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Abrahamson EE, Kofler JK, Becker CR, Price JC, Newell KL, Ghetti B, Murrell JR, McLean CA, Lopez OL, Mathis CA, Klunk WE, Villemagne VL, Ikonomovic MD. 11C-PiB PET can underestimate brain amyloid-β burden when cotton wool plaques are numerous. Brain 2022; 145:2161-2176. [PMID: 34918018 PMCID: PMC9630719 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with familial Alzheimer's disease due to PSEN1 mutations develop high cortical fibrillar amyloid-β load but often have lower cortical 11C-Pittsburgh compound B (PiB) retention than Individuals with sporadic Alzheimer's disease. We hypothesized this is influenced by limited interactions of Pittsburgh compound B with cotton wool plaques, an amyloid-β plaque type common in familial Alzheimer's disease but rare in sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Histological sections of frontal and temporal cortex, caudate nucleus and cerebellum were obtained from 14 cases with sporadic Alzheimer's disease, 12 cases with familial Alzheimer's disease due to PSEN1 mutations, two relatives of a PSEN1 mutation carrier but without genotype information and three non-Alzheimer's disease cases. Sections were processed immunohistochemically using amyloid-β-targeting antibodies and the fluorescent amyloid stains cyano-PiB and X-34. Plaque load was quantified by percentage area analysis. Frozen homogenates from the same brain regions from five sporadic Alzheimer's disease and three familial Alzheimer's disease cases were analysed for 3H-PiB in vitro binding and concentrations of amyloid-β1-40 and amyloid-β1-42. Nine sporadic Alzheimer's disease, three familial Alzheimer's disease and three non-Alzheimer's disease participants had 11C-PiB PET with standardized uptake value ratios calculated using the cerebellum as the reference region. Cotton wool plaques were present in the neocortex of all familial Alzheimer's disease cases and one sporadic Alzheimer's disease case, in the caudate nucleus from four familial Alzheimer's disease cases, but not in the cerebellum. Cotton wool plaques immunolabelled robustly with 4G8 and amyloid-β42 antibodies but weakly with amyloid-β40 and amyloid-βN3pE antibodies and had only background cyano-PiB fluorescence despite labelling with X-34. Relative to amyloid-β plaque load, cyano-Pittsburgh compound B plaque load was similar in sporadic Alzheimer's disease while in familial Alzheimer's disease it was lower in the neocortex and the caudate nucleus. In both regions, insoluble amyloid-β1-42 and amyloid-β1-40 concentrations were similar in familial Alzheimer's disease and sporadic Alzheimer's disease groups, while 3H-PiB binding was lower in the familial Alzheimer's disease than the sporadic Alzheimer's disease group. Higher amyloid-β1-42 concentration associated with higher 3H-PiB binding in sporadic Alzheimer's disease but not familial Alzheimer's disease. 11C-PiB retention correlated with region-matched post-mortem amyloid-β plaque load; however, familial Alzheimer's disease cases with abundant cotton wool plaques had lower 11C-PiB retention than sporadic Alzheimer's disease cases with similar amyloid-β plaque loads. PiB has limited ability to detect amyloid-β aggregates in cotton wool plaques and may underestimate total amyloid-β plaque burden in brain regions with abundant cotton wool plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Abrahamson
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh VA Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Julia K Kofler
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Carl R Becker
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Julie C Price
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kathy L Newell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Bernardino Ghetti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jill R Murrell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Catriona A McLean
- Victorian Brain Bank, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Oscar L Lopez
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Chester A Mathis
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - William E Klunk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Victor L Villemagne
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Milos D Ikonomovic
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh VA Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Soto-Faguás CM, Sanchez-Molina P, Saura CA. Loss of presenilin function enhances tau phosphorylation and aggregation in mice. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:162. [PMID: 34593029 PMCID: PMC8482568 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01259-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the presenilin (PS/PSEN) genes encoding the catalytic components of γ-secretase accelerate amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau pathologies in familial Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Although the mechanisms by which these mutations affect Aβ are well defined, the precise role PS/γ-secretase on tau pathology in neurodegeneration independently of Aβ is largely unclear. Here we report that neuronal PS deficiency in conditional knockout (cKO) mice results in age-dependent brain atrophy, inflammatory responses and accumulation of pathological tau in neurons and glial cells. Interestingly, genetic inactivation of presenilin 1 (PS1) or both PS genes in mutant human Tau transgenic mice exacerbates memory deficits by accelerating phosphorylation and aggregation of tau in excitatory neurons of vulnerable AD brain regions (e.g., hippocampus, cortex and amygdala). Remarkably, neurofilament (NF) light chain (NF-L) and phosphorylated NF are abnormally accumulated in the brain of Tau mice lacking PS. Synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy revealed aggregated and oligomeric β-sheet structures in amyloid plaque-free PS-deficient Tau mice. Hippocampal-dependent memory deficits are associated with synaptic tau accumulation and reduction of pre- and post-synaptic proteins in Tau mice. Thus, partial loss of PS/γ-secretase in neurons results in temporal- and spatial-dependent tau aggregation associated with memory deficits and neurodegeneration. Our findings show that tau phosphorylation and aggregation are key pathological processes that may underlie neurodegeneration caused by familial AD-linked PSEN mutations.
