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Strauch C, Schneider S. Monte Carlo simulation of the ionization and uptake behavior of cationic oligomers into pH-responsive polyelectrolyte microgels of opposite charge - a model for oligopeptide uptake and release. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:1263-1274. [PMID: 38236145 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01426f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
External stimuli can tune the uptake and release of guest molecules in microgels. Especially their pH responsiveness makes microgels exciting candidates for drug delivery systems. When both microgel and guest molecules are pH-responsive, predicting the electrostatically driven uptake can be complex since the ionization depends on many parameters. In this work, we performed Metropolis Monte Carlo simulations while systematically varying the pK of the monomers, the concentrations of microgel and guest molecules to obtain a better understanding of the uptake of weak cationic oligomers as a model for oligopeptides into a weak anionic polyelectrolyte microgel. Further, we varied the chain length of the oligomers. The polyelectrolyte networks can take up oligomers when both the network and the oligomers are charged. The presence of both species in the system leads to a mutual enhancement of their ionization. The uptake induces a release of counterions and results in complex formation between the oligomers and the network, leading to the collapse of the networks. Longer oligomers enhance the ionization of the network and, therefore, the complexation. A higher microgel concentration increases the uptake only around the isoelectric point but prevents the uptake due to lower entropy gain at counterion release at higher pH. The results give an insight into the uptake of cationic oligomers into oppositely charged polyelectrolyte microgels and provide hints for the design of anionic microgels as carriers for guest molecules e.g. antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Strauch
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Schneider
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
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Strauch C, Schneider S. Ionisation and swelling behaviour of weak polyampholyte core-shell networks - a Monte Carlo study. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:938-950. [PMID: 36632835 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01301k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The network charge of polyampholyte microgels can be tuned by varying the pH of the surrounding solution, and a charge reversal from a positively charged microgel at low pH to a negatively charged microgel at high pH can be achieved. In a titration experiment, it is difficult to tell apart the ionisation of the acidic and basic monomers in the network and to determine the distribution of charges in the network, whereas using Metropolis Monte Carlo simulations, both the degree of ionisation and the distribution of ionised monomers can be determined separately for both species. Building on our earlier work on alternating polyampholyte microgels, we now investigated the pH-dependent ionisation and the swelling behaviour of polyampholyte core-shell microgels under good solvent conditions. For this purpose, we performed Metropolis Monte Carlo simulations for a bead-spring model using the constant-pH method. As in our previous study on alternating microgels, the width of the U-shaped curve of the microgels volume as a function of pH depends on the relative dissociation constants of acid and base, and the microgel volume can be approximated by a linear function of the total network charge. Due to the spatial separation of acid and base in core-shell systems, the ionisation is less enhanced compared to a microgel with an alternating distribution of the two species. Nevertheless, we still see an influence of the presence of one species on the ionisation behaviour of the other species under good solvent conditions. Furthermore, the isoelectric point is shifted towards higher pH, which is caused by a higher charge density in the core compared to that in the shell. Added salt changes the Donnan equilibrium, which determines the counterion distribution within and outside of the microgel. At the same time, it contributes to the electrostatic screening of the network charges, leading to a narrowing of the U-shaped volume transition curve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Strauch
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Schneider
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
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Hofzumahaus C, Strauch C, Schneider S. Monte Carlo simulations of weak polyampholyte microgels: pH-dependence of conformation and ionization. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:6029-6043. [PMID: 34076026 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00433f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We performed Metropolis Monte Carlo simulations to investigate the impact of varying acid and base dissociation constants on the pH-dependent ionization and conformation of weak polyampholyte microgels under salt-free conditions and under explicit consideration of the chemical ionization equilibria of the acidic and basic groups and their electrostatic interaction. Irrespective of their relative acid and base dissociation constant, all of the microgels undergo a pH-dependent charge reversal from positive to negative with a neutral charge at the isoelectric point. This charge reversal is accompanied by a U-shaped swelling transition of the microgels with a minimum of their size at the point of charge neutrality. The width of the U-shaped swelling transition, however, is found to depend on the chosen relative acid and base dissociation constants through which the extent of the favorable electrostatic intramolecular interaction of the ionized acidic and basic groups is altered. The pH-dependent swelling transition of the microgels is found to become broader, the stronger the intramolecular electrostatic interaction of the oppositely charged ionized species is. In addition, the intramolecular charge compensation of the acidic and basic groups of the microgels allows their counterions to abandon the microgel and the associated gain in translational entropy further amplifies the broadening of the pH-dependent swelling transition. The analysis of the radial ionization profiles of the acidic and basic groups of the differently composed microgels reveals a variety of radial ionization patterns with a dependence on the overall charge of the microgels.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hofzumahaus
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | - C Strauch
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | - S Schneider
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
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Smart microgels as drug delivery vehicles for the natural drug aescin: uptake, release and interactions. Colloid Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-020-04632-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractIn the present study, we show how acrylamide-based microgels can be employed for the uptake and release of the drug β-aescin, a widely used natural product with a variety of pharmacological effects. We show how aescin is incorporated into the microgel particles. It has an important influence on the structure of the microgels, by reducing their natural network-density gradient in the swollen state. Moreover, temperature-dependent measurements reveal how the incorporation of aescin stabilizes the microgel particles, while the volume phase transition temperature (VPTT) is almost constant, which is very important for the intended drug release. Finally, it is shown that upon increase of the temperature above the VPTT the particles are able to release aescin from their network, encouraging the use of this particular drug delivery system for hypothermia treatments.
