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Spinelli G, Kotsilkova R, Ivanov E, Petrova-Doycheva I, Menseidov D, Georgiev V, Di Maio R, Silvestre C. Effects of Filament Extrusion, 3D Printing and Hot-Pressing on Electrical and Tensile Properties of Poly(Lactic) Acid Composites Filled with Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 10:E35. [PMID: 31877817 PMCID: PMC7023088 DOI: 10.3390/nano10010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
: In this study, the effects of three processing stages: filament extrusion, 3D printing (FDM), and hot-pressing are investigated on electrical conductivity and tensile mechanical properties of poly(lactic) acid (PLA) composites filled with 6 wt.% of multiwall carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs), graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), and combined fillers. The filaments show several decades' higher electrical conductivity and 50-150% higher values of tensile characteristics, compared to the 3D printed and the hot-pressed samples due to the preferential orientation of nanoparticles during filament extrusion. Similar tensile properties and slightly higher electrical conductivity are found for the hot-pressed compared to the 3D printed samples, due to the reduction of interparticle distances, and consequently, the reduced tunneling resistances in the percolated network by hot pressing. Three structural types are observed in nanocomposite filaments depending on the distribution and interactions of fillers, such as segregated network, homogeneous network, and aggregated structure. The type of structural organization of MWCNTs, GNPs, and combined fillers in the matrix polymer is found determinant for the electrical and tensile properties. The crystallinity of the 3D printed samples is higher compared to the filament and hot-pressed samples, but this structural feature has a slight effect on the electrical and tensile properties. The results help in understanding the influence of processing on the properties of the final products based on PLA composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Spinelli
- Department of Information and Electrical Engineering and Applied Mathematics, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Rumiana Kotsilkova
- Institute of Mechanics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. Block 4, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (R.K.); (E.I.); (I.P.-D.); (D.M.)
| | - Evgeni Ivanov
- Institute of Mechanics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. Block 4, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (R.K.); (E.I.); (I.P.-D.); (D.M.)
- Research and Development of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnologies (NanoTech Lab Ltd.), Acad. G. Bonchev Str. Block 4, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Ivanka Petrova-Doycheva
- Institute of Mechanics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. Block 4, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (R.K.); (E.I.); (I.P.-D.); (D.M.)
| | - Dzhihan Menseidov
- Institute of Mechanics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. Block 4, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (R.K.); (E.I.); (I.P.-D.); (D.M.)
| | - Vladimir Georgiev
- Research and Development of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnologies (NanoTech Lab Ltd.), Acad. G. Bonchev Str. Block 4, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Rosa Di Maio
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biopolymers, CNR, Via Campi Flegrei 34 A. Olivetti, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (R.D.M.); (C.S.)
| | - Clara Silvestre
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biopolymers, CNR, Via Campi Flegrei 34 A. Olivetti, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (R.D.M.); (C.S.)
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Xiang D, Wang L, Tang Y, Zhao C, Harkin-Jones E, Li Y. Effect of phase transitions on the electrical properties of polymer/carbon nanotube and polymer/graphene nanoplatelet composites with different conductive network structures. POLYM INT 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Southwest Petroleum University; Chengdu China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Southwest Petroleum University; Chengdu China
| | - Yuhao Tang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Southwest Petroleum University; Chengdu China
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Southwest Petroleum University; Chengdu China
| | | | - Yuntao Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Southwest Petroleum University; Chengdu China
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation; Southwest Petroleum University; Chengdu China
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Boland CS, Khan U, Ryan G, Barwich S, Charifou R, Harvey A, Backes C, Li Z, Ferreira MS, Mobius ME, Young RJ, Coleman JN. Sensitive electromechanical sensors using viscoelastic graphene-polymer nanocomposites. Science 2016; 354:1257-1260. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aag2879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 546] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Liu X, Pan Y, Hao X, Dai K, Schubert DW. The role of conductive pathways in the conductivity and rheological behavior of poly(methyl methacrylate)-graphite composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianhu Liu
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Martensstr 7; 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Yamin Pan
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Martensstr 7; 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Xiaoqiong Hao
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Martensstr 7; 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Kun Dai
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou 450002 China
| | - Dirk W. Schubert
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Martensstr 7; 91058 Erlangen Germany
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Li X, Deng H, Zhang Q, Chen F, Fu Q. The effect of DBP of carbon black on the dynamic self-assembly in a polymer melt. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra28118k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Three types of carbon black with different dibutyl phthalate (DBP) absorption have been used to study the electrical percolation behavior in thermoplastic polyurethane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
- Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
| | - Hua Deng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
- Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
