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Tang L, Wang Y, Gong X, Xiang J, Zhang Y, Xiang Q, Li J. Integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis to investigate the mechanism of intranasal insulin treatment in a rat model of vascular dementia. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1182803. [PMID: 37256231 PMCID: PMC10225696 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1182803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Insulin has an effect on neurodegenerative diseases. However, the role and mechanism of insulin in vascular dementia (VD) and its underlying mechanism are unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects and mechanism of insulin on VD. Methods: Experimental rats were randomly assigned to control (CK), Sham, VD, and insulin (INS) + VD groups. Insulin was administered by intranasal spray. Cognitive function was evaluated using the Morris's water maze. Nissl's staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to assess morphological alterations. Apoptosis was evaluated using TUNEL-staining. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses were performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs), respectively. Results: Insulin significantly improved cognitive and memory functions in VD model rats (p < 0.05). Compared with the VD group, the insulin + VD group exhibited significantly reduced the number of Nissl's bodies numbers, apoptosis level, GFAP-positive cell numbers, apoptosis rates, and p-tau and tau levels in the hippocampal CA1 region (p < 0.05). Transcriptomic analysis found 1,257 and 938 DEGs in the VD vs. CK and insulin + VD vs. VD comparisons, respectively. The DEGs were mainly enriched in calcium signaling, cAMP signaling, axon guidance, and glutamatergic synapse signaling pathways. In addition, metabolomic analysis identified 1 and 14 DEMs between groups in negative and positive modes, respectively. KEGG pathway analysis indicated that DEGs and DEMs were mostly enriched in metabolic pathway. Conclusion: Insulin could effectively improve cognitive function in VD model rats by downregulating tau and p-tau expression, inhibiting astrocyte inflammation and neuron apoptosis, and regulating genes involved in calcium signaling, cAMP signaling, axon guidance, and glutamatergic synapse pathways, as well as metabolites involved in metabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Tang
- Department of Basic Biology, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, China
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, China
- The Hunan Provincial University Key Laboratory of the Fundamental and Clinical Research on Functional Nucleic Acid, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Basic Biology, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, China
| | - Xujing Gong
- Department of Basic Biology, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, China
| | - Ju Xiang
- Department of Basic Biology, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, China
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, China
- The Hunan Provincial University Key Laboratory of the Fundamental and Clinical Research on Functional Nucleic Acid, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, China
- School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Basic Biology, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, China
- The Hunan Provincial University Key Laboratory of the Fundamental and Clinical Research on Functional Nucleic Acid, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, China
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qin Xiang
- Department of Basic Biology, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, China
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, China
- The Hunan Provincial University Key Laboratory of the Fundamental and Clinical Research on Functional Nucleic Acid, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, China
| | - Jianming Li
- Department of Basic Biology, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, China
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, China
- The Hunan Provincial University Key Laboratory of the Fundamental and Clinical Research on Functional Nucleic Acid, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, China
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Auer RN, Sommer CJ. Histopathology of Brain Tissue Response to Stroke and Injury. Stroke 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-69424-7.00004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Melatonin prevents post-traumatic ischemic damage in rats. JOURNAL OF SURGERY AND MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.28982/josam.816697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Yi KS, Choi CH, Jung C, Lee Y, Jeon CY, Yeo HG, Ahn Y, Hwang J, Lee HJ, Cho J, Kwak B, Kwak KA, Lee SR, Cha SH. Which pathologic staining method can visualize the hyperacute infarction lesion identified by diffusion MRI?: A comparative experimental study. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 344:108838. [PMID: 32619586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study aimed to establish a staining method that could delineate the macroscopic lesion boundary of a hyperacute infarction depicted by diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) and to validate the infarction boundary by comparing different staining methods. NEW METHOD Thirteen rats with 1 -h middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarction were included. Five different staining methods (Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Nissl, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium hydrochloride (TTC), microtubule associated protein 2 (MAP2), and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) stains) were used to identify whether the hyperacute infarction could be histopathologically identified. Dice indices were compared to evaluate similarities in the lesion area ascertained by DWI and the staining methods. Through macroscopic lesion delineation, each region was subdivided into abnormal regions in all three stains (ROIA), abnormal in two stains (ROIB), and abnormal in only one (ROIC). Microscopic cellular changes were evaluated and graded according to each region. RESULTS Mean Dice indices of the H&E stain were significantly higher than those of the Nissl- and MAP2-stained specimens (0.83 ± 0.052, 0.58 ± 0.107, and 0.56 ± 0.059, respectively; p = 0.000). Grading scores for ROIs in the DWI abnormal lesions varied by region: ROIA exhibited the most severe damage [median (IQR), 3 (1)], followed respectively by ROIB [median (IQR), 2 (0)] and ROIC [median (IQR), 1 (0)] COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS: H&E stain best reflects 1 h hyperacute DWI abnormal lesions. CONCLUSIONS H&E stain allowed for the macroscopic delineation of the 1 h DWI-abnormal lesions, while MAP2 and Nissl stains could only partially depict lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Sik Yi
- Department of Radiology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Hoon Choi
- Department of Radiology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolkyu Jung
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjeon Lee
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Yeop Jeon
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Gu Yeo
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujin Ahn
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoo Hwang
- Clinical Science, Philips Healthcare, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Jun Lee
- Research Institute, eBiogen Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea; College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Janggeun Cho
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Bitnarae Kwak
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung A Kwak
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Rae Lee
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Hoon Cha
- Department of Radiology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea; College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea.
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Shen Y, Lu H, Xu R, Tian H, Xia X, Zhou FH, Wang L, Dong J, Sun L. The Expression of GLAST and GLT1 in a Transient Cerebral Ischemia Mongolian Gerbil Model. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020; 16:789-800. [PMID: 32280223 PMCID: PMC7125407 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s238455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) have an indispensable function in the reuptake of extracellular glutamate. To investigate the relationship and the expression of neuronal and astrocytic markers after brain ischemia, the temporal profile of glial EAATs in both peripheral and core regions of the cortex was examined. METHODS Transient common carotid artery occlusion was used to induce unilateral transient forebrain ischemia of Mongolian gerbils, and post-ischemic brains (6 h to 2 w) were collected and prepared for immunohistochemical and Western blotting analysis of glutamine synthetase (GS), GLT-1, GLAST, S100β, and NeuN, and for Alizarin red staining of calcium deposits. RESULTS The expression of GLAST and GLT-1 were significantly escalated at 6 h both in the core and periphery regions, while reduced from 12 h to 2 w in the core region post-ischemia. GS-positive cells increased at 6 h both in the core and periphery regions, while the density of Alizarin red-positive cells increased and peaked at 12 h in the ischemic cortex. The density of S100β-positive cells decreased in the ischemic core and increased in the periphery region. Immunofluorescence staining showed that S100β and TUNEL double-positive cells increased at 12 h in the core region. CONCLUSION The results of GLT-1 and GLAST expression in the cortex indicate that their up-regulation was time-dependent and occurred in the acute post-ischemia period, whereas their down-regulation was region-dependent and it is involved in the pathological progress of nerve cell and glial cell death, and has a series of cascade reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Shen
- Department of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Affiliated Chenggong Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361000, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiling Lu
- Department of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Runnan Xu
- Department of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Tian
- Department of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuewei Xia
- Department of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Fiona H Zhou
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Liping Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Jianghui Dong
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyuan Sun
- Department of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, People's Republic of China
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Shen Y, Wang Z, Li F, Sun L. Morphological characteristics of eosinophilic neuronal death after transient unilateral forebrain ischemia in Mongolian gerbils. Neuropathology 2015; 36:227-36. [PMID: 26607557 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Various types of eosinophilic neurons (ENs) are found in the post-ischemic brain. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the temporal and spatial profile of ENs, the expression of TUNEL staining and ultrastructural characteristics in the core and peripheral regions of the cortex post-ischemia. Unilateral forebrain ischemia was induced in Mongolian gerbils by transient common carotid artery occlusions, and the brains from 3 h to 2 weeks post-ischemia were prepared for morphometric, electron microscopy (EM) and TUNEL staining of the ENs. Light microscopy showed that ENs with minimally abnormal nuclei and swollen cell bodies appeared at 3 h in the ischemic core and at 12 h in the periphery. Thereafter, ENs with pyknosis and irregular atrophic cytoplasm peaked at 12 h, pyknosis with scant cytoplasm peaked at 4 days, and TUNEL-positive staining was observed in the ischemic core. In the ischemic periphery, ENs had slightly atrophic cytoplasm and sequentially developed pyknosis, karyorrhexis and karyolysis over 1 week. These cells were also positive for TUNEL. In EM, severe organelle dilation and vacuolization preceded chromatin fragmentation in the ischemic core, while chromatin fragmentation and homogenization were the vital characteristics in the ischemic periphery. There might be two region-dependent pathways for EN changes in the post-ischemic brain: pyknosis with cytoplasmic shrinkage in the core and nuclear disintegration with slightly atrophic cytoplasm in the periphery. These pathways were comparable to necrosis and proceeded from non-classical apoptosis to necrosis, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Shen
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Zongli Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Fuying Li
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Liyuan Sun
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, P. R. China.,Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Nguemeni C, Gomez-Smith M, Jeffers MS, Schuch CP, Corbett D. Time course of neuronal death following endothelin-1 induced focal ischemia in rats. J Neurosci Methods 2015; 242:72-6. [PMID: 25583382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelin-1 (ET-1) induced focal ischemia is increasingly being used as a preclinical model of stroke. Here, we described for the first time, the time course of neuronal death and infarct evolution during the first 7 days following ischemia. NEW METHOD We used hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining to evaluate infarct progression and Fluoro-Jade C (FJC) to quantify neuronal degeneration at 24, 48, 72h and 7 days after ET-1 injection to the forelimb motor cortex in Sprague-Dawley rats. RESULTS We found that infarct volume and neuronal degeneration are maximal at 24h post-stroke. Neuronal degeneration is also significantly reduced within 7 days of stroke induction. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD This study is the first to provide a direct evaluation of both infarct volume evolution and neuronal death time course following ET-1 induced focal ischemia in the forelimb motor cortex. CONCLUSION This study describes the short-term time course of neuronal death and brain injury in the ET-1 stroke model, which provides a significant reference when determining the appropriate time to commence neuroprotective or recovery promoting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Nguemeni
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mariana Gomez-Smith
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew S Jeffers
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Dale Corbett
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Effects of tadalafil on ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat brain. Acta Neurol Belg 2014; 114:33-40. [PMID: 23918637 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-013-0234-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is caused by lack of blood supply to the brain. The accumulation of toxic products such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) occurs on reperfusion, when the occlusion is removed. The resulting oxidative stress results in the initiation of pathways leading to necrotic and apoptotic cell death. Tadalafil (TAD) prevents the accumulation of ROS and increases antioxidant cellular protective mechanisms. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of TAD treatment against short-term global brain I/R injury in rats. The study was carried out on 30 Wistar-albino rats, which were divided into three groups including a control group (n = 10), an I/R group (n = 10) and an I/R + TAD group (n = 10) (2 mg/kg/day for 4 days before ischemia). At the end of the experiment, tissue samples were collected for both biochemical and histopathological analyses. Malondialdehyde was significantly lower in the TAD-administered group (9.06 ± 0.15) than in the I/R group (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference was observed in nitric oxide levels in the TAD-administered group compared to the I/R group. The mean superoxide dismutase level was significantly higher in the I/R-TAD group than the I/R group. There was no statistically significant difference in glutathione peroxidase levels in I/R + TAD group compared to I/R group. Histopathologically, TAD-administered group provided significant morphological improvement compared to the I/R group. We concluded that TAD prevented I/R-induced neurotoxicity as shown by obtained biochemical and histopathological findings.
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Aras M, Altaş M, Meydan S, Nacar E, Karcıoğlu M, Ulutaş KT, Serarslan Y. Effects of ebselen on ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat brain. Int J Neurosci 2014; 124:771-6. [PMID: 24405262 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2013.879581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM Interruption of blood flow may result in considerable tissue damage via ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury-induced oxidative stress in brain tissues. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of Ebselen treatment in short-term global brain I/R injury in rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was carried out on 27 Wistar-albino rats, divided into three groups including Sham group (n = 11), I/R group (n = 8) and I/R+Ebselen group (n = 8). RESULTS Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly increased in I/R group in comparison with the Sham group and I/R+Ebselen group (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was significantly lower in I/R group in comparison to both Sham (p < 0.001) and I/R+Ebselen (p < 0.01) groups. Similarly, SOD activity was decreased in I/R+Ebselen group when compared with Sham group (p < 0.001). Sham and I/R groups were similar in terms of nitric oxide (NO) levels. In contrast, the NO level was lower in I/R+Ebselen group when compared with Sham (p < 0.001) and I/R (p < 0.01) groups. There was no significant difference among the groups in terms of glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities. In histopathological examination, the brain tissues of rats that received Ebselen showed morphological improvement. CONCLUSION Ebselen has neuron-protective effects due to its antioxidant properties as shown by the decrease in MDA overproduction, increase in SOD activity and the histological improvement after administration of Ebselen to I/R in brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aras
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Tayfur Ata Sökmen Medical Faculty, Mustafa Kemal University , Hatay , Turkey
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Aras M, Urfalı B, Serarslan Y, Ozgür T, Ulutaş KT, Urfalı S, Altaş M, Yılmaz N. Protective effects of minocycline against short-term ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat brain. Pediatr Neurosurg 2013; 49:172-8. [PMID: 24801142 DOI: 10.1159/000362202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effects of minocycline on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. The study was carried out on 24 male Wistar albino rats, weighing 200-250 g, which were divided into three groups: (i) control (n = 8), (ii) I/R (n = 8) and (iii) I/R + minocycline (n = 8). Minocycline was administrated at a dose of 90 mg/kg p.o. to the I/R group 48, 24 and 1 h before ischemia. Following bilateral exposure of the common carotid arteries by anterior cervical dissection and separation of the vagus nerve, I/R injury was performed by occlusion. Following reperfusion, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase levels in the blood and brain tissue, and creatine kinase (CK), CK-BB, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and protein S100β levels in the blood were measured and the histopathological changes were monitored. Regarding histopathological evaluation, symptoms of degeneration were significantly improved in the I/R + minocycline group compared to the I/R-only group. Statistical analysis of the biochemical parameters revealed significant differences in MDA (p < 0.001), nitric oxide (p < 0.05), CK (p < 0.05) and CK-MB (p < 0.05) levels between the I/R + minocycline group and the I/R group. According to the literature, the effect of minocycline is firstly assessed by LDH, CK-MB, NSE and S-100β analysis in addition to antioxidant status and histopathological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Aras
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tayfur Ata Sökmen Medical Faculty, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
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Effects of ceftriaxone on ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat brain. J Clin Neurosci 2012; 20:457-61. [PMID: 23219825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2012.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ceftriaxone treatment against short-term global brain ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. The study was carried out on 30 Wistar-albino rats that were divided into three groups: control group (n=10), I/R group (n=10) and I/R-ceftriaxone group (n=10). Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly increased in the I/R group in comparison with the control group (p<0.001). MDA was significantly lower in the I/R-ceftriaxone group than in the I/R group (p<0.05). Superoxide dismutase activity was significantly decreased in the I/R group and increased in the I/R-ceftriaxone group as compared with the control group. Glutathione peroxidase activity was significantly decreased in the I/R group and increased in the I/R-ceftriaxone group as compared with the I/R group and the control. Histopathologically, ceftriaxone provided morphological improvement compared with the I/R group. We concluded that ceftriaxone has neuron-protective effects due to its antioxidant properties as shown by a decrease in MDA overproduction and histological improvement in brain tissue.
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Zille M, Farr TD, Przesdzing I, Müller J, Sommer C, Dirnagl U, Wunder A. Visualizing cell death in experimental focal cerebral ischemia: promises, problems, and perspectives. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2012; 32:213-31. [PMID: 22086195 PMCID: PMC3272608 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2011.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of stroke pathophysiology is the widespread death of many different types of brain cells. As our understanding of the complex disease that is stroke has grown, it is now generally accepted that various different mechanisms can result in cell damage and eventual death. A plethora of techniques is available to identify various pathological features of cell death in stroke; each has its own drawbacks and pitfalls, and most are unable to distinguish between different types of cell death, which partially explains the widespread misuse of many terms. The purpose of this review is to summarize the standard histopathological and immunohistochemical techniques used to identify various pathological features of stroke. We then discuss how these methods should be properly interpreted on the basis of what they are showing, as well as advantages and disadvantages that require consideration. As there is much interest in the visualization of stroke using noninvasive imaging strategies, we also specifically discuss how these techniques can be interpreted within the context of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marietta Zille
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Yamane J, Ishibashi S, Sakaguchi M, Kuroiwa T, Kanemura Y, Nakamura M, Miyoshi H, Sawamoto K, Toyama Y, Mizusawa H, Okano H. Transplantation of human neural stem/progenitor cells overexpressing galectin-1 improves functional recovery from focal brain ischemia in the Mongolian gerbil. Mol Brain 2011; 4:35. [PMID: 21951913 PMCID: PMC3215926 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6606-4-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of human neural stem/progenitor cells (hNSPCs) is a promising method to regenerate tissue from damage and recover function in various neurological diseases including brain ischemia. Galectin-1(Gal1) is a lectin that is expressed in damaged brain areas after ischemia. Here, we characterized the detailed Gal1 expression pattern in an animal model of brain ischemia. After brain ischemia, Gal1 was expressed in reactive astrocytes within and around the infarcted region, and its expression diminished over time. Previously, we showed that infusion of human Gal1 protein (hGal1) resulted in functional recovery after brain ischemia but failed to reduce the volume of the ischemic region. This prompted us to examine whether the combination of hNSPCs-transplantation and stable delivery of hGal1 around the ischemic region could reduce the ischemic volume and promote better functional recovery after brain ischemia. In this study, we transplanted hNSPCs that stably overexpressed hGal1 (hGal1-hNSPCs) in a model of unilateral focal brain ischemia using Mongolian gerbils. Indeed, we found that transplantation of hGal1-hNSPCs both reduced the ischemic volume and improved deficits in motor function after brain ischemia to a greater extent than the transplantation of hNSPCs alone. This study provides evidence for a potential application of hGal1 with hNSPCs-transplantation in the treatment of brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Yamane
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Miki K, Ishibashi S, Sun L, Xu H, Ohashi W, Kuroiwa T, Mizusawa H. Intensity of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion determines white/gray matter injury and cognitive/motor dysfunction in mice. J Neurosci Res 2009; 87:1270-81. [PMID: 18951530 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We sought to establish a mouse model of subcortical ischemic vascular dementia (SIVD) that develops predominant white matter (WM) injury and cognitive dysfunction induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Adult C57Bl/6 male (n = 48) mice were subjected to bilateral common carotid artery stenosis with external microcoils (inner diameters: 0.16 mm, left; 0.18 mm, right). Mice were categorized according to left-side cerebral blood flow (CBF) value on day 6 into those with severe cerebral hypoperfusion (SCH; n = 16, < 30% of preoperative CBF baseline value) or moderate cerebral hypoperfusion (MCH; n = 21, 30-50% of preoperative value). Another 15 mice were sham operated. Neurological dysfunction was evaluated by Morris water maze, rotating rod, and open field tests. Histopathological examination was performed on day 35 after surgery. MCH animals showed persistent hyperlocomotion with reduced anxiety and spatial reference memory dysfunction. Rarefaction and small necrotic lesions were predominantly confined to the WM, with reactive astrocytosis, microglial infiltration, axonal loss, and myelin disruption, and these changes were dominant on the left side. SCH animals had persistent hyperlocomotion and motor dysfunction, and their ischemic lesions extended from the WM to the hippocampus and cortex. In MCH animals, myelin basic protein and neurofilament fiber densities in the WM were correlated with the time spent in the correct area in the water maze probe trials. Our MCH mouse model with the development of several types of neurological dysfunction with high reproducibility would be useful for investigating the pathomechanisms of WM injury in human SIVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Miki
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Sun L, Kuroiwa T, Ishibashi S, Miki K, Li S, Xu H, Endo S, Mizusawa H. Two region-dependent pathways of eosinophilic neuronal death after transient cerebral ischemia. Neuropathology 2008; 29:45-54. [PMID: 18627483 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2008.00939.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Various types of eosinophilic neurons (ENs) are found in the post-ischemic brain. We examined the temporal profile of ENs in the core and peripheral regions of the ischemic cortex, and analyzed the relationship to the expression of various cell death-related factors. Unilateral forebrain ischemia was induced in Mongolian gerbils by transient common carotid artery occlusions, and the brains from 3 h to 2 weeks post-ischemia were prepared for morphometric and immunohistochemical analysis of ENs. ENs with minimally abnormal nuclei and swollen cell bodies appeared at 3 h in the ischemic core and at 12 h in the periphery. In both locations multiple cell death-related factors including calcium, micro-calpain, cathepsin D, 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) and ubiquitin were activated. In the ischemic core, pyknosis and irregularly atrophic cytoplasm peaked at 12 h, which was associated with significant increases in staining for calcium and micro-calpain. ENs with pyknosis and scant cytoplasm peaked at 4 days and were positive for TUNEL and calcium staining. In the ischemic periphery, ENs had slightly atrophic cytoplasm and sequentially developed pyknosis, karyorrhexis and karyolysis over 1 week. These cells were positive for TUNEL and calcium staining. All types of EN were negative for caspase 3. There may be two region-dependent pathways of EN changes in the post-ischemic brain: pyknosis with cytoplasmic shrinkage in the core, and nuclear disintegration with slightly atrophic cytoplasm in the periphery. This difference coordinates different activation patterns of cell death-related factors in ENs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Sun
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Ishibashi S, Kuroiwa T, Sakaguchi M, Sun L, Kadoya T, Okano H, Mizusawa H. Galectin-1 regulates neurogenesis in the subventricular zone and promotes functional recovery after stroke. Exp Neurol 2007; 207:302-13. [PMID: 17706645 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2007] [Revised: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 06/29/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-1 (Gal-1) has recently been identified as a key molecule that plays important roles in the regulation of neural progenitor cell proliferation in two neurogenic regions: the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle and the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. To test the hypothesis that Gal-1 contributes to adult neurogenesis after focal ischemia, we studied the temporal profile of endogenous Gal-1 expression and the effects of human recombinant Gal-1 on neurogenesis and neurological functions in an experimental focal ischemic model. In the normal brain, Gal-1 expression was observed only in the SVZ. In the ischemic brain, Gal-1 expression was markedly upregulated in the SVZ and the area of selective neuronal death around the infarct in the striatum. The temporal profile of Gal-1 expression was correlated with that of neural progenitor cell proliferation in the SVZ of the ischemic hemisphere. Double-labeling studies revealed that Gal-1 was localized predominantly in both reactive astrocytes and SVZ astrocytes. Administration of Gal-1, which is known to have carbohydrate-binding ability, into the lateral ventricle increased neurogenesis in the ipsilateral SVZ and improved sensorimotor dysfunction after focal ischemia. By contrast, blockade of Gal-1 in the SVZ by the administration of anti-Gal-1 neutralizing antibody strongly inhibited neurogenesis and diminished neurological function. These results suggest that Gal-1 is one of the principal regulators of adult SVZ neurogenesis through its carbohydrate-binding ability and provide evidence that Gal-1 protein has a role in the improvement of sensorimotor function after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Ishibashi
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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