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Gondim DD, Oblak A, Murrell JR, Richardson R, Epperson F, Ross OA, Ghetti B. Diffuse Lewy Body Disease and Alzheimer Disease: Neuropathologic Phenotype Associated With the PSEN1 p.A396T Mutation. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 78:585-594. [PMID: 31165862 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlz039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In sporadic and dominantly inherited Alzheimer disease (AD), aggregation of both tau and α-synuclein may occur in neurons. Aggregates of either protein occur separately or coexist in the same neuron. It is not known whether the coaggregation of tau and α-synuclein in dominantly inherited AD occurs in association with specific mutations of the APP, PSEN1, or PSEN2 genes. The aim of this study was to provide the first characterization of the neuropathologic phenotype associated with the PSEN1 p.A396T mutation in a man who was clinically diagnosed as having AD, but for whom the PSEN1 mutation was found postmortem. The proband, who was 56 years old when cognitive impairment first manifested, died at 67 years of age. Neuropathologically, 3 proteinopathies were present in the brain. Widespread α-synuclein-immunopositive neuronal inclusions suggested a diagnosis of diffuse Lewy body disease (DLBD), while severe and widespread tau and amyloid-β pathologies confirmed the clinical diagnosis of AD. Immunohistochemistry revealed the coexistence of tau and α-synuclein aggregates in the same neuron. Neuropathologic and molecular studies in brains of carriers of the PSEN1 p.A396T mutation or other PSEN1 or PSEN2 mutations associated with the coexistence of DLBD and AD are needed to clarify whether tau and α-synuclein proteinopathies occur independently or whether a relationship exists between α-synuclein and tau that might explain the mechanisms of coaggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibson D Gondim
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Adrian Oblak
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jill R Murrell
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Rose Richardson
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Francine Epperson
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Owen A Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Bernardino Ghetti
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Mercorio R, Pergoli L, Galimberti D, Favero C, Carugno M, Dalla Valle E, Barretta F, Cortini F, Scarpini E, Valentina VB, Pesatori AC. PICALM Gene Methylation in Blood of Alzheimer's Disease Patients Is Associated with Cognitive Decline. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 65:283-292. [PMID: 30040717 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms might be involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Genetic polymorphisms in several genes, including APOE (Apolipoprotein E), PSEN1 (Presenilin 1), CR1 (Complement receptor 1), and PICALM (Phosphatidylinositol binding clathrin assembly protein), have been associated to an increased AD risk. However, data regarding methylation of these specific genes are lacking. We evaluated DNA methylation measured by quantitative bisulfite-PCR pyrosequencing in 43 AD patients and 38 healthy subjects (HS). In a multivariate age- and gender-adjusted model, PICALM methylation was decreased in AD compared to HS (mean = 3.54 and 4.63, respectively, p = 0.007). In AD, PICALM methylation level was also positively associated to Mini-Mental Scale Examination (MMSE) score (percent change 3.48%, p = 0.008). Moreover, a negative association between PICALM methylation and age was observed only in HS (percent change - 2.29%, p = 0.002). In conclusion, our data suggest a possible role of PICALM methylation in AD, particularly related to cognitive function. Given the small study sample and the associative nature of our study, further prospective investigations are required to assess the dynamics of DNA methylation in the early stages of AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Mercorio
- EPIGET - Epidemiology, Epigenetics and Toxicology Lab - Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Pergoli
- EPIGET - Epidemiology, Epigenetics and Toxicology Lab - Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Center, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Favero
- EPIGET - Epidemiology, Epigenetics and Toxicology Lab - Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Carugno
- EPIGET - Epidemiology, Epigenetics and Toxicology Lab - Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Dalla Valle
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Center, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Barretta
- EPIGET - Epidemiology, Epigenetics and Toxicology Lab - Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Cortini
- EPIGET - Epidemiology, Epigenetics and Toxicology Lab - Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elio Scarpini
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Center, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Bollati Valentina
- EPIGET - Epidemiology, Epigenetics and Toxicology Lab - Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Cecilia Pesatori
- EPIGET - Epidemiology, Epigenetics and Toxicology Lab - Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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5