| | - Qin Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
- Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
| | - Feng Chen
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
- Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
| | - Qiang Fu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
- Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
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Badard M, Combessis A, Allais A, Flandin L. Electric field as a tuning key to process carbon nanotube suspensions with controlled conductivity. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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7
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Li D, Fei G, Xia H, Spencer PE, Coates PD. Micro-contact reconstruction of adjacent carbon nanotubes in polymer matrix through annealing-Induced relaxation of interfacial residual stress and strain. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
- Polymer IRC; Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford; Bradford BD71DP United Kingdom
| | - Guoxia Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Hesheng Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Paul E. Spencer
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Philip D. Coates
- Polymer IRC; Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford; Bradford BD71DP United Kingdom
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Xiang D, Harkin-Jones E, Linton D, Martin P. Structure, mechanical, and electrical properties of high-density polyethylene/multi-walled carbon nanotube composites processed by compression molding and blown film extrusion. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xiang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Queen's University Belfast; BT9 5AH United Kingdom
| | | | - David Linton
- School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering, and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast; BT9 5BN United Kingdom
| | - Peter Martin
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Queen's University Belfast; BT9 5AH United Kingdom
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Zhang S, Deng H, Zhang Q, Fu Q. Formation of conductive networks with both segregated and double-percolated characteristic in conductive polymer composites with balanced properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:6835-6844. [PMID: 24745303 DOI: 10.1021/am500651v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Morphological control of conductive networks involves the construction of segregated or double-percolated conductive networks is often reported to reduce the electrical percolation threshold of conductive polymer composites (CPCs) for better balance among electrical conductivity, mechanical properties, and filler content. Herein, the construction of conductive networks with both segregated and double-percolated characteristics is achieved based on polypropylene (PP)/polyethylene (PE) and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (CNTs). CNTs were firstly dispersed in PE; then PE/CNTs were compounded with PP particles well below the melting temperature of PP. It is observed that the percolation threshold (pc) decreases with increasing PP particle size (size 3.6 mm, pc=0.08 wt %), which agrees with previous theoretical prediction and experiment in much smaller particle size range. To further study this, the amount of CNTs in PE is varied. It is shown that the degree of PE/CNTs coating on PP particles varies with CNTs as well as PE content in these composites, and have significant influence on the final electrical property. Furthermore, a model combines classical percolation theory and model for segregated network has been proposed to analyze the effect of particle size, degree of coating and thickness of coating on the percolation behavior of these CPCs. In such a model the percolation of CNTs in PE phase as well as PENT phase in the segregated structure can be described. Overall, through such method, a much better balance among mechanical property, conductivity, and filler content is achieved in these CPCs comparing with the results in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangmei Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University , State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Deng H, Lin L, Ji M, Zhang S, Yang M, Fu Q. Progress on the morphological control of conductive network in conductive polymer composites and the use as electroactive multifunctional materials. Prog Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Lin L, Liu S, Zhang Q, Li X, Ji M, Deng H, Fu Q. Towards tunable sensitivity of electrical property to strain for conductive polymer composites based on thermoplastic elastomer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:5815-24. [PMID: 23713404 DOI: 10.1021/am401402x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The use of conductive polymer composites (CPCs) as strain sensors has been widely investigated and various resistivity-strain sensitivities are desirable for different applications. In this study, the use of mixed carbon fillers and functionalized carbon nanotubes was demonstrated to be vital for preparing thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)-based strain sensors with tunable sensitivity. To understand the strain sensing behavior, we carried out scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), mechanical test, and rheology-electrical measurement. Hybrid fillers of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and carbon black (CB) could reduce the entanglement in conductive network structure, thus increase the resistivity-strain sensitivity. Furthermore, incorporation of additional functionalized MWNTs in the CPCs could enhance the interfacial interaction between nanofillers and TPU, leading to further increase in sensitivity. Through such a simple method, strain sensors could be efficiently fabricated with large strain-sensing capability (strain as large as 200%) and a wide range of strain sensitivity (gauge factor ranging from 5 to 140238). Finally, the exponential revolution of resistive response to strain was fitted with a model based on tunneling theory by Simmons. It was observed that the change in tunneling distance and the number of conductive pathways could be accelerated significantly by adjusting conductive network structure and interfacial interaction. This study provides a guideline for the preparation of high-performance CPC strain sensors with a large range of resistivity-strain sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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