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Ng XY, Cao M. Dysfunction of synaptic endocytic trafficking in Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2649-2660. [PMID: 38595283 PMCID: PMC11168511 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterized by the selective degeneration of dopamine neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway and dopamine deficiency in the striatum. The precise reasons behind the specific degeneration of these dopamine neurons remain largely elusive. Genetic investigations have identified over 20 causative PARK genes and 90 genomic risk loci associated with both familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease. Notably, several of these genes are linked to the synaptic vesicle recycling process, particularly the clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway. This suggests that impaired synaptic vesicle recycling might represent an early feature of Parkinson's disease, followed by axonal degeneration and the eventual loss of dopamine cell bodies in the midbrain via a "dying back" mechanism. Recently, several new animal and cellular models with Parkinson's disease-linked mutations affecting the endocytic pathway have been created and extensively characterized. These models faithfully recapitulate certain Parkinson's disease-like features at the animal, circuit, and cellular levels, and exhibit defects in synaptic membrane trafficking, further supporting the findings from human genetics and clinical studies. In this review, we will first summarize the cellular and molecular findings from the models of two Parkinson's disease-linked clathrin uncoating proteins: auxilin (DNAJC6/PARK19) and synaptojanin 1 (SYNJ1/PARK20). The mouse models carrying these two PARK gene mutations phenocopy each other with specific dopamine terminal pathology and display a potent synergistic effect. Subsequently, we will delve into the involvement of several clathrin-mediated endocytosis-related proteins (GAK, endophilin A1, SAC2/INPP5F, synaptotagmin-11), identified as Parkinson's disease risk factors through genome-wide association studies, in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. We will also explore the direct or indirect roles of some common Parkinson's disease-linked proteins (alpha-synuclein (PARK1/4), Parkin (PARK2), and LRRK2 (PARK8)) in synaptic endocytic trafficking. Additionally, we will discuss the emerging novel functions of these endocytic proteins in downstream membrane traffic pathways, particularly autophagy. Given that synaptic dysfunction is considered as an early event in Parkinson's disease, a deeper understanding of the cellular mechanisms underlying synaptic vesicle endocytic trafficking may unveil novel targets for early diagnosis and the development of interventional therapies for Parkinson's disease. Future research should aim to elucidate why generalized synaptic endocytic dysfunction leads to the selective degeneration of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yi Ng
- Programme in Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mian Cao
- Programme in Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Mochizuki H. Pathological mechanisms and treatment of sporadic Parkinson's disease: past, present, and future. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2024; 131:597-607. [PMID: 38864935 PMCID: PMC11192660 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-024-02788-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
For a special issue, we review studies on the pathogenesis of nigral cell death and the treatment of sporadic Parkinson's disease (sPD) over the past few decades, with a focus on the studies performed by Prof. Mizuno and our group. Prof. Mizuno proposed the initial concept that mitochondrial function may be impaired in sPD. When working at Jichi Medical School, he found a decrease in complex I of the mitochondrial electron transfer complex in the substantia nigra of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and MPTP models. After moving to Juntendo University as a professor and chairman, he continued to study the mechanisms of cell death in the substantia nigra of patients with sPD. Under his supervision, I studied the relationships between PD and apoptosis, PD and iron involvement, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis, and PD and neuroinflammation. Moving to Kitasato University, we focused on PD and the cytotoxicity of alpha synuclein (αSyn) as well as brain neuropathology. Eventually, I moved to Osaka University, where I continued working on PD and αSyn projects to promote therapeutic research. In this paper, we present the details of these studies in the following order: past, present, and future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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Nakajima K, Ota T, Toda H, Yamaguchi K, Goto Y, Ogi H. Surface Modification of Ultrasonic Cavitation by Surfactants Improves Detection Sensitivity of α-Synuclein Amyloid Seeds. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:1643-1651. [PMID: 38546732 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid amplification and sensitive detection of α-synuclein (αSyn) seeds is an efficient approach for the early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. Ultrasonication stands out as a promising method for the rapid amplification of αSyn seeds because of its robust fibril fragmentation capability. However, ultrasonication also induces the primary nucleation of αSyn monomers, deteriorating the seed detection sensitivity by generating seed-independent fibrils. In this study, we show that an addition of surfactants to the αSyn monomer solution during αSyn seed detection under ultrasonication remarkably improves the detection sensitivity of the αSyn seeds by a factor of 100-1000. Chemical kinetic analysis reveals that these surfactants reduce the rate of primary nucleation while promoting the fragmentation of the αSyn fibrils under ultrasonication. These effects are attributed to the modification of the ultrasonic cavitation surface by the surfactants. Our study enhances the utility of ultrasonication in clinical assays targeting αSyn seeds as the Parkinson's disease biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kichitaro Nakajima
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ota
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hajime Toda
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keiichi Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuji Goto
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Ogi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Yu E, Larivière R, Thomas RA, Liu L, Senkevich K, Rahayel S, Trempe JF, Fon EA, Gan-Or Z. Machine learning nominates the inositol pathway and novel genes in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2024; 147:887-899. [PMID: 37804111 PMCID: PMC10907089 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There are 78 loci associated with Parkinson's disease in the most recent genome-wide association study (GWAS), yet the specific genes driving these associations are mostly unknown. Herein, we aimed to nominate the top candidate gene from each Parkinson's disease locus and identify variants and pathways potentially involved in Parkinson's disease. We trained a machine learning model to predict Parkinson's disease-associated genes from GWAS loci using genomic, transcriptomic and epigenomic data from brain tissues and dopaminergic neurons. We nominated candidate genes in each locus and identified novel pathways potentially involved in Parkinson's disease, such as the inositol phosphate biosynthetic pathway (INPP5F, IP6K2, ITPKB and PPIP5K2). Specific common coding variants in SPNS1 and MLX may be involved in Parkinson's disease, and burden tests of rare variants further support that CNIP3, LSM7, NUCKS1 and the polyol/inositol phosphate biosynthetic pathway are associated with the disease. Functional studies are needed to further analyse the involvements of these genes and pathways in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Yu
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Roxanne Larivière
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Rhalena A Thomas
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
- Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital (The Neuro), Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Lang Liu
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Konstantin Senkevich
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Shady Rahayel
- Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H4J 1C5, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jean-François Trempe
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Edward A Fon
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
- Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital (The Neuro), Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
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Xie X, Wang Y, Chen S, Liu Y, Li F, Zeng C, Zhang L, Wang X. Network pharmacology and molecular docking of endogenous active metabolites in diabetic kidney disease. Ren Fail 2023; 45:2290927. [PMID: 38152048 PMCID: PMC10763839 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2023.2290927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Network pharmacology and molecular docking were used to predict endogenous active metabolites with protective effects in diabetic kidney disease (DKD). METHODS We utilized metabolomics to screen differentially expressed metabolites in kidney tissues of mice with type 2 DKD and predicted potential targets using relevant databases. The interaction network between endogenous active metabolites and target proteins was established by integrating differentially expressed metabolites and proteins associated with DKD identified through proteomics. Gene ontology (GO) and signaling pathway enrichment analysis were performed. The biological functions of the active candidate metabolites and their effects on downstream pathways were also verified. RESULTS Metabolomics revealed 130 differentially expressed metabolites. Through co-expression network analysis coupled with the investigation of differentially expressed proteins in proteomics, 2-hydroxyphenylpropionylglycine (2-HPG) emerged as a key regulator of DKD. 2-HPG was found to modulate the progression of DKD by regulating the conformation and activity of synaptophysin 1 (SYNJ1), with a correlation coefficient of 0.974. In vivo experiments revealed that SYNJ1 expression was significantly downregulated in the Macroalbuminuria Group compared to the Control Group and negatively correlated with proteinuria (r = -0.7137), indicating its important role in DKD progression. Immunofluorescence demonstrated that treatment with 2-HPG restores the expression of the foot process marker protein Wilms tumor-1 (WT-1) in podocytes injured by high glucose levels. Western blot and polymerase chain reaction support the involvement of SYNJ1 in this process. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the significance of the 2-HPG/SYNJ1 signaling axis in safeguarding the foot process of podocytes in DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmiao Xie
- Department of Nephrology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yanzhe Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Sijia Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yuyuan Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Fengqin Li
- Department of Nephrology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chuchu Zeng
- Department of Nephrology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
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Louros N, Schymkowitz J, Rousseau F. Mechanisms and pathology of protein misfolding and aggregation. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:912-933. [PMID: 37684425 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00647-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in machine learning-based protein structure prediction, we are still far from fully understanding how proteins fold into their native conformation. The conventional notion that polypeptides fold spontaneously to their biologically active states has gradually been replaced by our understanding that cellular protein folding often requires context-dependent guidance from molecular chaperones in order to avoid misfolding. Misfolded proteins can aggregate into larger structures, such as amyloid fibrils, which perpetuate the misfolding process, creating a self-reinforcing cascade. A surge in amyloid fibril structures has deepened our comprehension of how a single polypeptide sequence can exhibit multiple amyloid conformations, known as polymorphism. The assembly of these polymorphs is not a random process but is influenced by the specific conditions and tissues in which they originate. This observation suggests that, similar to the folding of native proteins, the kinetics of pathological amyloid assembly are modulated by interactions specific to cells and tissues. Here, we review the current understanding of how intrinsic protein conformational propensities are modulated by physiological and pathological interactions in the cell to shape protein misfolding and aggregation pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Louros
- Switch Laboratory, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joost Schymkowitz
- Switch Laboratory, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Frederic Rousseau
- Switch Laboratory, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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