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Elmansy MF, Reidl CT, Rahaman M, Özdinler PH, Silverman RB. Small molecules targeting different cellular pathologies for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:2260-2302. [PMID: 37243319 PMCID: PMC10592673 DOI: 10.1002/med.21974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease in which the motor neuron circuitry displays progressive degeneration, affecting mostly the motor neurons in the brain and in the spinal cord. There are no effective cures, albeit three drugs, riluzole, edaravone, and AMX0035 (a combination of sodium phenylbutyrate and taurursodiol), have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration, with limited improvement in patients. There is an urgent need to build better and more effective treatment strategies for ALS. Since the disease is very heterogenous, numerous approaches have been explored, such as targeting genetic mutations, decreasing oxidative stress and excitotoxicity, enhancing mitochondrial function and protein degradation mechanisms, and inhibiting neuroinflammation. In addition, various chemical libraries or previously identified drugs have been screened for potential repurposing in the treatment of ALS. Here, we review previous drug discovery efforts targeting a variety of cellular pathologies that occur from genetic mutations that cause ALS, such as mutations in SOD1, C9orf72, FUS, and TARDP-43 genes. These mutations result in protein aggregation, which causes neuronal degeneration. Compounds used to target cellular pathologies that stem from these mutations are discussed and comparisons among different preclinical models are presented. Because the drug discovery landscape for ALS and other motor neuron diseases is changing rapidly, we also offer recommendations for a novel, more effective, direction in ALS drug discovery that could accelerate translation of effective compounds from animals to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed F. Elmansy
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Department of Organometallic and Organometalloid Chemistry, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Cory T. Reidl
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Mizzanoor Rahaman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - P. Hande Özdinler
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Richard B. Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Zhang C, Rabouille C. Membrane-Bound Meet Membraneless in Health and Disease. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091000. [PMID: 31470564 PMCID: PMC6770257 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Membraneless organelles (MLOs) are defined as cellular structures that are not sealed by a lipidic membrane and are shown to form by phase separation. They exist in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm that is also heavily populated by numerous membrane-bound organelles. Even though the name membraneless suggests that MLOs are free of membrane, both membrane and factors regulating membrane trafficking steps are emerging as important components of MLO formation and function. As a result, we name them biocondensates. In this review, we examine the relationships between biocondensates and membrane. First, inhibition of membrane trafficking in the early secretory pathway leads to the formation of biocondensates (P-bodies and Sec bodies). In the same vein, stress granules have a complex relationship with the cyto-nuclear transport machinery. Second, membrane contributes to the regulated formation of phase separation in the cells and we will present examples including clustering at the plasma membrane and at the synapse. Finally, the whole cell appears to transit from an interphase phase-separated state to a mitotic diffuse state in a DYRK3 dependent manner. This firmly establishes a crosstalk between the two types of cell organization that will need to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chujun Zhang
- Hubrecht Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Catherine Rabouille
- Hubrecht Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Biomedical Science of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Andrés-Benito P, Gelpi E, Povedano M, Ausín K, Fernández-Irigoyen J, Santamaría E, Ferrer I. Combined Transcriptomics and Proteomics in Frontal Cortex Area 8 in Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration Linked to C9ORF72 Expansion. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 68:1287-1307. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-181123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pol Andrés-Benito
- Neuropathology, Pathologic Anatomy Service, Bellvitge University Hospital - Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute of Health Carlos III, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Ellen Gelpi
- Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mónica Povedano
- Functional Unit of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (UFELA), Service of Neurology, Bellvitge University Hospital, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Karina Ausín
- IDISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- Clinical Neuroproteomics group and Proteored-ISCIII, Proteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Department of Health, Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Joaquín Fernández-Irigoyen
- IDISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- Clinical Neuroproteomics group and Proteored-ISCIII, Proteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Department of Health, Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Enrique Santamaría
- IDISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- Clinical Neuroproteomics group and Proteored-ISCIII, Proteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Department of Health, Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- Neuropathology, Pathologic Anatomy Service, Bellvitge University Hospital - Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute of Health Carlos III, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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RNA Granules and Their Role in Neurodegenerative Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1203:195-245. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-31434-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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5
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Ferrer I. Oligodendrogliopathy in neurodegenerative diseases with abnormal protein aggregates: The forgotten partner. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 169:24-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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6
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Shellikeri S, Karthikeyan V, Martino R, Black SE, Zinman L, Keith J, Yunusova Y. The neuropathological signature of bulbar-onset ALS: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 75:378-392. [PMID: 28163193 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
ALS is a multisystem disorder affecting motor and cognitive functions. Bulbar-onset ALS (bALS) may be preferentially associated with cognitive and language impairments, compared with spinal-onset ALS (sALS), stemming from a potentially unique neuropathology. The objective of this systematic review was to compare neuropathology findings reported for bALS and sALS subtypes in studies of cadaveric brains. Using Cochrane guidelines, we reviewed articles in MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO databases using standardized search terms for ALS and neuropathology, from inception until July 16th 2016. 17 studies were accepted for analysis. The analysis revealed that both subtypes presented with involvement in motor and frontotemporal cortices, deep cortical structures, and cerebellum and were characterized by neuronal loss, spongiosis, myelin pallor, and ubiquitin+ and TDP43+ inclusion bodies. Changes in Broca and Wernicke areas - regions associated with speech and language processing - were noted exclusively in bALS. Further, some bALS cases presented with atypical pathology such as neurofibrillary tangles and basophilic inclusions, which were not found in sALS cases. Given the limited number of studies, all with methodological biases, further work is required to better understand neuropathology of ALS subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shellikeri
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - V Karthikeyan
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - R Martino
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Health Care and Outcomes Research, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - S E Black
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Neurology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Heart & Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - L Zinman
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Neurology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Keith
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Y Yunusova
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University Health Network - Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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De Marco G, Lomartire A, Calvo A, Risso A, De Luca E, Mostert M, Mandrioli J, Caponnetto C, Borghero G, Manera U, Canosa A, Moglia C, Restagno G, Fini N, Tarella C, Giordana MT, Rinaudo MT, Chiò A. Monocytes of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis linked to gene mutations display altered TDP-43 subcellular distribution. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2016; 43:133-153. [PMID: 27178390 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Cytoplasmic accumulation of the nuclear protein transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) is an early determinant of motor neuron degeneration in most amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) cases. We previously disclosed this accumulation in circulating lymphomonocytes (CLM) of ALS patients with mutant TARDBP, the TDP-43-coding gene, as well as of a healthy individual carrying the parental TARDBP mutation. Here, we investigate TDP-43 subcellular localization in CLM and in the constituent cells, lymphocytes and monocytes, of patients with various ALS-linked mutant genes. METHODS TDP-43 subcellular localization was analysed with western immunoblotting and immunocytofluorescence in CLM of healthy controls (n = 10), patients with mutant TARDBP (n = 4, 1 homozygous), valosin-containing protein (VCP; n = 2), fused in sarcoma/translocated in liposarcoma (FUS; n = 2), Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1; n = 6), chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9ORF72; n = 4), without mutations (n = 5) and neurologically unaffected subjects with mutant TARDBP (n = 2). RESULTS TDP-43 cytoplasmic accumulation was found (P < 0.05 vs. controls) in CLM of patients with mutant TARDBP or VCP, but not FUS, in line with TDP-43 subcellular localization described for motor neurons of corresponding groups. Accumulation also characterized CLM of the healthy individuals with mutant TARDBP and of some patients with mutant SOD1 or C9ORF72. In 5 patients, belonging to categories described to carry TDP-43 mislocalization in motor neurons (3 C9ORF72, 1 TARDBP and 1 without mutations), TDP-43 cytoplasmic accumulation was not detected in CLM or in lymphocytes but was in monocytes. CONCLUSIONS In ALS forms characterized by TDP-43 mislocalization in motor neurons, monocytes display this alteration, even when not manifest in CLM. Monocytes may be used to support diagnosis, as well as to identify subjects at risk, of ALS and to develop/monitor targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- G De Marco
- 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - A Lomartire
- 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - A Calvo