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Liu P, Reichl JH, Rao ER, McNellis BM, Huang ES, Hemmy LS, Forster CL, Kuskowski MA, Borchelt DR, Vassar R, Ashe KH, Zahs KR. Quantitative Comparison of Dense-Core Amyloid Plaque Accumulation in Amyloid-β Protein Precursor Transgenic Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 56:743-761. [PMID: 28059792 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
There exist several dozen lines of transgenic mice that express human amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) with Alzheimer's disease (AD)-linked mutations. AβPP transgenic mouse lines differ in the types and amounts of Aβ that they generate and in their spatiotemporal patterns of expression of Aβ assemblies, providing a toolkit to study Aβ amyloidosis and the influence of Aβ aggregation on brain function. More complete quantitative descriptions of the types of Aβ assemblies present in transgenic mice and in humans during disease progression should add to our understanding of how Aβ toxicity in mice relates to the pathogenesis of AD. Here, we provide a direct quantitative comparison of amyloid plaque burdens and plaque sizes in four lines of AβPP transgenic mice. We measured the fraction of cortex and hippocampus occupied by dense-core plaques, visualized by staining with Thioflavin S, in mice from young adulthood through advanced age. We found that the plaque burdens among the transgenic lines varied by an order of magnitude: at 15 months of age, the oldest age studied, the median cortical plaque burden in 5XFAD mice was already ∼4.5 times that of 21-month-old Tg2576 mice and ∼15 times that of 21-24-month-old rTg9191 mice. Plaque-size distributions changed across the lifespan in a line- and region-dependent manner. We also compared the dense-core plaque burdens in the mice to those measured in a set of pathologically-confirmed AD cases from the Nun Study. Cortical plaque burdens in Tg2576, APPSwePS1ΔE9, and 5XFAD mice eventually far exceeded those measured in the human cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - John H Reichl
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Eshaan R Rao
- N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Brittany M McNellis
- N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Eric S Huang
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Laura S Hemmy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,GRECC, VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Colleen L Forster
- N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,UMN Academic Health Center Biological Materials Procurement Network, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - David R Borchelt
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Robert Vassar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Karen H Ashe
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,GRECC, VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kathleen R Zahs
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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6
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Hunter S, Brayne C. Understanding the roles of mutations in the amyloid precursor protein in Alzheimer disease. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:81-93. [PMID: 29112196 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Many models of disease progression in Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been proposed to help guide experimental design and aid the interpretation of results. Models focussing on the genetic evidence include the amyloid cascade (ACH) and presenilin (PSH) hypotheses and the amyloid precursor protein (APP) matrix approach (AMA), of which the ACH has held a dominant position for over two decades. However, the ACH has never been fully accepted and has not yet delivered on its therapeutic promise. We review the ACH, PSH and AMA in relation to levels of APP proteolytic fragments reported from AD-associated mutations in APP. Different APP mutations have diverse effects on the levels of APP proteolytic fragments. This evidence is consistent with at least three disease pathways that can differ between familial and sporadic AD and two pathways associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. We cannot fully evaluate the ACH, PSH and AMA in relation to the effects of mutations in APP as the APP proteolytic system has not been investigated systematically. The confounding effects of sequence homology, complexity of competing cleavages and antibody cross reactivities all illustrate limitations in our understanding of the roles these fragments and the APP proteolytic system as a whole in normal aging and disease play. Current experimental design should be refined to generate clearer evidence, addressing both aging and complex disorders with standardised reporting formats. A more flexible theoretical framework capable of accommodating the complexity of the APP proteolytic system is required to integrate available evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hunter
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, Forvie Site University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - C Brayne
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, Forvie Site University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
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7
