"Home monitoring" for early detection of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator failure: a single-center prospective observational study

Transvenous or subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator: a review to aid decision-making

The implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) is a proven treatment for preventing sudden cardiac death. Transvenous leads are associated with significant mortality and morbidity, and the subcutaneous ICD (S-ICD) addresses this. However, it is not without limitations, in particular the absence of anti-tachycardia pacing. The decision of which device is most suitable for an individual patient is often complex. Here, we review the relative merits and weaknesses of both the transvenous and S-ICD. We summarise the available evidence for each device in particular patient cohorts, namely: ischaemic and non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy, idiopathic ventricular fibrillation, Brugada syndrome, long QT syndrome, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Remote-only monitoring for patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices: a before-and-after pilot study

BACKGROUND

Outcomes for patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices are better when follow-up incorporates remote monitoring technology in addition to in-clinic visits. For patients with implantable devices, we sought to determine the feasibility, safety and associated health care utilization of remote-only follow-up, along with its effects on patients' quality of life and costs.

METHODS

This multicentre before-and-after pilot study involved patients with new or existing pacemakers or implantable cardioverter defibrillators. The "before" phase of the study spanned the period October 2015 to February 2017; the "after" phase spanned the period October 2016 to February 2018. The exposure was remote-only follow-up in combination with Remote View, a service that facilitates access to device data, allowing device settings to be viewed remotely to facilitate remote programming. Outcomes at 12 months were feasibility (adherence to remote monitoring), safety (rate of adverse events) and health care utilization (remote and in-clinic appointments). We also assessed quality of life, using 3 validated scales, and costs, taking into account both health care system and patient costs.

RESULTS

A total of 176 patients were enrolled. Adherence (defined as at least 1 successful remote transmission during follow-up) was 87% over a mean follow-up of 11.7 (standard deviation 2.2) months. There was a reduction in in-clinic visits at specialized sites among patients with both implantable defibrillators (26 v. 5, p < 0.001, n = 48) and pacemakers (42 v. 10, p < 0.001, n = 51). There was no significant change in visits to community sites for patients with defibrillators (13 v. 17, p = 0.3, n = 48). The composite rate of death, stroke, cardiovascular hospitalization and device-related hospitalization was 7% (n = 164). No adverse events were linked to the intervention. There was no change in quality-of-life scales between baseline and 12 months. Health care costs were reduced by 31% for patients with defibrillators and by 44% for those with pacemakers.

INTERPRETATION

This pilot study showed the feasibility of remote-only follow-up, with no increase in adverse clinical outcomes and no effect on quality of life, but with reductions in costs and health care utilization. These results support progression to a larger-scale study of whether superior effectiveness and reduced cost can be achieved, with preservation of safety, through use of remote-only follow-up.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov, no. NCT02585817.

Remote Monitoring of Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Devices in Canada: Survey of Patients and Device Health Care Professionals

Background

Remote monitoring is used to supplement in-clinic follow-up for patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) every 6-12 months. There is a need to optimize remote management for CIEDs because of the consistent increases in CIED implants over the past decade. The objective of this study was to investigate real and perceived barriers to the use of remote patient management strategies in Canada and to better understand how remote models of care can be optimized.

Methods

We surveyed 512 CIED patients and practitioners in 22 device clinics in Canada.

Results

Device clinic surveys highlighted significant variation and inconsistency in follow-up care for in-clinic and remote visits across and within clinics. This survey showed that funding policies and management of additional workflow are barriers to optimal use and uptake. Despite this, device clinics perceive remote follow-up as a valuable resource and an efficient way to manage patient follow-up. Patients were broadly satisfied with their CIED follow-up care but identified barriers related to coordination of care, visit logistics, and information needs. Views varied as a function of clinical or sociodemographic characteristics. Most patients (n = 228; 91%) expressed a desire to receive a phone call from their device clinic after a remote transmission has been received.

Conclusions

Lack of a unified, guideline-supported approach to follow-up after CIED implant, and discrepant funding policies across jurisdictions, are significant barriers to the use of remote patient management strategies in Canada. Efforts to increase or expand use of remote follow-up must recognize these barriers and the needs of specific subgroups of patients.

