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Application of Alginate Hydrogels for Next-Generation Articular Cartilage Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031147. [PMID: 35163071 PMCID: PMC8835677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The articular cartilage has insufficient intrinsic healing abilities, and articular cartilage injuries often progress to osteoarthritis. Alginate-based scaffolds are attractive biomaterials for cartilage repair and regeneration, allowing for the delivery of cells and therapeutic drugs and gene sequences. In light of the heterogeneity of findings reporting the benefits of using alginate for cartilage regeneration, a better understanding of alginate-based systems is needed in order to improve the approaches aiming to enhance cartilage regeneration with this compound. This review provides an in-depth evaluation of the literature, focusing on the manipulation of alginate as a tool to support the processes involved in cartilage healing in order to demonstrate how such a material, used as a direct compound or combined with cell and gene therapy and with scaffold-guided gene transfer procedures, may assist cartilage regeneration in an optimal manner for future applications in patients.
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Monaco G, El Haj AJ, Alini M, Stoddart MJ. Ex Vivo Systems to Study Chondrogenic Differentiation and Cartilage Integration. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:E6. [PMID: 33466400 PMCID: PMC7838775 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage injury and repair is an issue of growing importance. Although common, defects of articular cartilage present a unique clinical challenge due to its poor self-healing capacity, which is largely due to its avascular nature. There is a critical need to better study and understand cellular healing mechanisms to achieve more effective therapies for cartilage regeneration. This article aims to describe the key features of cartilage which is being modelled using tissue engineered cartilage constructs and ex vivo systems. These models have been used to investigate chondrogenic differentiation and to study the mechanisms of cartilage integration into the surrounding tissue. The review highlights the key regeneration principles of articular cartilage repair in healthy and diseased joints. Using co-culture models and novel bioreactor designs, the basis of regeneration is aligned with recent efforts for optimal therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziana Monaco
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, CH-7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland; (G.M.); (M.A.)
- School of Pharmacy & Bioengineering Research, University of Keele, Keele ST5 5BG, UK;
| | - Alicia J. El Haj
- School of Pharmacy & Bioengineering Research, University of Keele, Keele ST5 5BG, UK;
- Healthcare Technology Institute, Translational Medicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - Mauro Alini
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, CH-7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland; (G.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Martin J. Stoddart
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, CH-7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland; (G.M.); (M.A.)
- School of Pharmacy & Bioengineering Research, University of Keele, Keele ST5 5BG, UK;
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Irwin RM, Gao T, Boys AJ, Ortved K, Cohen I, Bonassar LJ. Microscale strain mapping demonstrates the importance of interface slope in the mechanics of cartilage repair. J Biomech 2020; 114:110159. [PMID: 33310276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.110159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Achieving lateral integration of articular cartilage repair tissue with surrounding native cartilage remains a clinical challenge. Histological and bulk mechanical studies have identified extracellular matrix components that correlate with superior failure strength, but it is unclear how local changes in geometry and composition at the repair interface affect tissue strains under physiologic loading. Here, we investigated the effects of local compositional and interface geometry on lateral cartilage repair integration by coupling microscale Raman spectroscopy and confocal elastography to measure tissue strains under compressive and shear loading. Histological integration assessments did not have significant relationships with interface strains under compressive loading (p > 0.083) and only the perimeter attachment score was trending towards statistical significance with the |Exy| strain tensor under shear loading (p = 0.050). Interface slope had a stronger correlation with local tissue strains under compressive and shear loading compared to compositional measures of GAG, collagen, or proteins (compressive loading |Eyy| tensor: R2 = 0.400 (interface slope), 0.005 (GAG), 0.024 (collagen), and 0.012 (protein); shear loading |Exy| tensor: R2 = 0.457 (interface slope), 0.003 (GAG), 0.006 (collagen), and 0.000 (total protein)). These data support surgical publications detailing the need for vertical walls when debriding chondral defects. Current histological integration assessments and local compositional measures were insufficient for identifying the variation in interface strains under compressive and shear loading. Thus, our data points to the importance of controlling interface geometry at the time of surgery, which has implications for cartilage repair integration and long-term healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Irwin
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Tianyu Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Alexander J Boys
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Kyla Ortved
- Comparative Orthopaedics Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States(1)
| | - Itai Cohen
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Lawrence J Bonassar
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States; Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.