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Neurofilament-labeled pyramidal neurons and astrocytes are deficient in DNA methylation marks in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 45:30-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Mitew S, Kirkcaldie MTK, Dickson TC, Vickers JC. Neurites containing the neurofilament-triplet proteins are selectively vulnerable to cytoskeletal pathology in Alzheimer's disease and transgenic mouse models. Front Neuroanat 2013; 7:30. [PMID: 24133416 PMCID: PMC3783838 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2013.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β plaque accumulation in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is associated with dystrophic neurite (DN) formation and synapse loss in principal neurons, but interneuron pathology is less clearly characterized. We compared the responses of neuronal processes immunoreactive for either neurofilament triplet (NF+) or calretinin (CR+) to fibrillar amyloid (Aβ) plaques in human end-stage and preclinical AD, as well as in APP/PS1 and Tg2576 transgenic mouse AD models. Neurites traversing the Aβ plaque core, edge, or periphery, defined as 50, 100, and 150% of the plaque diameter, respectively, in human AD and transgenic mouse tissue were compared to age-matched human and wild-type mouse controls. The proportion of NF+ neurites exhibiting dystrophic morphology (DN) was significantly larger than the proportion of dystrophic CR+ neurites in both human AD and transgenic mice (p < 0.01). Additionally, the number of NF+, but not CR+, DNs, correlated with Aβ plaque size. We conclude that CR+ interneurons appear to be more resistant than NF+ neurons to AD-mediated cytoskeletal pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislaw Mitew
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania Hobart, TAS, Australia ; School of Medicine, University of Tasmania Hobart, TAS, Australia
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Tung YT, Wang BJ, Hsu WM, Hu MK, Her GM, Huang WP, Liao YF. Presenilin-1 regulates the expression of p62 to govern p62-dependent tau degradation. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:10-27. [PMID: 23794287 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8482-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in presenilin-1 (PS1) are tightly associated with early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD), which is characterized by extracellular amyloid plaques and the accumulation of intracellular Tau. In addition to being the catalytic subunit of γ-secretase, PS1 has been shown to regulate diverse cellular functions independent of its proteolytic activity. We found that cells deficient in PS1 exhibit reduced levels of p62 protein, a cargo-receptor shuttling Tau for degradation. The downregulation of PS1 led to a significant decrease in both the protein and mRNA transcript of p62, concomitant with attenuated p62 promoter activity. This PS1-dependent regulation of p62 expression was mediated through an Akt/AP-1 pathway independent of the proteolytic activity of PS1/γ-secretase. This p62-mediated Tau degradation was significantly impaired in PS1-deficient cells, which can be rescued by ectopic expression of either p62 or wild-type PS1 but not mutant PS1 containing FAD-linked mutations. Our study suggests a novel function for PS1 in modulating p62 expression to control the proteostasis of Tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Tsen Tung
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2 Academia Rd, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
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10
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Mitew S, Kirkcaldie MTK, Dickson TC, Vickers JC. Altered synapses and gliotransmission in Alzheimer's disease and AD model mice. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:2341-51. [PMID: 23643146 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque accumulation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with glutamatergic synapse loss, but less is known about its effect on inhibitory synapses. Here, we demonstrate that vesicular γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter (VGAT) presynaptic bouton density is unaffected in human preclinical and end-stage AD and in APP/PS1 transgenic (TG) mice. Conversely, excitatory vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGlut1) boutons are significantly reduced in end-stage AD cases and less reduced in preclinical AD cases and TGs. Aged TGs also show reduced protein levels of VGlut1 and synaptophysin but not VGAT or glutamate decarboxylase (GAD). These findings indicate that GABAergic synapses are preserved in human AD and mouse TGs. Synaptosomes isolated from plaque-rich TG cortex had significantly higher GAD activity than those from plaque-free cerebellum or the cortex of wild-type littermates. Using tissue fractionation, this increased activity was localized to glial synaptosomes, suggesting that Aβ plaques stimulate increased astrocyte GABA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislaw Mitew
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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11