Remote monitoring of patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices: a Southeast Asian, single-centre pilot study

INTRODUCTION

Remote monitoring of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED) has been shown to improve patient safety and reduce in-office visits. We report our experience with remote monitoring via the Medtronic CareLink(®) network.

METHODS

Patients were followed up for six months with scheduled monthly remote monitoring transmissions in addition to routine in-office checks. The efficacy of remote monitoring was evaluated by recording compliance to transmissions, number of device alerts requiring intervention and time from transmission to review. Questionnaires were administered to evaluate the experiences of patients, physicians and medical technicians.

RESULTS

A total of 57 patients were enrolled; 16 (28.1%) had permanent pacemakers, 34 (59.6%) had implantable cardioverter defibrillators and 7 (12.3%) had cardiac resynchronisation therapy defibrillators. Overall, of 334 remote transmissions scheduled, 73.7% were on time, 14.5% were overdue and 11.8% were missed. 84.6% of wireless transmissions were on time, compared to 53.8% of non-wireless transmissions. Among all transmissions, 4.4% contained alerts for which physicians were informed and only 1.8% required intervention. 98.6% of remote transmissions were reviewed by the second working day. 73.2% of patients preferred remote monitoring. Physicians agreed that remote transmissions provided information equivalent to in-office checks 97.1% of the time. 77.8% of medical technicians felt that remote monitoring would help the hospital improve patient management. No adverse events were reported.

CONCLUSION

Remote monitoring of CIED is safe and feasible. It has possible benefits to patient safety through earlier detection of arrhythmias or device malfunction, permitting earlier intervention. Wireless remote monitoring, in particular, may improve compliance to device monitoring. Patients may prefer remote monitoring due to possible improvements in quality of life.

Low rate of and rapid attention to inappropriate ICD shocks with remote device and rhythm monitoring: a qualitative study

Objectives

Inappropriate shocks are unpleasant and painful. We hypothesise that remote monitoring and careful attention to known and incident atrial fibrillation (AF) can reduce inappropriate shocks to a very low level in clinical praxis.

Methods

Altogether 259 patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillator implanted for secondary (S, n=113) and primary (P, n=146) prevention were followed via remote monitoring. At implant, 42S (37%) and 54P (37%) patients had known AF.

Results

Inappropriate shocks, all but five due to AF, occurred in 7S (6.2%) and 11P (7.5%), and there were only inappropriate shocks in 5/7S and in 8/11P. They occurred in four of 42S (9.5%) with and in three of 71S (4.2%) without known AF, and in seven of 54P (13%) with and in four of 92P (4.3%) without known AF. The median time from shock to action was 5 and 1 day, respectively. Actions were medication with amiodarone, β blockers, β blockers+amiodarone or β blockers+digoxin (n=5), β blockers+insertion of an atrial lead (n=1), replacement of a fractured lead (n=2), reprogramming in combination with β blockers, digoxin or amiodarone (n=4), reprogramming (n=2) and none (n=4). After action, four further inappropriate shocks occurred during more than 2 years of follow-up, all due to AF.

Conclusions

Inappropriate shocks occurred at a low rate and most often because of AF known at implant. Remote monitoring enabled rapid action, after which few inappropriate shocks occurred over more than 2 years. Attention to known and incident AF was the most important action to reduce inappropriate shocks.

Remote monitoring leads to early recognition and treatment of critical arrhythmias in adults after atrial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries

BACKGROUND

Adults with transposition of the great arteries (TGA) after atrial switch repair have an increased risk for arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death. We analyzed whether a remote monitoring (RM) system as part of an implantable cardiac device contributes to timely recognition and improved treatment of critical arrhythmias in these patients.