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Walter SG, Ossendorff R, Schildberg FA. Articular cartilage regeneration and tissue engineering models: a systematic review. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2019; 139:305-316. [PMID: 30382366 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-018-3057-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cartilage regeneration and restoration is a major topic in orthopedic research as cartilaginous degeneration and damage is associated with osteoarthritis and joint destruction. This systematic review aims to summarize current research strategies in cartilage regeneration research. MATERIALS AND METHODS A Pubmed search for models investigating single-site cartilage defects as well as chondrogenesis was conducted and articles were evaluated for content by title and abstract. Finally, only manuscripts were included, which report new models or approaches of cartilage regeneration. RESULTS The search resulted in 2217 studies, 200 of which were eligible for inclusion in this review. The identified manuscripts consisted of a large spectrum of research approaches spanning from cell culture to tissue engineering and transplantation as well as sophisticated computational modeling. CONCLUSIONS In the past three decades, knowledge about articular cartilage and its defects has multiplied in clinical and experimental settings and the respective body of research literature has grown significantly. However, current strategies for articular cartilage repair have not yet succeeded to replicate the structure and function of innate articular cartilage, which makes it even more important to understand the current strategies and their impact. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to globally summarize experimental strategies investigating cartilage regeneration in vitro as well as in vivo. This will allow for better referencing when designing new models or strategies and potentially improve research translation from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian G Walter
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Robert Ossendorff
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Frank A Schildberg
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany.
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Graceffa V, Vinatier C, Guicheux J, Evans CH, Stoddart M, Alini M, Zeugolis DI. State of art and limitations in genetic engineering to induce stable chondrogenic phenotype. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1855-1869. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Controlled Non-Viral Gene Delivery in Cartilage and Bone Repair: Current Strategies and Future Directions. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201800038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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7
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Making Them Commit: Strategies to Influence Phenotypic Differentiation in Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev 2018; 26:64-69. [DOI: 10.1097/jsa.0000000000000187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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ALK5 transfection of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to repair osteoarthritis of knee joint. Biodes Manuf 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s42242-018-0012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Bellavia D, Veronesi F, Carina V, Costa V, Raimondi L, De Luca A, Alessandro R, Fini M, Giavaresi G. Gene therapy for chondral and osteochondral regeneration: is the future now? Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:649-667. [PMID: 28864934 PMCID: PMC11105387 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2637-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy might represent a promising strategy for chondral and osteochondral defects repair by balancing the management of temporary joint mechanical incompetence with altered metabolic and inflammatory homeostasis. This review analysed preclinical and clinical studies on gene therapy for the repair of articular cartilage defects performed over the last 10 years, focussing on expression vectors (non-viral and viral), type of genes delivered and gene therapy procedures (direct or indirect). Plasmids (non-viral expression vectors) and adenovirus (viral vectors) were the most employed vectors in preclinical studies. Genes delivered encoded mainly for growth factors, followed by transcription factors, anti-inflammatory cytokines and, less frequently, by cell signalling proteins, matrix proteins and receptors. Direct injection of the expression vector was used less than indirect injection of cells, with or without scaffolds, transduced with genes of interest and then implanted into the lesion site. Clinical trials (phases I, II or III) on safety, biological activity, efficacy, toxicity or bio-distribution employed adenovirus viral vectors to deliver growth factors or anti-inflammatory cytokines, for the treatment of osteoarthritis or degenerative arthritis, and tumour necrosis factor receptor or interferon for the treatment of inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Bellavia
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy.
- Innovative Technology Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via Divisi 83, 90133, Palermo, Italy.
| | - F Veronesi
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - V Carina
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
- Innovative Technology Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via Divisi 83, 90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - V Costa
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
- Innovative Technology Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via Divisi 83, 90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - L Raimondi
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
- Innovative Technology Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via Divisi 83, 90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - A De Luca
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
- Innovative Technology Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via Divisi 83, 90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - R Alessandro
- Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - M Fini
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - G Giavaresi
- Innovative Technology Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via Divisi 83, 90133, Palermo, Italy
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