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Abstract
Abstract
The macromolecular complexes of random, regular, graft, block and dendritic polyampholytes with respect to transition metal ions, surfactants, dyes, polyelectrolytes, and proteins are discussed in this review. Application aspects of macromolecular complexes of polyampholytes in biotechnology, medicine, nanotechnology, catalysis are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarkyt E. Kudaibergenov
- Institute of Polymer Materials and Technology , Almaty , Kazakhstan
- Laboratory of Engineering Profile, Satbayev University , Almaty , Kazakhstan
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Chen Y, Sun P. pH-Sensitive Polyampholyte Microgels of Poly(Acrylic Acid- co-Vinylamine) as Injectable Hydrogel for Controlled Drug Release. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E285. [PMID: 30960269 PMCID: PMC6419058 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
pH-sensitive polyampholyte microgels of poly(acrylic acid-co-vinylamine) (P(AA-co-VAm)) were developed as an injectable hydrogel for controlled drug release. The microgels of P(AA-co-VAm) were prepared via inverse suspension polymerization of acrylic acid and N-vinylformamide followed by hydrolysis of poly(N-vinylformamide) (PNVF) chains of the resultant microgels under basic condition. The pH-sensitivity of the P(AA-co-VAm) microgels in zeta potential and swelling ratio were investigated using a zeta potential analyzer and optical microscope. The results showed that both the zeta potential and the swelling ratio of the microgels were highly affected by the solution pH. By changing the pH of P(AA-co-VAm) microgel dispersion, the interparticle interaction and the swelling ratio of the microgels could be well adjusted and a colloidal hydrogel could be fabricated at moderate pH, showing a pH-triggered reversible fluid-gel transition. Using the polyampholyte P(AA-co-VAm) microgels as an injectable hydrogel drug release system, a sustained drug release could be achieved, indicating the great potentials of the pH-sensitive P(AA-co-VAm) microgels for controlled drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmin Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou Normal University, No.6 Yingcai Street, Zhengzhou 450044, China.
| | - Peijian Sun
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC (China National Tobacco Corporation), No. 2 Fengyang Street, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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Kudaibergenov SE, Tatykhanova GS, Klivenko AN. Complexation of macroporous amphoteric cryogels based onN,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid with dyes, surfactant, and protein. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarkyt E. Kudaibergenov
- Laboratory of Engineering Profile; Kazakh National Technical Research University n/a K.I. Satpayev; Satpayev Str. 22 Almaty 050013 Republic of Kazakhstan
- Institute of Polymer Materials and Technology; Satpayev Str. 22 Almaty 050013 Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Gulnur S. Tatykhanova
- Laboratory of Engineering Profile; Kazakh National Technical Research University n/a K.I. Satpayev; Satpayev Str. 22 Almaty 050013 Republic of Kazakhstan
- Institute of Polymer Materials and Technology; Satpayev Str. 22 Almaty 050013 Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Alexey N. Klivenko
- al-Farabi Kazakh National University; al-Farabi Av. 71 Almaty 050040 Republic of Kazakhstan
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Schmid AJ, Schroeder R, Eckert T, Radulescu A, Pich A, Richtering W. Synthesis and solution behaviour of stimuli-sensitive zwitterionic microgels. Colloid Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-015-3749-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Go D, Kodger TE, Sprakel J, Kuehne AJC. Programmable co-assembly of oppositely charged microgels. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:8060-8065. [PMID: 25169820 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm01570c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the development of an aqueous, self-assembling system of oppositely charged colloids leading towards particle arrangements with controlled order. The colloidal system consists of two types of particles, each consisting of refractive index matched colloidal core-shell microgel particles, which are either negatively charged or amphoteric. By slowly decreasing the pH of our system below the isoelectric point of the amphoteric particles, changing their net charge from negative to positive, the co-assembly of the colloids is induced. By using different buffer concentrations, we gain temporal and kinetic control over the acidification process and thus the ability to program the co-assembly of the two particles species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Go
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Zurick
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Missouri; Columbia Missouri 65211
| | - Matthew Bernards
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Missouri; Columbia Missouri 65211
- Department of Bioengineering; University of Missouri; Columbia Missouri 65211
