Exploring the relationship between social jetlag with gut microbial composition, diet and cardiometabolic health, in the ZOE PREDICT 1 cohort

Circadian disruption and its impact on the cardiovascular system

Circadian rhythms are highly conserved biorhythms of ~24 h that govern many fundamental biological processes, including cardiovascular (CV) homeostasis. Disrupting the timing of cellular oscillators promotes cellular stress, and induction of pathogenic pathways underpins the pathogenesis of many CV diseases (CVDs). Thus, shift work, late eating, sleep disturbances, and other disruptors can result in an elevated risk of heart disease and increased incidence of adverse CV events. Here, we discuss the importance of circadian rhythms for CV homeostasis, recent developments in understanding the impact of disrupted circadian rhythms on CV health and disease progression, and how understanding the interactions between circadian and CV physiology is crucial for improving interventions to mitigate CVD, especially in populations impacted by disrupted circadian rhythms.

Association of Social Jetlag with the Dietary Quality Among Korean Workers: Findings from a Nationwide Survey

Background/Objectives: Social jetlag, which refers to the misalignment between biological rhythms and social schedule, is linked to an increased risk of metabolic diseases. This cross-sectional study investigated the relationship between social jetlag and workers' dietary quality. Methods: This secondary data analysis included a sample of workers from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (n = 11,430). Social jetlag was determined by calculating the difference in the sleep midpoint between free days and workdays, based on sleep onset and offset times. The Korean Health Eating Index (KHEI) was calculated based on 24-h recalls, with higher scores indicating superior dietary qualities (range: 0-100). Poor dietary quality was defined as a KHEI below the lowest quartile (<51.6). Linear or logistic regressions were utilized to estimate β or odds ratio (OR), respectively. Results: Among study participants, 12.1% of workers experienced ≥120 min of social jetlag. ≥120 min of social jetlag was associated with a reduced KHEI score compared with 0-59 min (β: -1.23, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -2.16, -0.30). Those with ≥120 min of social jetlag were more likely to have poor dietary quality than those with 0-59 min (OR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.50). Conclusions: Workers experiencing ≥120 min of social jetlag had poorer dietary quality compared with workers with 0-59 min of social jetlag. Therefore, this study suggests that policy efforts are needed to reduce social jetlag among workers in Korea.

Mechanisms of Insulin Signaling as a Potential Therapeutic Method in Intestinal Diseases

Gastrointestinal diseases are becoming a growing public health problem. One of them is inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). The incidence of IBD is increasing in developing countries and declining in developed countries, affecting people of all ages. Researchers have been exploring new treatment options including insulin signaling pathways in the inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. It seems that a better understanding of the mechanism of IGF-1, GLP-1 and TL1A on the gut microbiota and inflammation may provide new advances in future therapeutic strategies for patients with IBD, but also other intestinal diseases. This review aims to synthesize insights into the effects of GLP, IGF and anti-TL1A on inflammation and the gut microbiota, which may enable their future use in therapy for people with intestinal diseases.

Association between Sleep Duration, Social Jetlag, and the Metabolic Syndrome by Shift Works

Lifestyle factors, including sleep characteristics, have been implicated in the development of metabolic syndrome, particularly among shift workers. This study aimed to explore the relationship between shift work, sleep duration, social jetlag, and the risk of metabolic syndrome among U.S. workers and the moderating effect of sleep duration and social jetlag on this relationship. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in 2017-2020 March were analyzed. Poisson regression models were employed to examine associations. Among 4136 U.S. workers, 53.3% had metabolic syndrome, with a higher proportion of shift workers (63.8% vs. 56.7%, p = 0.001) and those sleeping less than 6 h or more than 9 h per week (22.3% vs. 19.1%, p = 0.044) in the affected group. Shift workers were initially found to have an increased risk of metabolic syndrome (Coef. = 0.03, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.16); however, this association was mitigated when accounting for the interaction with social jetlag. Specifically, 1 to <2 h of social jetlag interacted significantly, increasing metabolic risk (Coef. = 0.15, 95% CI: 0.09, 0.22), whereas 1 to <2 h alone showed a protective effect (Coef. = -0.11, 95% CI: -0.17, -0.06). These findings suggest that optimizing sleep schedules and addressing social jetlag may be crucial in mitigating metabolic syndrome risks among shift workers.

Lifestyle factors, dietary patterns, and social determinants of social and eating jetlag: A cross-sectional survey

Social jetlag (SJL) and, more recently, eating jetlag have been linked with an increased risk of non-communicable diseases. Here we aim to investigate lifestyle factors (diet, eating behavior, smoking, perceived stress, time spent sedentary/day) and social determinants (education level, employment status, and place of residence) associated with SJL corrected for sleep duration (SJLsc) and eating jetlag. Self-declared data on age, gender, lifestyle, and eating behavior were collected online from March 2021 to February 2022 of 432 adults. Principal component analysis was used to extract three dietary patterns (Prudent, Western, and Risky). Prevalence of SJLsc was 35.2%, with no significant difference between men and women (p = 0.558). Adults with SJLsc had significantly larger eating jetlag (56.0 min vs 41.2 min, p = 0.001). Increasing SJLsc duration was associated with an increased adherence to a Risky dietary pattern (standardized β coefficient = .165, p = 0.012); increasing eating jetlag duration was associated with an increased adherence to a Western dietary pattern (standardized β coefficient = .127, p = 0.039) and a shorter sleep duration (standardized βcoefficient = -0.147, p = 0.011). Among social determinants analyzed, only being a student or employed was associated with eating jetlag (standardized β coefficient = 0.125, p = 0.044), while none displayed any relationship with SJLsc. Our survey provides evidence on a risky behavior among young persons with SJLsc and eating jetlag, characterized by a higher alcohol consumption, and a diet rich in processed meat and high-fat food, eating during nights, and shorter sleep duration with potential long-term negative health outcomes.