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Zhou Y, Wang Z, Li J, Li X, Xiao J. Fibroblast growth factors in the management of spinal cord injury. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 22:25-37. [PMID: 29063730 PMCID: PMC5742738 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) possesses a significant health and economic burden worldwide. Traumatic SCI is a devastating condition that evolves through two successive stages. Throughout each of these stages, disturbances in ionic homeostasis, local oedema, ischaemia, focal haemorrhage, free radicals stress and inflammatory response were observed. Although there are no fully restorative cures available for SCI patients, various molecular, cellular and rehabilitative therapies, such as limiting local inflammation, preventing secondary cell death and enhancing the plasticity of local circuits in the spinal cord, were described. Current preclinical studies have showed that fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) alone or combination therapies utilizing cell transplantation and biomaterial scaffolds are proven effective for treating SCI in animal models. More importantly, some studies further demonstrated a paucity of clinical transfer usage to promote functional recovery of numerous patients with SCI. In this review, we focus on the therapeutic capacity and pitfalls of the FGF family and its clinical application for treating SCI, including the signalling component of the FGF pathway and the role in the central nervous system, the pathophysiology of SCI and the targets for FGF treatment. We also discuss the challenges and potential for the clinical translation of FGF-based approaches into treatments for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhouguang Wang
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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11
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Li MH, Xiao R, Li JB, Zhu Q. Regenerative approaches for cartilage repair in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2017; 25:1577-1587. [PMID: 28705606 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) as a debilitating affliction of joints currently affects millions of people and remains an unsolved problem. The disease involves multiple cellular and molecular pathways that converge on the progressive destruction of cartilage. Activation of cartilage regenerative potential and specific targeting pathogenic mediators have been the major focus of research efforts aimed at slowing the progression of cartilage degeneration and preserve joint function. This review will summarize recent key discoveries toward better understanding of the complex mechanisms behind OA development and highlight the latest advances in basic and clinical research in the approach for cartilage regeneration. Prospectively, more potent therapeutic strategies against progressive cartilage deterioration may use a combination of cytotherapy, pharmacotherapy, and bioscaffoldings for improved chondrogenic differentiation and stem/progenitor cell homing as well as the concomitant reduced enzymatic matrix degradation and inflammation. Further, treatments need to be provided with increased preciseness of targeted therapy. One might expect that the regenerative therapies could potentially control or even possibly cure OA if performed at early stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - R Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - J B Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Q Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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12
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Zhou S, Wang Z, Tang J, Li W, Huang J, Xu W, Luo F, Xu M, Wang J, Wen X, Chen L, Chen H, Su N, Shen Y, Du X, Xie Y, Chen L. Exogenous fibroblast growth factor 9 attenuates cartilage degradation and aggravates osteophyte formation in post-traumatic osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24:2181-2192. [PMID: 27473558 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of exogenous fibroblast growth factor (FGF)9 on the progression of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (OA). DESIGN The expression of FGF9 in articular cartilage with OA is detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The effects of intra-articular exogenous FGF9 injection on post-traumatic OA induced by the destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) surgery are evaluated. Cartilage changes and osteophyte formation in knee joints are investigated by histological analysis. Changes in subchondral bone are evaluated by microcomputed tomography (micro-CT). The effect of exogenous FGF9 on an interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-induced ex vivo OA model of human articular cartilage tissues is also evaluated. RESULTS FGF9 expression was down-regulated in articular chondrocytes of OA but ectopically induced at sites of osteophyte formation. Intra-articular injection of exogenous FGF9 attenuated articular cartilage degradation in mice after DMM surgery. Exogenous FGF9 suppressed collagen X and MMP13 expressions in OA cartilage, while promoted collagen II expression. Similar results were observed in IL-1β-induced ex vivo OA model. Intra-articular injection of FGF9 had no significant effect on the subchondral bone of knee joints after DMM surgery, but aggravated osteophyte formation. The expressions of SOX9 and collagen II, and cell proliferation were up-regulated at sites of initial osteophyte formation in mice with exogenous FGF9 treatment. CONCLUSIONS Intra-articular injection of exogenous FGF9 delays articular cartilage degradation in post-traumatic OA, while aggravates osteophyte formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zhou
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Z Wang
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - J Tang
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - W Li
- Department of Military Nursing, School of Nursing, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - J Huang
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - W Xu
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - F Luo
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - M Xu
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - J Wang
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - X Wen
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - L Chen
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - H Chen
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - N Su
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Y Shen
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - X Du
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Y Xie
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China.
| | - L Chen
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China.
