 97 patients post-CPG modification. 23.1% of patients in the pre-cohort had an elevated discharge WBC or left shift compared to 18.9% of patients in the post-cohort (P = 0.48). Significantly fewer patients were prescribed antibiotics on discharge in the post-cohort (70.8% pre versus 14.4% post, P < 0.0001) and for fewer days (2 pre versus 0 post, P < 0.0001). Total antibiotic days decreased significantly (6.1 pre versus 4.6 post, P < 0.0001). There was an increase in postdischarge SSIs on univariate analysis (1.8% pre versus 9.3% post, P = 0.03), ED visits (9.7% pre versus 19.6% post, P = 0.04), and readmissions (5.3% pre versus 11.3% post, P = 0.13). On multivariable analysis, being in the post-cohort was not significantly associated with post-discharge SSIs after adjusting for sex, symptom duration, initial WBC, and discharge antibiotic duration (OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.04-1.4, P = 0.11). CONCLUSIONS Modification of a pediatric perforated appendicitis clinical practice guideline to discontinue antibiotics on discharge with a normal WBC without left shift was effective in decreasing antibiotic duration. This was associated with an increase in SSIs on univariate analysis, which did not persist on multivariable analysis and requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Theodorou
- Department of Pediatric General, Thoracic, and Fetal Surgery, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California.
| | - Su Yeon Lee
- Department of Pediatric General, Thoracic, and Fetal Surgery, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Yemi Lawrence
- Department of Pediatric General, Thoracic, and Fetal Surgery, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Payam Saadai
- Department of Pediatric General, Thoracic, and Fetal Surgery, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Shinjiro Hirose
- Department of Pediatric General, Thoracic, and Fetal Surgery, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Erin G Brown
- Department of Pediatric General, Thoracic, and Fetal Surgery, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California
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