- 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,ALS Center, University of Turin and AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - A Risso
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - E De Luca
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - M Mostert
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - J Mandrioli
- Department of Neuroscience, Sant'Agostino Estense Hospital, University of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - C Caponnetto
- Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Rehabilitation and Child Health, IRCCS AOU San Martino IST, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - G Borghero
- Department of Neurology, AOU and University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - U Manera
- 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,ALS Center, University of Turin and AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - A Canosa
- ALS Center, University of Turin and AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Rehabilitation and Child Health, IRCCS AOU San Martino IST, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - C Moglia
- 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,ALS Center, University of Turin and AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - G Restagno
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Clinical Pathology, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - N Fini
- Department of Neuroscience, Sant'Agostino Estense Hospital, University of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - C Tarella
- Clinical Hemato-Oncology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), Milan, Italy
| | - M T Giordana
- 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - M T Rinaudo
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - A Chiò
- 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,ALS Center, University of Turin and AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
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McFarland NR, Burdett T, Desjardins CA, Frosch MP, Schwarzschild MA. Postmortem brain levels of urate and precursors in Parkinson's disease and related disorders. NEURODEGENER DIS 2013; 12:189-98. [PMID: 23467193 PMCID: PMC3809155 DOI: 10.1159/000346370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence suggests that urate may play an important role in neurodegenerative disease. In Parkinson's disease (PD) higher, but still normal, levels of blood and cerebrospinal fluid urate have been associated with a lower rate of disease progression. OBJECTIVE We explored the hypothesis that lower levels of urate and its purine precursors in brain may be associated with PD and related neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Lewy body dementia (DLB). METHODS Human postmortem brain tissues were obtained from PD, AD, and DLB patients and non-neurodegenerative disease controls. We measured urate and other purine pathway analytes in the frontal and temporal cortex, striatum, and cerebellum, using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical and ultraviolet detection. RESULTS Age was well-matched among groups. Mean postmortem interval for samples was 16.3 ± 9.9 h. Urate levels in cortical and striatal tissue trended lower in PD and AD compared to controls in males only. These findings correlated with increased urate in male versus female control tissues. By contrast, in DLB urate levels were significantly elevated relative to PD and AD. Measurement of urate precursors suggested a decrease in xanthine in PD compared to AD in females only, and relative increases in inosine and adenosine in DLB and AD samples among males. Xanthine and hypoxanthine were more concentrated in striatal tissue than in other brain regions. CONCLUSIONS Though limited in sample size, these findings lend support to the inverse association between urate levels and PD, as well as possibly AD. The finding of increased urate in DLB brain tissue is novel and warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus R McFarland
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Fla., USA
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Brettschneider J, Toledo JB, Van Deerlin VM, Elman L, McCluskey L, Lee VMY, Trojanowski JQ. Microglial activation correlates with disease progression and upper motor neuron clinical symptoms in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39216. [PMID: 22720079 PMCID: PMC3375234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims We evaluated clinicopathological correlates of upper motor neuron (UMN) damage in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and analyzed if the presence of the C9ORF72 repeat expansion was associated with alterations in microglial inflammatory activity. Methods Microglial pathology was assessed by IHC with 2 different antibodies (CD68, Iba1), myelin loss by Kluver-Barrera staining and myelin basic protein (MBP) IHC, and axonal loss by neurofilament protein (TA51) IHC, performed on 59 autopsy cases of ALS including 9 cases with C9ORF72 repeat expansion. Results Microglial pathology as depicted by CD68 and Iba1 was significantly more extensive in the corticospinal tract (CST) of ALS cases with a rapid progression of disease. Cases with C9ORF72 repeat expansion showed more extensive microglial pathology in the medulla and motor cortex which persisted after adjusting for disease duration in a logistic regression model. Higher scores on the clinical UMN scale correlated with increasing microglial pathology in the cervical CST. TDP-43 pathology was more extensive in the motor cortex of cases with rapid progression of disease. Conclusions This study demonstrates that microglial pathology in the CST of ALS correlates with disease progression and is linked to severity of UMN deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Brettschneider
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
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