METHODS AND RESULTS

All consecutive TGA patients (n=11) requiring a pacemaker or cardiac resynchronization therapy with or without implantable cardioverter defibrillator between 2008 and 2011 were included. RM-detected arrhythmia, abnormality of device integrity and reaction time from event transmission until acknowledgement via email and clinical decision making were analyzed and compared to a control group (n=21). In 10 patients (91%) 17 arrhythmias were detected, 8 patients (80%) indicated no symptoms. In the RM group time interval from transmission to acknowledgement was 2.4 days (range, 0-4.5 days). Clinical decision-making was advanced by a mean of 77.5 days (range, 10-197 days) compared with conventional follow-up and identified adaption of anti-arrhythmic medication in 8, electrical cardioversion in 2, overdrive pacing in 1 and radiofrequency ablation in 2 patients. A coronary sinus lead fracture was identified in 1 patient followed by successful replacement.

CONCLUSIONS

 RM enables early detection of tachyarrhythmia followed by optimization of medical treatment and potentially life-saving anti-tachycardic intervention in adults after atrial repair of TGA.  

Workload and usefulness of daily, centralized home monitoring for patients treated with CIEDs: results of the MoniC (Model Project Monitor Centre) prospective multicentre study

AIM

Automated, daily Home Monitoring (HM) of pacemaker and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) patients can improve patient care. Yet, HM introduction to routine clinical practice is challenged by resource allocation for regular HM data review. We tested the feasibility, safety, workload, and clinical usefulness of a centralized HM model consisting of one monitor centre and nine satellite clinics.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Having no knowledge about patients' clinical data, a telemonitoring nurse (TN) and a supporting physician at the monitor centre screened and filtered HM data in 62 pacemaker and 59 ICD patients from nine satellite clinics for over 1 year. Basic screening of arrhythmic and technical events required 25.7 min (TN) and 0.7 min (physician) per working day, normalized for 100 patients monitored. Communication of relevant events to satellite clinics per email or phone required additional 4.3 min (TN) and 0.4 min (physician). Telemonitoring nurse also screened for abnormal developments in longitudinal data trends weekly for 3 months after implantation, and then monthly; one patient session lasted 4.0 ± 2.9 min. To handle transmission-gap notifications, TN needed additional 2.8 min daily. Satellite clinics received 231.3 observations from the monitor centre per 100 patients/year, which prompted 86.3 patient contacts or intensive HM screening periods by the satellite clinic itself (37.3% response rate), 51.7 extra follow-up controls (22.3%), and 30.1 clinical interventions (13.0%).

CONCLUSION

Centralized HM was feasible, reliable, safe, and clinically useful. Basic screening and communication of relevant arrhythmic and technical events required a total of 30 min (TN) and 1.1 min (physician) daily per 100 patients monitored.

Use of remote monitoring in the management of system-related complications in implantable defibrillator patients

Remote monitoring of implantable defibrillators (ICDs) is designed to minimise regular follow-up visits and to facilitate early detection of adverse events. With the increased rate of ICD implantations in today's clinical setting and multiple device advisories, which pose management challenges, this approach becomes very attractive. The aim of this article is to present the role of remote monitoring in the detection of system-related complications, its potential benefits and its barriers in the outpatient management of ICD patients.

Health-enabling technologies for the elderly--an overview of services based on a literature review

BACKGROUND

Services for the elderly based on health-enabling technologies promise to contribute significantly to the efficiency and effectiveness of future health care. Due to this promise, over the last years the scientific community has designed a complex variety of these valuable innovations. A systematic overview of the developed services would help to better understand their opportunities and limitations.

OBJECTIVE

To obtain a systematic overview of services for the elderly based on health-enabling technologies and to identify archetypical service categories.

METHODS

We conducted a literature review using PubMed and retrieved 1447 publications. We stepwise reduced this list to 27 key publications that describe typical service archetypes.

RESULTS

We present six archetypical service categories, namely handling adverse conditions, assessing state of health, consultation and education, motivation and feedback, service ordering and social inclusion and describe their implementation in current research projects.

Handheld computing in pathology

Handheld computing has had many applications in medicine, but relatively few in pathology. Most reported uses of handhelds in pathology have been limited to experimental endeavors in telemedicine or education. With recent advances in handheld hardware and software, along with concurrent advances in whole-slide imaging (WSI), new opportunities and challenges have presented themselves. This review addresses the current state of handheld hardware and software, provides a history of handheld devices in medicine focusing on pathology, and presents future use cases for such handhelds in pathology.