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Liu Y, Staal JA, Canty AJ, Kirkcaldie MTK, King AE, Bibari O, Mitew ST, Dickson TC, Vickers JC. Cytoskeletal changes during development and aging in the cortex of neurofilament light protein knockout mice. J Comp Neurol 2013; 521:1817-27. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Wang Y, Cheng Z, Qin W, Jia J. Val97Leu mutant presenilin-1 induces tau hyperphosphorylation and spatial memory deficit in mice and the underlying mechanisms. J Neurochem 2012; 121:135-45. [PMID: 21929538 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07489.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Although the pathological role of presenilin-1 mutation in early onset familial Alzheimer's disease has been widely studied, few focused on how the presenilin-1 mutations result in memory impairment and tau hyperphosphorylation. In the present study, we expressed human Val97Leu mutant presenilin-1, which is reported in Chinese pedigrees by our group, in transgenic mice and found that the mutant presenilin-1 induced spatial memory deficit and tau hyperphosphorylation at PHF-1, pS199/202, pT231 and pS396 epitopes, but not at pS214 and pS422 epitopes. Pearson analysis showed that the memory deficit was only significantly correlated with tau phosphorylation level at PHF-1, pS199/202, pT231 and pS396 epitopes. Additionally, the hyperphosphorylated tau and tangle-like argentophilic structures were detected at CA3 and CA4, but not CA1, region of hippocampus, and we also found tangle-like structure and wizened degenerative neurons in frontal cortex. We demonstrated the tau hyperphosphorylation at the same epitopes in N2a cells expressing the mutant presenilin-1, which is caused by inhibition of phosphoinositol-3 kinase/Akt and activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 specifically. Our data demonstrated that human Val97Leu mutant presenilin-1 causes spatial memory deficit in mice and increases tau phosphorylation level in glycogen synthase kinase-3-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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13
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Sepulveda-Falla D, Matschke J, Bernreuther C, Hagel C, Puig B, Villegas A, Garcia G, Zea J, Gomez-Mancilla B, Ferrer I, Lopera F, Glatzel M. Deposition of hyperphosphorylated tau in cerebellum of PS1 E280A Alzheimer's disease. Brain Pathol 2011; 21:452-63. [PMID: 21159009 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2010.00469.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (AD) caused by presenilin-1 mutation E280A (PS1-E280A) presents wide clinical and neuropathological variabilities. We characterized clinically and neuropathologically PS1-E280A focusing in cerebellar involvement and compared it with early-onset sporadic Alzheimer's disease (EOSAD). Twelve E280A brains and 12 matched EOSAD brains were analyzed for beta-amyloid and hyperphosphorylated tau (pTau) morphology, beta-amyloid subspecies 1-40, 1-42 levels, pTau levels, and expression of stress kinases in frontal cortex and cerebellum. The data were correlated to clinical and genetic findings. We observed higher beta-amyloid load, beta-amyloid 1-42 and pTau concentrations in frontal cortex of PS1-E280A compared with EOSAD. High beta-amyloid load was found in the cerebellum of PS1-E280A and EOSAD patients. In PS1-E280A, beta-amyloid localized to the molecular and Purkinje cell layers, whereas EOSAD showed them in Purkinje and granular cell layers. Surprisingly, 11 out of 12 PS1-E280A patients showed deposition of pTau in the cerebellum. Also, seven out of 12 PS1-E280A patients presented cerebellar ataxia. We conclude that deposition of beta-amyloid in the cerebellum is prominent in early-onset AD irrespective of genetic or sporadic origin. The presence of pTau in cerebellum in PS1-E280A underscores the relevance of cerebellar involvement in AD and might be correlated to clinical phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sepulveda-Falla
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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14
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Bialopiotrowicz E, Kuzniewska B, Kachamakova-Trojanowska N, Barcikowska M, Kuznicki J, Wojda U. Cell cycle regulation distinguishes lymphocytes from sporadic and familial Alzheimer's disease patients. Neurobiol Aging 2010; 32:2319.e13-26. [PMID: 20541838 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell cycle (CC) reactivation in neurons seems to underlie the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We analyzed whether CC alterations can be detected in immortalized lymphocytes from patients with the sporadic and the familial form of AD (SAD and FAD). Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-arrays, immunoblotting, and flow cytometry demonstrated differences in the regulation of G1/S phases between SAD lymphocytes and cells from nondemented subjects, as well as between SAD and FAD cells. SAD compared to FAD lymphocytes showed differences in expression profiles of the 90 CC genes, and a marked increase in the level of the p21 protein, which promotes G1-arrest. Accordingly, SAD but not FAD cells had a prolonged G1-phase. γ-secretase inhibition did not change the CC profiles of the cell lines. These data show that SAD involves a prolongation of the G1 phase driven by p21 pathway, which is not activated in FAD cells. Thus, the mechanism in SAD differs from FAD. Moreover, disturbances of the CC in lymphocytes have a potential diagnostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Bialopiotrowicz
- Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
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15
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Saura CA. Presenilin/gamma-Secretase and Inflammation. Front Aging Neurosci 2010; 2:16. [PMID: 20559464 PMCID: PMC2887037 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2010.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Presenilins (PS) are the catalytic components of γ-secretase, an aspartyl protease that regulates through proteolytic processing the function of multiple signaling proteins. Specially relevant is the γ-secretase-dependent cleavage of the β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) since generates the β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides that aggregate and accumulate in the brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Abnormal processing and/or accumulation of Aβ disrupt synaptic and metabolic processes leading to neuron dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Studies in presenilin conditional knockout mice have revealed that presenilin-1 is essential for age-dependent Aβ accumulation and inflammation. By contrast, mutations in the presenilin genes responsible for early onset familial AD cause rapid disease progression and accentuate clinical and pathological features including inflammation. In addition, a number of loss of function mutations in presenilin-1 have been recently associated to non-Alzheimer's dementias including frontotemporal dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies. In agreement, total loss of presenilin function in the brain results in striking neurodegeneration and inflammation, which includes activation of glial cells and induction of proinflammatory genes, besides altered inflammatory responses in the periphery. Interestingly, some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that slow cognitive decline and reduce the risk of AD, decrease amyloidogenic Aβ42 levels by modulating allosterically PS/γ-secretase. In this review, I present current evidence supporting a role of presenilin/γ-secretase signaling on gliogenesis and gliosis in normal and pathological conditions. Understanding the cellular mechanisms regulated by presenilin/γ-secretase during chronic inflammatory processes may provide new approaches for the development of effective therapeutic strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Saura
- Institut de Neurociències, Departament Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra, Spain
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16
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Jellinger KA. Con: Can neuropathology really confirm the exact diagnosis? ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2010; 2:11. [PMID: 20497615 PMCID: PMC2876788 DOI: 10.1186/alzrt34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Clinical diagnostic accuracy using revised consensus criteria and newly developed biomarkers ranges from 65 to 96% for Alzheimer's disease (AD), with a diagnostic specificity versus other dementias of 23 to 88%. Neuropathological assessment using molecular biology and immunohistochemistry, homogeneous definitions, harmonized interlaboratory methods, and assessment standards can identify 54 to 97% of AD cases and can eliminate 62 to 100% of nondemented subjects, but only between 8 and 42% of non-AD dementias, without, however, being able to clarify the etiology of most of these disorders. The value and pitfalls of pathological diagnostic criteria are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Jellinger
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, 18 Kenyongasse, A-1070 Vienna, Austria.
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17
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Focal demyelination in Alzheimer's disease and transgenic mouse models. Acta Neuropathol 2010; 119:567-77. [PMID: 20198482 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-010-0657-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2009] [Revised: 02/13/2010] [Accepted: 02/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated alterations in myelin associated with Abeta plaques, a major pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), in human tissue and relevant transgenic mice models. Using quantitative morphological techniques, we determined that fibrillar Abeta pathology in the grey matter of the neocortex was associated with focal demyelination in human presenilin-1 familial, sporadic and preclinical AD cases, as well as in two mouse transgenic models of AD, compared with age-matched control tissue. This demyelination was most pronounced at the core of Abeta plaques. Furthermore, we found a focal loss of oligodendrocytes in sporadic and preclinical AD cases associated with Abeta plaque cores. In human and transgenic mice alike, plaque-free neocortical regions showed no significant demyelination or oligodendrocyte loss compared with controls. Dystrophic neurites associated with the plaques were also demyelinated. We suggest that such plaque-associated focal demyelination of the cortical grey matter might impair cortical processing, and may also be associated with aberrant axonal sprouting that underlies dystrophic neurite formation.