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Im GI. Gene Transfer Strategies to Promote Chondrogenesis and Cartilage Regeneration. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2016; 22:136-48. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2015.0347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gun-Il Im
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
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14
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Alemdar C, Yücel İ, Erbil B, Erdem H, Atiç R, Özkul E. Effect of insulin-like growth factor-1 and hyaluronic acid in experimentally produced osteochondral defects in rats. Indian J Orthop 2016; 50:414-20. [PMID: 27512224 PMCID: PMC4964775 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5413.185607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The common purpose of almost all methods used to treat the osteochondral injuries is to produce a normal cartilage matrix. However current methods are not sufficient to provide a normal cartilage matrix. For that reason, researchers have studied to increase the effectiveness of this methods using chondrogenic and chondroprotective molecules in recent experimental studies. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and hyaluronic acid (HA) are two important agents used in this field. This study compared the effects of IGF-1 and HA in an experimental osteochondral defect in rat femora. MATERIALS AND METHODS The rats were divided into three groups (n = 15 per group) as follows: The IGF-1 group, HA group, and control group. An osteochondral defect of a diameter of 1.5 mm and a depth of 2 mm was created on the patellar joint side of femoral condyles. The IGF-1 group received an absorbable gelatin sponge soaked with 15 μg/15 μl of IGF-1, and the HA group received an absorbable gelatin sponge soaked with 80 μg HA. The control group received only an absorbable gelatin sponge. Rats were sacrificed at the 6(th) week, and the femur condyles were evaluated histologically. RESULTS According to the total Mankin scale, there was a statistically significant difference between IGF-1 and HA groups and between IGF-1 and control groups. There was also a significant statistical difference between HA and control groups. CONCLUSION It was shown histopathologically that IGF-1 is an effective molecule for osteochondral lesions. Although it is weaker than IGF-1, HA also strengthened the repair tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celil Alemdar
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dicle University Medical Faculty, Diyarbakir, Turkey,Address for correspondence: Prof. Celil Alemdar, Department of Orthopaedics, Dicle University Medical Faculty, 21280, Diyarbakir, Turkey. E-mail:
| | - İstemi Yücel
- Department of Orthopaedics, Düzce University Medical Faculty, Düzce, Turkey
| | - Barış Erbil
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tekirdağ State Hospital, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Havva Erdem
- Department of Pathology, Ordu University Medical Faculty, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Atiç
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dicle University Medical Faculty, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Emin Özkul
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dicle University Medical Faculty, Diyarbakir, Turkey
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Bozhokin MS, Bozhkova SA, Netylko GI. POSSIBILITIES OF CURRENT CELLULAR TECHNOLOGIES FOR ARTICULAR CARTILAGE REPAIR (ANALYTICAL REVIEW). TRAUMATOLOGY AND ORTHOPEDICS OF RUSSIA 2016. [DOI: 10.21823/2311-2905-2016-22-3-122-134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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16
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Orth P, Peifer C, Goebel L, Cucchiarini M, Madry H. Comprehensive analysis of translational osteochondral repair: Focus on the histological assessment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 50:19-36. [PMID: 26515165 DOI: 10.1016/j.proghi.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage guarantees for an optimal functioning of diarthrodial joints by providing a gliding surface for smooth articulation, weight distribution, and shock absorbing while the subchondral bone plays a crucial role in its biomechanical and nutritive support. Both tissues together form the osteochondral unit. The structural assessment of the osteochondral unit is now considered the key standard procedure for evaluating articular cartilage repair in translational animal models. The aim of this review is to give a detailed overview of the different methods for a comprehensive evaluation of osteochondral repair. The main focus is on the histological assessment as the gold standard, together with immunohistochemistry, and polarized light microscopy. Additionally, standards of macroscopic, non-destructive imaging such as high resolution MRI and micro-CT, biochemical, and molecular biological evaluations are addressed. Potential pitfalls of analysis are outlined. A second focus is to suggest recommendations for osteochondral evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Orth
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics and Osteoarthritis Research, Saarland University, Kirrberger Strasse 100, Building 37, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger Strasse 100, Building 37, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Carolin Peifer
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics and Osteoarthritis Research, Saarland University, Kirrberger Strasse 100, Building 37, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Lars Goebel
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics and Osteoarthritis Research, Saarland University, Kirrberger Strasse 100, Building 37, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger Strasse 100, Building 37, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Magali Cucchiarini
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics and Osteoarthritis Research, Saarland University, Kirrberger Strasse 100, Building 37, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Henning Madry
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics and Osteoarthritis Research, Saarland University, Kirrberger Strasse 100, Building 37, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger Strasse 100, Building 37, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
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Simental-Mendía M, Lara-Arias J, Álvarez-Lozano E, Said-Fernández S, Soto-Domínguez A, Padilla-Rivas GR, Martínez-Rodríguez HG. Cotransfected human chondrocytes: over-expression of IGF-I and SOX9 enhances the synthesis of cartilage matrix components collagen-II and glycosaminoglycans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 48:1063-70. [PMID: 26445237 PMCID: PMC4661021 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20154732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Damage to cartilage causes a loss of type II collagen (Col-II) and glycosaminoglycans
(GAG). To restore the original cartilage architecture, cell factors that stimulate
Col-II and GAG production are needed. Insulin-like growth factor I
(IGF-I) and transcription factor SOX9are
essential for the synthesis of cartilage matrix, chondrocyte proliferation, and
