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Mair LO, Chowdhury S, Paredes-Juarez GA, Guix M, Bi C, Johnson B, English BW, Jafari S, Baker-McKee J, Watson-Daniels J, Hale O, Stepanov P, Sun D, Baker Z, Ropp C, Raval SB, Arifin DR, Bulte JWM, Weinberg IN, Evans BA, Cappelleri DJ. Magnetically Aligned Nanorods in Alginate Capsules (MANiACs): Soft Matter Tumbling Robots for Manipulation and Drug Delivery. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E230. [PMID: 30935105 PMCID: PMC6523834 DOI: 10.3390/mi10040230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Soft, untethered microrobots composed of biocompatible materials for completing micromanipulation and drug delivery tasks in lab-on-a-chip and medical scenarios are currently being developed. Alginate holds significant potential in medical microrobotics due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and drug encapsulation capabilities. Here, we describe the synthesis of MANiACs-Magnetically Aligned Nanorods in Alginate Capsules-for use as untethered microrobotic surface tumblers, demonstrating magnetically guided lateral tumbling via rotating magnetic fields. MANiAC translation is demonstrated on tissue surfaces as well as inclined slopes. These alginate microrobots are capable of manipulating objects over millimeter-scale distances. Finally, we demonstrate payload release capabilities of MANiACs during translational tumbling motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamar O Mair
- Weinberg Medical Physics, Inc., North Bethesda, MD 20852, USA.
| | - Sagar Chowdhury
- Weinberg Medical Physics, Inc., North Bethesda, MD 20852, USA.
- Multi-Scale Robotics and Automation Lab, School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Genaro A Paredes-Juarez
- Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology, Division of Magnetic Resonance Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Maria Guix
- Multi-Scale Robotics and Automation Lab, School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Chenghao Bi
- Multi-Scale Robotics and Automation Lab, School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Benjamin Johnson
- Multi-Scale Robotics and Automation Lab, School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | | | - Sahar Jafari
- Weinberg Medical Physics, Inc., North Bethesda, MD 20852, USA.
| | | | | | - Olivia Hale
- Weinberg Medical Physics, Inc., North Bethesda, MD 20852, USA.
| | - Pavel Stepanov
- Weinberg Medical Physics, Inc., North Bethesda, MD 20852, USA.
| | - Danica Sun
- Weinberg Medical Physics, Inc., North Bethesda, MD 20852, USA.
| | - Zachary Baker
- Weinberg Medical Physics, Inc., North Bethesda, MD 20852, USA.
| | - Chad Ropp
- Weinberg Medical Physics, Inc., North Bethesda, MD 20852, USA.
| | | | - Dian R Arifin
- Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology, Division of Magnetic Resonance Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Jeff W M Bulte
- Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology, Division of Magnetic Resonance Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | | | | | - David J Cappelleri
- Multi-Scale Robotics and Automation Lab, School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Garcia AR, Lacko C, Snyder C, Bohórquez AC, Schmidt CE, Rinaldi C. Processing-Size Correlations in the Preparation of Magnetic Alginate Microspheres Through Emulsification and Ionic Crosslinking. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017; 529:119-127. [PMID: 29129960 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic alginate microspheres are biocompatible due to their alginate matrix, and motion-controllable by applied magnetic fields due to their magnetic character. Therefore, they have the potential of being used as vessels to a broad variety of materials, including drugs and therapeutic agents, facilitating entry to biological systems in a relatively non-invasive manner. Here, magnetic alginate microspheres were prepared through an emulsification and ionic cross-linking process, where a mixture of alginate and iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles was initially dispersed in a continuous phase, followed by gelation of this dispersed phase into microspheres by cross-linking the dispersion with calcium ions. The resulting magnetic alginate microspheres were found to be superparamagnetic and to respond to applied magnetic fields by chain formation. The effect of shear rate, alginate concentration, and magnetic nanoparticle concentration on microsphere size was investigated with the aim to control the size of microspheres with respect to process and formulation parameters. Two of these parameters, shear rate and alginate concentration, were used to correlate experimental results with a theoretical model for the case where the dispersed phase is more viscous than the continuous phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Garcia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, 1030 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Christopher Lacko
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Biomedical Sciences Building JG-56, P.O. Box 116131, Gainesville, FL 32611-6131
| | - Catherine Snyder
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, 100 Rhines Hall P.O. Box 116400, Gainesville, FL 32611-6400
| | - Ana C Bohórquez
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Biomedical Sciences Building JG-56, P.O. Box 116131, Gainesville, FL 32611-6131
| | - Christine E Schmidt
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Biomedical Sciences Building JG-56, P.O. Box 116131, Gainesville, FL 32611-6131
| | - Carlos Rinaldi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, 1030 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32611.,J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Biomedical Sciences Building JG-56, P.O. Box 116131, Gainesville, FL 32611-6131
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Zukas BG, Gupta NR. Improved Water Barrier Properties of Calcium Alginate Capsules Modified by Silicone Oil. Gels 2016; 2:gels2020014. [PMID: 30674146 PMCID: PMC6318625 DOI: 10.3390/gels2020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium alginate films generally offer poor diffusion resistance to water. In this study, we present a technique for encapsulating aqueous drops in a modified calcium alginate membrane made from an emulsion of silicone oil and aqueous alginate solution and explore its effect on the loss of water from the capsule cores. The capsule membrane storage modulus increases as the initial concentration of oil in the emulsion is increased. The water barrier properties of the fabricated capsules were determined by observing the mass loss of capsules in a controlled environment. It was found that capsules made with emulsions containing 50 wt% silicone oil were robust while taking at least twice the time to dry completely as compared to capsules made from only an aqueous alginate solution. The size of the oil droplets in the emulsion also has an effect on the water barrier properties of the fabricated capsules. This study demonstrates a facile method of producing aqueous core alginate capsules with a modified membrane that improves the diffusion resistance to water and can have a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Zukas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA.
| | - Nivedita R Gupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA.
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