ISHNE/EHRA expert consensus on remote monitoring of cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs)

We are in the midst of a rapidly evolving era of technology-assisted medicine. The field of telemedicine provides the opportunity for highly individualized medical management in a way that has never been possible before. Evolving medical technologies using cardiac implantable devices with capabilities for remote monitoring permit evaluation of multiple parameters of cardiovascular physiology and risk, including cardiac rhythm, device function, blood pressure values, the presence of myocardial ischaemia, and the degree of compensation of congestive heart failure. Cardiac risk, device status, and response to therapies can now be assessed with these electronic systems of detection and reporting. This document reflects the extensive experience from investigators and innovators around the world who are shaping the evolution of this rapidly expanding field, focusing in particular on implantable pacemakers, implantable cardioverter defibrillators, devices for cardiac resynchronization therapy (both with and without defibrillation properties), loop recorders, and hemodynamic monitoring devices. This document covers the basic methodologies, guidelines for their use, experience with existing applications, and the legal and reimbursement aspects associated with their use. To adequately cover this important emerging topic, the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology and the European Heart Rhythm Association combined their expertise in this field. We hope that the development of this field can contribute to improve care of our cardiovascular patients.

Remote monitoring of implantable-cardioverter defibrillators: results from the Reliability of IEGM Online Interpretation (RIONI) study

AIMS

Intracardiac electrograms (IEGMs) recorded by implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) are essential for arrhythmia diagnosis and ICD therapy assessment. Short IEGM snapshots showing 3-10 s before arrhythmia detection were added to the Biotronik Home Monitoring system in 2005 as the first-generation IEGM Online. The RIONI study tested the primary hypothesis that experts' ratings regarding the appropriateness of ICD therapy based on IEGM Online and on standard 30 s IEGM differ in <10% of arrhythmia events.

METHODS AND RESULTS

A total of 619 ICD patients were enrolled and followed for 1 year. According to a predefined procedure, 210 events recorded by the ICDs were selected for evaluation. Three expert board members rated the appropriateness of ICD therapy and classified the underlying arrhythmia using coded IEGM Online and standard IEGM to avoid bias. The average duration of IEGM Online was 4.4±1.5 s. According to standard IEGM, the underlying arrhythmia was ventricular in 135 episodes (64.3%), supraventricular in 53 episodes (25.2%), oversensing in 17 episodes (8.1%), and uncertain in 5 episodes (2.4%). The expert board's rating diverged between determinable IEGM Online tracings and standard IEGM in 4.6% of episodes regarding the appropriateness of ICD therapy (95% CI up to 8.0%) and in 6.6% of episodes regarding arrhythmia classification (95% CI up to 10.5%).

CONCLUSION

By enabling accurate evaluation of the appropriateness of ICD therapy and the underlying arrhythmia, the first-generation IEGM Online provided a clinically effective basis for timely interventions and for optimized patient management schemes, which was comparable with current IEGM recordings.

Contributions of remote monitoring to the follow-up of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator leads under advisory

Aims

Automatic daily transmission of data from implantable cardioverter–defibrillators (ICDs) enables the remote monitoring of device status and leads function. We report on a 2-year experience with remote monitoring in 40 recipients of high-voltage ICD leads, prone to fracture and under advisory since October 2007.

Methods and results

The ICDs were remotely monitored as well as systematically interrogated in the ambulatory department every 3 months. The patients were also seen in case of abnormal lead impedance, or other manifestations consistent with lead dysfunction. Over a mean follow-up of 22 ± 4 months after ICD implantation, four lead dysfunctions were suspected because of remotely transmitted oversensing of noise artifacts, abrupt rise in pacing impedance, or both. A lead fracture needing lead replacement was confirmed in three patients (7.5%), two of them before any inappropriate therapy and one after the delivery of three inappropriate shocks. No lead failure was observed in the remaining 36 patients, either at the time of ambulatory visits or during remote monitoring.

Conclusion

Remote monitoring allowed the early and reliable detection of ICD leads failure without requiring any patient intervention.