phenotype maintenance. We evaluated the combined effect of IGF-I and
SOX9 transgene expression on Col-II and GAG production by
cultured human articular chondrocytes. Transient transfection and cotransfection were
performed using two mammalian expression plasmids (pCMV-SPORT6), one for each
transgene. At day 9 post-transfection, the chondrocytes that were over-expressing
IGF-I/SOX9 showed 2-fold increased mRNA
expression of the Col-II gene, as well as a 57% increase in Col-II
protein, whereas type I collagen expression (Col-I) was decreased by
59.3% compared with controls. The production of GAG by these cells increased
significantly compared with the controls at day 9 (3.3- vs
1.8-times, an increase of almost 83%). Thus,
IGF-I/SOX9 cotransfected chondrocytes may be
useful for cell-based articular cartilage therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Simental-Mendía
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - J Lara-Arias
- Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Bone and Tissue Bank, Universitary Hospital, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - E Álvarez-Lozano
- Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Bone and Tissue Bank, Universitary Hospital, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - S Said-Fernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - A Soto-Domínguez
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - G R Padilla-Rivas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - H G Martínez-Rodríguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
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Madry H, Cucchiarini M. Tissue-engineering strategies to repair joint tissue in osteoarthritis: nonviral gene-transfer approaches. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2015; 16:450. [PMID: 25182678 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-014-0450-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Loss of articular cartilage is a common clinical consequence of osteoarthritis (OA). In the past decade, substantial progress in tissue engineering, nonviral gene transfer, and cell transplantation have provided the scientific foundation for generating cartilaginous constructs from genetically modified cells. Combining tissue engineering with overexpression of therapeutic genes enables immediate filling of a cartilage defect with an engineered construct that actively supports chondrogenesis. Several pioneering studies have proved that spatially defined nonviral overexpression of growth-factor genes in constructs of solid biomaterials or hydrogels is advantageous compared with gene transfer or scaffold alone, both in vitro and in vivo. Notably, these investigations were performed in models of focal cartilage defects, because advanced cartilage-repair strategies based on the principles of tissue engineering have not advanced sufficiently to enable resurfacing of extensively degraded cartilage as therapy for OA. These studies serve as prototypes for future technological developments, because they raise the possibility that cartilage constructs engineered from genetically modified chondrocytes providing autocrine and paracrine stimuli could similarly compensate for the loss of articular cartilage in OA. Because cartilage-tissue-engineering strategies are already used in the clinic, combining tissue engineering and nonviral gene transfer could prove a powerful approach to treat OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Madry
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany,
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19
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Li KC, Hu YC. Cartilage tissue engineering: recent advances and perspectives from gene regulation/therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:948-68. [PMID: 25656682 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Diseases in articular cartilages affect millions of people. Despite the relatively simple biochemical and cellular composition of articular cartilages, the self-repair ability of cartilage is limited. Successful cartilage tissue engineering requires intricately coordinated interactions between matrerials, cells, biological factors, and phycial/mechanical factors, and still faces a multitude of challenges. This article presents an overview of the cartilage biology, current treatments, recent advances in the materials, biological factors, and cells used in cartilage tissue engineering/regeneration, with strong emphasis on the perspectives of gene regulation (e.g., microRNA) and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Chang Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering; National Tsing Hua University; Hsinchu Taiwan 300
| | - Yu-Chen Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering; National Tsing Hua University; Hsinchu Taiwan 300
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20
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Schmal H, Henkelmann R, Mehlhorn AT, Reising K, Bode G, Südkamp NP, Niemeyer P. Synovial cytokine expression in ankle osteoarthritis depends on age and stage. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2015; 23:1359-1367. [PMID: 24141892 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-013-2719-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Aim of the study was the analysis of cytokine expression in ankle osteoarthritis (OA) hypothesizing age-dependent regulation patterns. METHODS Forty-nine patients undergoing an arthroscopy of the ankle with different stages of chronic OA were prospectively included in a clinical trial comparing the group <18 years (n = 9, Ø15.1 ± 2.0 years) with the older patients (≥18 years, n = 40, Ø36.5 ± 11.9). Lavage fluids were analysed by ELISA for levels of aggrecan, BMP-2/7, IGF-1/R, bFGF, CD105, MMP-13, and IL-1β. Additionally, clinical parameters and scores (FFI, CFSS, AOFAS) were evaluated and supplemented by radiographic scores [Kellgren-Lawrence Score (KLS) for conventional X-rays, Ankle Osteoarthritis Scoring System (AOSS) for MRI]. RESULTS In contrast to distribution of gender and BMI (p < 0.005), parameters characterizing the cartilage defect as ICRS grading, size, and duration of symptoms were not dependent on age. The incidence of osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) was higher in the group <18 years (p < 0.006), but the average degree of OCD grading was not different. KLS and AOSS were significantly higher in the group ≥18 years (p < 0.02). Correlating with the higher degree of OA in the elderly, clinical function measured by FFI and AOFAS was statistically significantly worse (p < 0.05). Intra-articular concentrations of aggrecan (3.1-fold), bFGF (8.7-fold), BMP-7 (2.7-fold), and CD105 (1.5-fold) were statistically significantly higher in the group ≥18 years (p < 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Confirming the hypothesis, increased synovial levels of aggrecan, bFGF, BMP-7, and CD105 were found in patients over 18 years. This correlated with a higher stage of OA determined by radiographic changes or deteriorated function and may offer starting points for new diagnostics and interventional strategies. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagen Schmal
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg i.Br., Germany.
