Fruit and vegetable intake modifies the associations between suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 genetic variants and type 2 diabetes

An in-silico study to determine susceptibility to cancer by evaluating the coding and non-coding non-synonymous single nucleotide variants in the SOCS3 gene

Single Nucleotide Variant (SNVs) affect gene expression as well as protein structure and activity, leading to reduced signaling capabilities and ultimately, increasing cancer risk. SOCS3 (suppressor of cytokine signaling 3), a critical tumor suppressor providing a substantial part in the feedback loop of the JAK/STAT pathway, is abnormally suppressed in various cancer. This study aims to screen non-coding and potentially deleterious coding SNVs in the SOCS3 gene. We performed six programs: PredictSNP1.0 (predicting Deleterious nsSNVs), ConSurf (analyzing sequence conservation), ModPred (analyzing SNVS in PTMs sites), I-Mutant and MUpro (to analyze SNVs effecting protein stability), and molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) (to assess the consequences of SOCS3 genetic variations on JAK interactions) for coding regions and three programs (UTRSite, SNP2TFBS, miRNA SNP) (to analyze SNVs effecting the gene expression) in non-coding regions, respectively. After screening 2786 SOCS3 SNVs, we found 10 SNVs, as well as 49 SNPs that change the function of non-coding areas. Out of 10 selected nsSNVs, 3 SNVs (W48R, R71C, N198S) predicted to be the most damaging by all the software programs, as well as one nsSNV (R194W) could be highly deleterious from Molecular Docking analysis combined with MD Simulations. Our findings propose a procedure for studying the structure-related consequences of SNVs on protein function in the future.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Whole fresh fruit intake and risk of incident diabetes in different glycemic stages: a nationwide prospective cohort investigation

PURPOSE

Fruit intake is beneficial to several chronic diseases, but controversial in diabetes. We aimed to investigate prospectively the associations of whole fresh fruit intake with risk of incident type 2 diabetes (T2D) in subjects with different glucose regulation capacities.

METHODS

The present study included 79,922 non-diabetic participants aged ≥ 40 years from an ongoing nationwide prospective cohort in China. Baseline fruit intake information was collected by a validated food frequency questionnaire. Plasma HbA1c, fasting and 2 h post-loading glucose levels were measured at both baseline and follow-up examinations. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for incident diabetes among participants with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and prediabetes, after adjusted for multiple confounders. Restricted cubic spline analysis was applied for dose-response relation.

RESULTS

During a median 3.8-year follow-up, 5886 (7.36%) participants developed diabetes. Overall, we identified a linear and dose-dependent inverse association between dietary whole fresh fruit intake and risk of incident T2D. Each 100 g/d higher fruit intake was associated with 2.8% lower risk of diabetes (HR 0.972, 95%CI [0.949-0.996], P = 0.0217), majorly benefiting NGT subjects with 15.2% lower risk (HR 0.848, 95%CI [0.766-0.940], P = 0.0017), while not significant in prediabetes (HR 0.981, 95%CI 0.957-4.005, P = 0.1268). Similarly, the inverse association was present in normoglycemia individuals with a 48.6% lower risk of diabetes when consuming fruits > 7 times/week comparing to those < 1 time/week (HR 0.514, 95% CI [0.368-0.948]), but not in prediabetes (HR 0.883, 95% CI [0.762-1.023]).

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that higher frequency and amount of fresh fruit intake may protect against incident T2D, especially in NGT, but not in prediabetes, highlighting the dietary recommendation of higher fresh fruit consumption to prevent T2D in normoglycemia population.

Bioactive Compounds in Ficus Fruits, Their Bioactivities, and Associated Health Benefits: A Review

Bioactive compounds are secondary metabolites synthesized by plants for maintaining homeostasis; however, they also modulate metabolic processes and demonstrate valuable effects in the human body. The fig was cherished as food and for its pharmaceutical properties. The presence of a wide range of biologically active compounds such as carotenoids, flavonoids, phenols, and vitamin C is obligated for their functional properties as well as their technological capability as a dietary supplement is responsible for most health impacts. Owing to the rich and diversified composition of biologically active compounds these compounds possess different biological properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and hepatoprotective activity that implies those bioactive substances might be used in the creation of novel culinary and medicinal products. Fig fruit should be widely recognized as a natural functional product. This systematic and comprehensive review gives the notion of developing figs species as a viable and innovative component for its varied food and nonfood applications as a remarkable and primitive source of medication and nourishment.

Joint associations of fresh fruit intake and physical activity with glycaemic control among adult patients with diabetes: a cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the joint associations of fresh fruit intake and physical activity with glycaemic control in adult patients with diabetes mellitus (DM).

DESIGN

It was an observational study involving adult patients with DM through a face-to-face questionnaire survey, physical measurements and laboratory examinations. Data were analysed by introducing a generalised linear mixed model, and a significant difference was set at p<0.05.

SETTING

Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.