Monitoring capabilities of cardiac rhythm management devices

Since the advent of the first generation pacemakers, solely providing rate support, we have witnessed a technological outburst in the type and complexity of implantable devices. The introduction of implantable cardioverter defibrillators and later of cardiac resynchronization therapy devices enriched our therapeutic arsenal for the management of patients with heart failure and/or high risk of sudden cardiac death. In addition, during the last decade, newer generation cardiac rhythm management devices (CRMs) have been capable to provide a continuously expanding pool of diagnostic information derived by novel monitoring capabilities. Although at present the clinical role of this information is undervalued, it is evident that the clinical exploitation of data derived by CRMs may transform the standards of care for our patients by providing timely applied individualized diagnosis and treatment. In this context, even in the absence of solid data supporting the use of this information in everyday clinical practice, improving our familiarity with currently available monitoring algorithms is a prerequisite for the electrophysiologist who keeps in pace with the rapidly evolving technologies of CRMs and is prepared for their future role on clinical practice.

[Telemedicine in pacemaker therapy and follow-up]

Present-day remote systems for cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) provide, in contrast to previous solutions, a broad range of data about the patient and the implanted device ("remote control"). Telemedicine includes remote monitoring as well as remote follow-up: Remote monitoring is the continual interrogation of the device to detect patient- or device-related adverse events earlier than with standard follow-up visits. Remote follow-up aims to replace scheduled and unscheduled face-to-face follow-up visits due to the interrogation of the automatic pacemaker functions. Currently available remote systems, such as Home Monitoring, CareLink, Merlin.net, and Latitude, have in common that they interrogate the device, send these data to a server, and provide the data to the physician on a secured web site. Automatic wireless interrogation of the device is the preferred solution; however, the devices must have been equipped with a micro-antenna, which is usually restricted to more recent pacemaker models. Knowledge about remote control in pacemaker patients is limited, because most remote applications were evaluated in ICD and CRT patients. While the most frequently reported clinical event in pacemaker patients is atrial fibrillation, the impact in routine clinical follow-up still has to be evaluated in detail. Device-related adverse events are rare. Large, long-term, randomized trials are comparing remote and conventional approaches with the aim of demonstrating the benefits of telemedicine in this patient group.

Remote Monitoring-The Future of Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Follow-up

Remote monitoring has developed out of the need to accommodate the demand of the growing implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) population. After several years of clinical use, remote device interrogation systems have demonstrated ease of use for both patient and provider, reliability compared with in-office interrogations, and the ability to detect asymptomatic but clinically significant events. The effect of remote monitoring on morbidity and mortality is currently unknown, but several trials are underway to assess these outcomes. Many devices also have the capacity to remotely track physiologic parameters that may improve the management of heart failure. Remote monitoring of ICD-CRT populations is a promising technological advancement that likely will become the standard of care for ICD follow-up.

Prevention of inappropriate ICD shocks in patients with Brugada syndrome

BACKGROUND

In Brugada syndrome implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy is associated with a high rate of inappropriate therapies, mainly due to supraventricular tachyarrhythmias (SVT) (2.7-14.1%/year). Aim of the present study was to evaluate a single ventricular fibrillation (VF) detection zone with a high cut-off rate with respect to prevention of inappropriate ICD shock due to SVT and safety of this programming.

METHODS

Sixty-one consecutive patients (mean age 42.6 +/- 12.9 years; 41 males) diagnosed with Brugada syndrome and implanted with an ICD were included. ICDs were prospectively programmed with a single VF detection zone and a cut-off rate of 222 beats/minute (bpm). A maximum of six shocks with the maximal shock energy were programmed. The minimal follow-up was 1 year.

RESULTS

During a follow-up of 47.6 +/- 23.1 months seven patients (2.91%/year) received appropriate ICD shocks. No patient suffered from syncope or died. Five patients (2.07%/year) received inappropriate ICD shocks: four patients due to T-wave oversensing and only one patient (0.4%/year) due to SVT (atrial fibrillation with a ventricular rate of >222 bpm).

CONCLUSIONS

Programming of a single, high-rate VF zone in patients with Brugada syndrome and an implanted defibrillator is safe. Such programming may be associated with reduced inappropriate defibrillator discharges. A single detection zone with a high VF cut-off rate can be recommended in patients with Brugada syndrome.