| | - Ralf Henkelmann
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg i.Br., Germany
| | - Alexander T Mehlhorn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg i.Br., Germany
| | - Kilian Reising
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg i.Br., Germany
| | - Gerrit Bode
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg i.Br., Germany
| | - Norbert P Südkamp
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg i.Br., Germany
| | - Philipp Niemeyer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg i.Br., Germany
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21
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Madeira C, Santhagunam A, Salgueiro JB, Cabral JM. Advanced cell therapies for articular cartilage regeneration. Trends Biotechnol 2015; 33:35-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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22
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Zhao R, Peng X, Li Q, Song W. Effects of phosphorylatable short peptide-conjugated chitosan-mediated IL-1Ra and igf-1 gene transfer on articular cartilage defects in rabbits. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112284. [PMID: 25390659 PMCID: PMC4229204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported an improvement in the transfection efficiency of the plasmid DNA-chitosan (pDNA/CS) complex by the utilization of phosphorylatable short peptide-conjugated chitosan (pSP-CS). In this study, we investigated the effects of pSP-CS-mediated gene transfection of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein (IL-1Ra) combined with insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in rabbit chondrocytes and in a rabbit model of cartilage defects. pBudCE4.1-IL-1Ra+igf-1, pBudCE4.1-IL-1Ra and pBudCE4.1-igf-1 were constructed and combined with pSP-CS to form pDNA/pSP-CS complexes. These complexes were transfected into rabbit primary chondrocytes or injected into the joint cavity. Seven weeks after treatment, all rabbits were sacrificed and analyzed. High levels of IL-1Ra and igf-1 expression were detected both in the cell culture supernatant and in the synovial fluid. In vitro, the transgenic complexes caused significant proliferation of chondrocytes, promotion of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen II synthesis, and inhibition of chondrocyte apoptosis and nitric oxide (NO) synthesis. In vivo, the exogenous genes resulted in increased collagen II synthesis and reduced NO and GAG concentrations in the synovial fluid; histological studies revealed that pDNA/pSP-CS treatment resulted in varying degrees of hyaline-like cartilage repair and Mankin score decrease. The co-expression of both genes produced greater effects than each single gene alone both in vitro and in vivo. The results suggest that pSP-CS is a good candidate for use in gene therapy for the treatment of cartilage defects and that igf-1 and IL-1Ra co-expression produces promising biologic effects on cartilage defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronglan Zhao
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Peng
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
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23
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Hooshmand S, Juma S, Khalil DA, Shamloufard P, Arjmandi BH. Women with Osteoarthritis have Elevated Synovial Fluid Levels of Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF)-1 and IGF-Binding Protein-3. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2014; 36:284-94. [DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2014.947431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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24
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Yu DA, Han J, Kim BS. Stimulation of chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Int J Stem Cells 2014; 5:16-22. [PMID: 24298351 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc.2012.5.1.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The methods for cartilage repair have been studied so far, yet many of them seem to have limitations due to the low regenerative capacity of articular cartilage. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) has been suggested as an alternative solution to remedy this challenging problem. MSCs, which have extensive differentiation capacity, can be induced to differentiate into chondrocytes under specific conditions. Particularly, this review focused on the effects of growth factors, cell-to-cell interactions and biomaterials in chondrogenesis of MSCs. Appropriate stimulations through these factors are crucial in differentiation and proliferation of MSCs. However, use of MSCs for cartilage repair has some drawbacks and risks, such as expression of hypertrophy-related genes in MSCs-derived chondrocytes and consequent calcification or cell death. Nevertheless, the clinical application of MSCs is expected in the future with advanced technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Ae Yu
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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25