PARTICIPANTS

A total of 5663 adult patients with DM from the 2017 Nanjing Chronic Disease and Risk Factor Surveillance were recruited.

RESULTS

Based on the food frequency questionnaire, fresh fruit intake was classified as 'not eat', '1~99 g/day' and '≥100 g/day'. Physical activity level was calculated based on the data of Global Physical Activity Questionnaire and classified into insufficient physical activity (<600 MET-min/week) and sufficient physical activity (≥600 MET-min/week). The likelihood of glycaemic control in adult patients with DM with fresh fruit intake ≥100 g/day was 37.8% (OR: 1.378; 95% CI: 1.209 to 1.571) higher than those with fresh fruit intake <100 g/day, which was 26% (OR: 1.260; 95% CI: 1.124 to 1.412) higher in adult patients with DM with sufficient physical activity than those with insufficient physical activity. Adult patients with DM with fresh fruit intake ≥100 g/day and sufficient physical activity presented the greatest likelihood of glycaemic control (OR: 1.758; 95% CI: 1.471 to 2.102) compared with those with both fresh fruit intake <100 g/day and insufficient physical activity.

CONCLUSIONS

Fresh fruit intake ≥100 g/day combined with sufficient physical activity is associated with a significantly higher likelihood of glycaemic control in adult patients with DM.

Lifestyle Score and Genetic Factors With Hypertension and Blood Pressure Among Adults in Rural China

Background: Although high genetic risk and unhealthful lifestyles are associated with a high risk of hypertension, but the combined relationship between lifestyle score and genetic factors on blood pressure remains limited, especially in resource-constrained areas. Aim: To explore the separate and joint effects between genetic and lifestyle factors on blood pressure and hypertension in rural areas. Methods: In 4,592 adults from rural China with a 3-year of follow-up, a genetic risk score (GRS) was established using 13 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the lifestyle score was calculated including factors diet, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, drinking status, and physical activity. The associations of genetic and lifestyle factors with blood pressure and hypertension were determined with generalized linear and logistic regression models, respectively. Results: The high-risk GRS was found to be associated with evaluated blood pressure and hypertension and the healthful lifestyle with diastolic blood pressure (DBP) level. Individuals with unhealthful lifestyles in the high GRS risk group had an odds ratio (OR) (95% CI) of 1.904 (1.006, 3.603) for hypertension than those with a healthful lifestyle in the low GRS risk group. Besides, the relative risk (RR), attributable risk (AR), and population attributable risk (PAR) for unhealthful lifestyle are 1.39, 5.87, 0.04%, respectively, and the prevented fraction for the population (PFP) for healthful lifestyle is 9.47%. Conclusion: These results propose a joint effect between genetic and lifestyle factors on blood pressure and hypertension. The findings provide support for adherence to a healthful lifestyle in hypertension precision prevention. Clinical Trial Registration: The Henan Rural Cohort Study has been registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Register (Registration number: ChiCTR-OOC-15006699). http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=11375.

Genetic factors increase the identification efficiency of predictive models for dyslipidaemia: a prospective cohort study

Background

Few studies have developed risk models for dyslipidaemia, especially for rural populations. Furthermore, the performance of genetic factors in predicting dyslipidaemia has not been explored. The purpose of this study is to develop and evaluate prediction models with and without genetic factors for dyslipidaemia in rural populations.

Methods

A total of 3596 individuals from the Henan Rural Cohort Study were included in this study. According to the ratio of 7:3, all individuals were divided into a training set and a testing set. The conventional models and conventional+GRS (genetic risk score) models were developed with Cox regression, artificial neural network (ANN), random forest (RF), and gradient boosting machine (GBM) classifiers in the training set. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), net reclassification index (NRI), and integrated discrimination index (IDI) were used to assess the discrimination ability of the models, and the calibration curve was used to show calibration ability in the testing set.

Results

Compared to the lowest quartile of GRS, the hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence interval (CI)) of individuals in the highest quartile of GRS was 1.23(1.07, 1.41) in the total population. Age, family history of diabetes, physical activity, body mass index (BMI), triglycerides (TGs), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were used to develop the conventional models, and the AUCs of the Cox, ANN, RF, and GBM classifiers were 0.702(0.673, 0.729), 0.736(0.708, 0.762), 0.787 (0.762, 0.811), and 0.816(0.792, 0.839), respectively. After adding GRS, the AUCs increased by 0.005, 0.018, 0.023, and 0.015 with the Cox, ANN, RF, and GBM classifiers, respectively. The corresponding NRI and IDI were 25.6, 7.8, 14.1, and 18.1% and 2.3, 1.0, 2.5, and 1.8%, respectively.

Conclusion

Genetic factors could improve the predictive ability of the dyslipidaemia risk model, suggesting that genetic information could be provided as a potential predictor to screen for clinical dyslipidaemia.

Trial registration

The Henan Rural Cohort Study has been registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Register. (Trial registration: ChiCTR-OOC-15006699. Registered 6 July 2015 - Retrospectively registered).

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12944-021-01439-3.