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18
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Grueninger F, Bohrmann B, Czech C, Ballard TM, Frey JR, Weidensteiner C, von Kienlin M, Ozmen L. Phosphorylation of Tau at S422 is enhanced by Abeta in TauPS2APP triple transgenic mice. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 37:294-306. [PMID: 19781645 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid beta peptides and microtubule-associated protein Tau are misfolded and form aggregates in brains of Alzheimer's disease patients. To examine their specific roles in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and their relevance in neurodegenerative processes, we have created TauPS2APP triple transgenic mice that express human mutated Amyloid Precursor Protein, presenilin 2 and Tau. We present a cross-sectional analysis of these mice at 4, 8, 12 and 16 months of age. By comparing with single transgenic Tau mice, we demonstrate that accumulation of Abeta in TauPS2APP triple transgenic mice impacts on Tau pathology by increasing the phosphorylation of Tau at serine 422, as determined by a novel immunodetection method that is able to reliably measure phospho-Tau species in transgenic mouse brains. The TauPS2APP triple transgenic mouse model will be very useful for studying the effect of new therapeutic paradigms on amyloid deposition and downstream neurofibrillary tangle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Grueninger
- F. Hoffmann-La-Roche Ltd, Pharmaceutical Research Neuroscience, Basel, Switzerland
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19
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Variations in the neuropathology of familial Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2009; 118:37-52. [PMID: 19306098 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-009-0521-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Revised: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PSEN1) and presenilin 2 (PSEN2) genes cause autosomal dominant familial Alzheimer's disease (AD). PSEN1 and PSEN2 are essential components of the gamma-secretase complex, which cleaves APP to affect Abeta processing. Disruptions in Abeta processing have been hypothesised to be the major cause of AD (the amyloid cascade hypothesis). These genetic cases exhibit all the classic hallmark pathologies of AD including neuritic plaques, neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), tissue atrophy, neuronal loss and inflammation, often in significantly enhanced quantities. In particular, these cases have average greater hippocampal atrophy and NFT, more significant cortical Abeta42 plaque deposition and more substantial inflammation. Enhanced cerebral Abeta40 angiopathy is a feature of many cases, but particularly those with APP mutations where it can be the dominant pathology. Additional frontotemporal neuronal loss in association with increased tau pathology appears unique to PSEN mutations, with mutations in exons 8 and 9 having enlarged cotton wool plaques throughout their cortex. The mechanisms driving these pathological differences in AD are discussed.
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Jellinger KA. Alzheimer's disease: a challenge for modern neuropathobiology. Acta Neuropathol 2009; 118:1-3. [PMID: 19360427 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-009-0529-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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21
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Criteria for the neuropathological diagnosis of dementing disorders: routes out of the swamp? Acta Neuropathol 2009; 117:101-10. [PMID: 19052757 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-008-0466-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
There are several consensus criteria for both the clinical and neuropathological diagnosis of different types of dementias. The clinical diagnostic accuracy using revised research criteria and newly developed biomarkers (MRI, PET, CSF analysis, genetic markers) ranges from 65 to 96% (for Alzheimer disease) with a specificity of diagnostic criteria versus other dementias of 23-88%. Neuropathological assessment of dementing disorders using immunohistochemistry, molecular biologic and genetic methods can achieve a diagnosis/classification, based on the homogeneous definitions, harmonized inter-laboratory methods and standards for the assessment of nervous system lesions, in about 99%, without, however, being able to clarify the causes/etiology of most of these disorders. Further prospective and concerted clinicopathological studies using revised methodological and validated protocols and uniform techniques are required to establish the nature, distribution pattern and grades of lesions and; thus, to overcome the limitations of the current diagnostic framework. By data fusion this my allow their more uniform application and correlation with the clinical data in order to approach a diagnostic "gold standard", and to create generally accepted criteria for differentiating cognitive disorders from healthy brain aging. The detection of disease-specific pathologies will be indispensable to determinate the efficacy of new therapy options.
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