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Thermoresponsive poly-(N-isopropylmethacrylamide) microgels: Tailoring particle size by interfacial tension control. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Chen H, Dai LL. Adsorption and release of active species into and from multifunctional ionic microgel particles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:11227-11235. [PMID: 23944961 DOI: 10.1021/la401297b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We synthesize monodisperse ionic microgel particles which undergo a large change in volume in response to environmental stimuli such as pH and temperature. In addition, the study elucidates the effective uptake and release of rheology modifiers from these microgel particles to alter the bulk viscosity of a surrounding fluid. Moreover, we found that the prepared ionic microgel particles can demonstrate abilities to adsorb and repel iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4-NPs) upon pH variation. The extent of the loading of Fe3O4-NPs within the colloidal particles and morphology can be manipulated by tunable interactions between the Fe3O4-NPs and ionic microgel particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haobo Chen
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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Polyelectrolyte microgels based on poly-N-isopropylacrylamide: influence of charge density on microgel properties, binding of poly-diallyldimethylammonium chloride, and properties of polyelectrolyte complexes. Colloid Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-011-2401-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Kleinen J, Richtering W. Rearrangements in and Release from Responsive Microgel−Polyelectrolyte Complexes Induced by Temperature and Time. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:3804-10. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2014594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Kleinen
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Walter Richtering
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
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Kleinen J, Klee A, Richtering W. Influence of architecture on the interaction of negatively charged multisensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-co-methacrylic acid microgels with oppositely charged polyelectrolyte: absorption vs adsorption. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:11258-11265. [PMID: 20377221 DOI: 10.1021/la100579b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Two sets of core-shell microgels composed of temperature-sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNiPAM) with different spatial distribution of pH-sensitive methacrylic acid (MAA) groups were prepared. The cores consist of either PNiPAM (neutral core; nc) or PNiPAM-co-MAA (charged core; cc). A charged shell existing of PNiPAM-co-MAA was added to the neutral core (yielding neutral core-charged shell; nccs), on the charged core, on the other hand, a neutral shell of PNiPAM was added (charged core-neutral shell; ccns). Complexes of these microgels with positively charged poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) of different molar masses were prepared. The amount of bound polyelectrolyte was quantified, and the microgel-polyelectrolyte complexes were characterized with respect to electrophoretic mobility and hydrodynamic radius. The penetration of polyelectrolyte into the microgel was also monitored by means of lifetime analysis of a fluorescent dye covalently bound to poly(L-lysine) providing information on the probe's local environment. The architecture of the microgel has a significant influence on the interaction with oppositely charged polyelectrolyte. Complexes with microgel with the charged shell tend to flocculate at charge ratios of 1 and are thus similar to polyelectrolyte complexes with rigid colloidal particles. Complexes with microgels that consist of a charged core and a neutral shell show very different properties: They are still temperature sensitive and reveal an influence of the polyelectrolyte's chain length. Low molecular weight PDADMAC can penetrate through the neutral shell into the charged core, and thus nearly no charge reversal occurs. The high-MW polyelectrolyte does not penetrate fully and leads to charge reversal. The results demonstrate that microgels are able to absorb or adsorb polyelectrolytes depending on the polyelectrolyte's chain length and the microgels architecture. Complexes with different surface properties and different colloidal stability can be prepared, and polyelectrolytes can be encapsulated in the microgel core. Thus, multisensitive core-shell microgels combine permeability and compartmentalization on a nanometer length scale and provide unique opportunities for applications in controlled uptake and release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Kleinen
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
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Responsive P(NIPAM-co-NtBAM) microgels: Flory–Rehner description of the swelling behaviour. Colloid Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-010-2232-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Uptake of anionic gold nanoparticles by cationic microgel particles in dispersion: The effect of pH. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zhao J, Zhang G, Pispas S. Thermo-Induced Aggregation Behavior of Poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Block Copolymers in the Presence of Cationic Surfactants. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:10600-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9038896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junpeng Zhao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China, and Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vass. Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Guangzhao Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China, and Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vass. Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Stergios Pispas
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China, and Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vass. Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
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