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Tiwary R, Amarpal, Aithal HP, Kinjavdekar P, Pawde AM, Singh R. Effect of IGF-1 and Uncultured Autologous Bone-Marrow-Derived Mononuclear Cells on Repair of Osteochondral Defect in Rabbits. Cartilage 2014; 5:43-54. [PMID: 26069684 PMCID: PMC4297094 DOI: 10.1177/1947603513499366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the utility of bone-marrow-derived mononuclear cells (BMNCs) and insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in articular cartilage repair. DESIGN An osteochondral defect of 3 mm diameter and 5 mm depth was created in patellar groove of the left knee joint in each of 36 New Zealand White rabbits. The defect was filled with RPMI-1640 medium in group A (control), autologous BMNCs in group B, and autologous BMNCs plus IGF-1 in group C (n = 12). Healing of the defect was assessed by gross, scanning electron microscopic, radiographic, and histological examinations up to 90 days. RESULTS Gross and scanning electron microscopic examination of the healing site revealed superior gross morphology and surface architecture of the healing tissue in the animals of group C as compared to other groups. Radiographically on day 90, the defect area was not distinguishable from the surrounding area in group C, but a small circular defect area was still evident in groups A and B. The regenerated tissue was mostly hyaline in group C and fibrocartilage in groups A and B. The cells were well organized and showed better deposition of proteoglycans in groups C and B than in group A. CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that implantation of bone-marrow-derived nucleated cells may facilitate the healing of osteochondral defects; however, the combination of BMNCs and IGF-1 induces faster and histologically better healing than the BMNCs alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Tiwary
- Department of Clinics, Bihar Veterinary College, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Amarpal
- Division of Surgery, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Hari Prasad Aithal
- Division of Surgery, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prakash Kinjavdekar
- Division of Surgery, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhijit M. Pawde
- Division of Surgery, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Ellman MB, Yan D, Ahmadinia K, Chen D, An HS, Im HJ. Fibroblast growth factor control of cartilage homeostasis. J Cell Biochem 2013; 114:735-42. [PMID: 23060229 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) and degenerative disc disease (DDD) are similar diseases involving the breakdown of cartilage tissue, and a better understanding of the underlying biochemical processes involved in cartilage degeneration may allow for the development of novel biologic therapies aimed at slowing the disease process. Three members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, FGF-2, FGF-18, and FGF-8, have been implicated as contributing factors in cartilage homeostasis. The role of FGF-2 is controversial in both articular and intervertebral disc (IVD) cartilage as it has been associated with species- and age-dependent anabolic or catabolic events. Recent evidence suggests that FGF-2 selectively activates FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1) to exert catabolic effects in human articular chondrocytes and IVD tissue via upregulation of matrix-degrading enzyme production, inhibition of extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation and proteoglycan synthesis, and clustering of cells characteristic of arthritic states. FGF-18, on the other hand, most likely exerts anabolic effects in human articular chondrocytes by activating the FGFR3 pathway, inducing ECM formation and chondrogenic cell differentiation, and inhibiting cell proliferation. These changes result in dispersed chondrocytes or disc cells surrounded by abundant matrix. The role of FGF-8 has recently been identified as a catabolic mediator in rat and rabbit articular cartilage, but its precise biological impact on human adult articular cartilage or IVD tissue remains unknown. The available evidence reveals the promise of FGF-2/FGFR1 antagonists, FGF-18/FGFR3 agonists, and FGF-8 antagonists (i.e., anti-FGF-8 antibody) as potential therapies to prevent cartilage degeneration and/or promote cartilage regeneration and repair in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Ellman
- Department of Biochemistry, Section of Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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27
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Shi S, Mercer S, Eckert GJ, Trippel SB. Growth factor transgenes interactively regulate articular chondrocytes. J Cell Biochem 2013; 114:908-19. [PMID: 23097312 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Adult articular chondrocytes lack an effective repair response to correct damage from injury or osteoarthritis. Polypeptide growth factors that stimulate articular chondrocyte proliferation and cartilage matrix synthesis may augment this response. Gene transfer is a promising approach to delivering such factors. Multiple growth factor genes regulate these cell functions, but multiple growth factor gene transfer remains unexplored. We tested the hypothesis that multiple growth factor gene transfer selectively modulates articular chondrocyte proliferation and matrix synthesis. We tested the hypothesis by delivering combinations of the transgenes encoding insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-β1), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), and bone morphogenetic protien-7 (BMP-7) to articular chondrocytes and measured changes in the production of DNA, glycosaminoglycan, and collagen. The transgenes differentially regulated all these chondrocyte activities. In concert, the transgenes interacted to generate widely divergent responses from the cells. These interactions ranged from inhibitory to synergistic. The transgene pair encoding IGF-I and FGF-2 maximized cell proliferation. The three-transgene group encoding IGF-I, BMP-2, and BMP-7 maximized matrix production and also optimized the balance between cell proliferation and matrix production. These data demonstrate an approach to articular chondrocyte regulation that may be tailored to stimulate specific cell functions, and suggest that certain growth factor gene combinations have potential value for cell-based articular cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiliang Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5111
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28
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Garza-Veloz I, Romero-Diaz VJ, Martinez-Fierro ML, Marino-Martinez IA, Gonzalez-Rodriguez M, Martinez-Rodriguez HG, Espinoza-Juarez MA, Bernal-Garza DA, Ortiz-Lopez R, Rojas-Martinez A. Analyses of chondrogenic induction of adipose mesenchymal stem cells by combined co-stimulation mediated by adenoviral gene transfer. Arthritis Res Ther 2013; 15:R80. [PMID: 23899094 PMCID: PMC3978573 DOI: 10.1186/ar4260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) have the potential to differentiate into cartilage under stimulation with some reported growth and transcriptional factors, which may constitute an alternative for cartilage replacement approaches. In this study, we analyzed the in vitro chondrogenesis of ASCs transduced with adenoviral vectors encoding insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), and sex-determining region Y-box 9 (SOX9) either alone or in combinations. Methods Aggregate cultures of characterized ovine ASCs were transduced with 100 multiplicity of infections of Ad.IGF-1, Ad.TGF-β1, Ad.FGF-2, and Ad.SOX9 alone or in combination. These were harvested at various time points for detection of cartilage-specific genes expression by quantitative real-time PCR or after 14 and 28 days for histologic and biochemical analyses detecting proteoglycans, collagens (II, I and X), and total sulfated glycosaminoglycan and collagen content, respectively. Results Expression analyses showed that co-expression of IGF-1 and FGF-2 resulted in higher significant expression levels of aggrecan, biglycan, cartilage matrix, proteoglycan, and collagen II (all P ≤0.001 at 28 days). Aggregates co-transduced with Ad.IGF-1/Ad.FGF-2 showed a selective expression of proteoglycans and collagen II, with limited expression of collagens I and × demonstrated by histological analyses, and had significantly greater glycosaminoglycan and collagen production than the positive control (P ≤0.001). Western blot analyses for this combination also demonstrated increased expression of collagen II, while expression of collagens I and × was undetectable and limited, respectively. Conclusion Combined overexpression of IGF-1/FGF-2 within ASCs enhances their chondrogenic differentiation inducing the expression of chondrogenic markers, suggesting that this combination is more beneficial than the other factors tested for the development of cell-based therapies for cartilage repair.
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29
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Madry H, Kaul G, Zurakowski D, Vunjak-Novakovic G, Cucchiarini M. Cartilage constructs engineered from chondrocytes overexpressing IGF-I improve the repair of osteochondral defects in a rabbit model. Eur Cell Mater 2013; 25:229-47. [PMID: 23588785 PMCID: PMC4476264 DOI: 10.22203/ecm.v025a17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering combined with gene therapy is a promising approach for promoting articular cartilage repair. Here, we tested the hypothesis that engineered cartilage with chondrocytes overexpressing a human insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) gene can enhance the repair of osteochondral defects, in a manner dependent on the duration of cultivation. Genetically modified chondrocytes were cultured on biodegradable polyglycolic acid scaffolds in dynamic flow rotating bioreactors for either 10 or 28 d. The resulting cartilaginous constructs were implanted into osteochondral defects in rabbit knee joints. After 28 weeks of in vivo implantation, immunoreactivity to ß-gal was detectable in the repair tissue of defects that received lacZ constructs. Engineered cartilaginous constructs based on IGF-I-overexpressing chondrocytes markedly improved osteochondral repair compared with control (lacZ) constructs. Moreover, IGF-I constructs cultivated for 28 d in vitro significantly promoted osteochondral repair vis-à-vis similar constructs cultivated for 10 d, leading to significantly decreased osteoarthritic changes in the cartilage adjacent to the defects. Hence, the combination of spatially defined overexpression of human IGF-I within a tissue-engineered construct and prolonged bioreactor cultivation resulted in most enhanced articular cartilage repair and reduction of osteoarthritic changes in the cartilage adjacent to the defect. Such genetically enhanced tissue engineering provides a versatile tool to evaluate potential therapeutic genes in vivo and to improve our comprehension of the development of the repair tissue within articular cartilage defects. Insights gained with additional exploration using this model may lead to more effective treatment options for acute cartilage defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Madry
- Centre of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany,Address for correspondence: Henning Madry Centre of Experimental Orthopaedics Medical Faculty Building 37 Saarland University D-66421 Homburg, Germany Telephone Number: +49-6841-1624515 FAX Number: +49-6841-1624988
| | - Gunter Kaul
- Centre of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - David Zurakowski
- Departments of Anaesthesia and Surgery, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Magali Cucchiarini
- