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Cai Z, Liu H, Wang L, Li X, Bai L, Gan X, Li L, Han C. Molecular Evolutionary Analysis of the HCRTR Gene Family in Vertebrates. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:8120263. [PMID: 29967787 PMCID: PMC6008884 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8120263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Hypocretin system is composed of hypocretins (hcrts) and their receptors (hcrtrs), which has multiple vital functions. Hypocretins work via hypocretin receptors and it is reported that functional differentiation occurred in hcrtrs. It is necessary to figure out the evolution process of hypocretin receptors. In our study, we adopt a comprehensive approach and various bioinformatics tools to analyse the evolution process of HCRTR gene family. It turns out that the second round of whole genome duplication in early vertebrate ancestry and the independent round in fish ancestry may contribute to the diversity of HCRTR gene family. HCRTR1 of fishes and mammals are not the same receptor, which means that there are three members in the family. HCRTR2 is proved to be the most ancient one in HCRTR gene family. After duplication events, the structure of HCRTR1 diverged from HCRTR2 owing to relaxed selective pressure. Negative selection is the predominant evolutionary force acting on the HCRTR gene family but HCRTR1 of mammals is found to be subjected to positive selection. Our study gains insight into the molecular evolution process of HCRTR gene family, which contributes to the further study of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Cai
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Hehe Liu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Liyun Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Lili Bai
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Xinmeng Gan
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Liang Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Chunchun Han
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
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Kakkar A, Nambirajan A, Kaur K, Kumar A, Mallick S, Suri V, Sarkar C, Kale SS, Garg A, Sharma MC. ATRX loss in glioneuronal tumors with neuropil-like islands indicates similarity to diffuse astrocytic tumors. J Neurooncol 2016; 130:63-68. [PMID: 27469217 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-016-2224-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Glioneuronal tumor with neuropil-like islands (GTNI) is a rare, recently described neoplasm, whose pathogenesis has not been studied extensively. The role of ATRX mutations, a class-defining alteration in diffuse astrocytic neoplasms, has not been assessed in GTNIs previously. We therefore aimed to assess the status of ATRX, along with IDH1, 1p/19q and p53, in cases of GTNI in order to evaluate the molecular profile of these tumors. All cases of GTNI diagnosed at our Institute were retrieved and clinicopathological features were reviewed. Immunohistochemistry for ATRX, IDH1 and p53 was performed. We identified four cases of GTNI, majority of which occurred in young adults. Loss of ATRX immunoexpression, a surrogate marker for ATRX mutation, was seen in all four cases. All cases were immunopositive for p53, while IDH1 positivity was seen in all three cases assessed. 1p/19q codeletion was absent in the three cases analyzed. These results indicate that the molecular pathogenesis of GTNIs similar to that of diffuse astrocytic tumors. Further, the loss of ATRX expression is seen in both the glial as well as neuronal components, indicating that both arise from the same tumor stem/progenitor cell and that the latter may be a metaplastic change. Thus, loss of ATRX immunoexpression, shown for the first time in these tumors, along with immunopositivity for p53 and IDH1, indicates that these tumors are molecular astrocytomas, and their clinical behaviour is likely to recapitulate that of ATRX-mutant and IDH-mutant diffuse astrocytomas of the same grade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aanchal Kakkar
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Aruna Nambirajan
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Kavneet Kaur
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Anupam Kumar
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Supriya Mallick
- Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vaishali Suri
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Chitra Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Shashank Sharad Kale
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ajay Garg
- Department of Neuroradiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mehar Chand Sharma
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
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Spinal cord glioneuronal tumor with rosetted neuropil-like islands in pediatric age group. Case Rep Pathol 2015; 2014:471645. [PMID: 25574415 PMCID: PMC4276692 DOI: 10.1155/2014/471645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioneuronal neoplasms are rare tumors. Recently, an unusual glioneuronal tumor histologically showing neuropil-like islands has been described. Here, we present such a tumor originating from spinal cord of a 14-year-old girl, who has scoliosis and urinary incontinence. Microscopically, the glial component was chiefly fibrillary astrocytic, punctuated by neuropil-like islands. Immunohistochemically, glial tissue was GFAP positive, and neuropil-like areas and big neurons were synaptophysin reactive. For astrocytic component Ki-67 proliferation index was 1% and p53 was immunonegative. This case is unique in that in the literature it is the second reported case in pediatric age group that is located at spinal cord.
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Buccoliero AM, Castiglione F, Degl'innocenti DR, Moncini D, Paglierani M, Sardi I, Giunti L, Giordano F, Sanzo M, Mussa F, Aricò M, Genitori L, Taddei GL. Glioneuronal tumor with neuropil-like islands: clinical, morphologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular features of three pediatric cases. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2012; 15:352-60. [PMID: 22594376 DOI: 10.2350/12-01-1147-oa.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Glioneuronal tumors with neuropil-like islands are rare. The 1st reported cases were localized in the cerebral hemispheres of adults, showed homogeneous histopathologic features (infiltrating astrocytic growth and neuropil-like islands rimmed by neuronal cells), and had an unfavorable behavior. We report 3 pediatric cases (1 boy and 2 girls, ages 4, 6, and 8 years, respectively). The boy had a cerebral tumor, and the girls had a spinal tumor. The younger girl also had multiple posterior fossa lesions. The boy and older girl underwent a gross total resection. The younger girl underwent a subtotal resection of the spinal tumor; posterior fossa lesions were not surgically treated. The boy and younger girl are in complete remission at 33 and 24 months, respectively, after surgery and subsequent high-dose chemoradiotherapy. The older girl had a recurrence that was partially resected. Afterward, she started high-dose chemoradiotherapy and had an optimal radiologic response at 4 months follow up. Microscopically, the common denominator was the presence of synaptophysin-positive neuropil-like islands. One tumor showed ependymal features (pseudorosettes and punctate epithelial membrane antigen immunopositivity). Two tumors had 1p deletion. 19q deletion, MGMT gene promoter methylation, EGFR amplifications or polysomy, and EGFR, IDH1, IDH2, and TP53 genes mutation analyses yielded negative results. In conclusion, glioneuronal tumor with neuropil-like islands can affect children, arise in the spinal cord, and show ependymal features in its glial component. A high-dose chemoradiotherapy program is effective.
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Abstract
The term long-term epilepsy associated tumor (LEAT) encompasses lesions identified in patients investigated for long histories (often 2 years or more) of drug-resistant epilepsy. They are generally slowly growing, low grade, cortically based tumors, more often arising in younger age groups and in many cases exhibit neuronal in addition to glial differentiation. Gangliogliomas and dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors predominate in this group. LEATs are further united by cyto-architectural changes that may be present in the adjacent cortex which have some similarities to developmental focal cortical dysplasias (FCD); these are now grouped as FCD type IIIb in the updated International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classification. In the majority of cases, surgical treatments are beneficial from both perspectives of managing the seizures and the tumor. However, in a minority, seizures may recur, tumors may show regrowth or recurrence, and rarely undergo anaplastic progression. Predicting and identifying tumors likely to behave less favorably are key objectives of the neuropathologist. With immunohistochemistry and modern molecular pathology, it is becoming increasingly possible to refine diagnostic groups. Despite this, some LEATs remain difficult to classify, particularly tumors with "non-specific" or diffuse growth patterns. Modification of LEAT classification is inevitable with the goal of unifying terminological criteria applied between centers for accurate clinico-pathological-molecular correlative data to emerge. Finally, establishing the epileptogenic components of LEAT, either within the lesion or perilesional cortex, will elucidate the cellular mechanisms of epileptogenesis, which in turn will guide optimal surgical management of these lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Thom
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.
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Fraum TJ, Barak S, Pack S, Lonser RR, Fine HA, Quezado M, Iwamoto FM. Spinal cord glioneuronal tumor with neuropil-like islands with 1p/19q deletion in an adult with low-grade cerebral oligodendroglioma. J Neurooncol 2012; 107:421-6. [PMID: 22083647 PMCID: PMC7446125 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-011-0760-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glioneuronal tumor with neuropil-like islands (GTNI) is considered a rare variant of astrocytoma, characterized by discrete aggregates of cells expressing neuronal markers that punctuate a GFAP-positive glial background. Of the 24 published GTNI cases, only two occurred in adult spinal cords; none occurred concurrent with another CNS tumor; and none of those tested exhibited the 1p/19q deletion typical of oligodendroglioma. A 48-year-old man without significant past medical history was diagnosed with a WHO grade II oligodendroglioma by stereotactic biopsy of a lesion discovered after the patient suffered a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. By FISH analysis, this tumor exhibited the 1p/19q deletion present in up to 80% of oligodendrogliomas. The patient received 14 monthly cycles of temozolomide, and his cerebral tumor had a minor response. When the patient subsequently reported progressive paresthesias of his lower extremities, an MRI revealed an enhancing, cystic tumor of the thoracic spinal cord that was diagnosed as GTNI by histological analysis. By FISH analysis, this lesion exhibited the same 1p/19q deletion present in the concurrent cerebral oligodendroglioma. This case of a spinal cord GTNI with 1p/19q deletions constitutes the third report of a spinal cord GTNI in an adult patient; the first report of a GTNI in an individual with a separate CNS neoplasm; and the first report of a GTNI with 1p/19q deletions. This case establishes a potential genetic kinship between GTNI and oligodendroglioma that warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Fraum
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Institutes of Health, 9030 Old Georgetown Rd., Room 221, Bethesda, MD 20892-8202, USA.
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Min HS, Lee SH, Yoo H, Myung J, Hong EK, Park SH. Cytogenetic study of glioneuronal tumor with neuropil-like islands: a case report. Neuropathology 2009; 30:420-6. [PMID: 19845863 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2009.01066.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glioneuronal tumor with neuropil-like islands (GTNI) is a recently recognized glioneuronal neoplasm but it was classified as an astrocytic tumor by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2007. We performed a cytogenetic study in a case of GTNI arising in a 55-year-old man and analyzed its genetic alteration. It presented as a heterogeneously enhancing, multi-lobulating solid mass on MRI. Histopathologically, the tumor showed the biphasic feature of the predominating micronodular neuropil-like islands and the diffusely infiltrating glial component. In addition, the prominent blood vessels with perivascular hyalinization were observed. On cytogenetic study, loss of 4q, 5q, 11p and gain of 6p, 7, 8, 11q, 12p, 15q were found. The remaining tumor after subtotal resection progressed 7 months later, despite combined chemo- and radiotherapy. From the results, it seems that GTNI does not share pathologic or genetic features with conventional astrocytoma, suggesting a unique entity with aggressive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Sook Min
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, South Korea
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Agarwal S, Suri V, Rishi A, Shukla B, Garg A, Sharma MC, Sinha S, Sarkar C. Glioneuronal tumor with neuropil-like islands: A new entity. Neuropathology 2009; 29:96-100. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2008.00933.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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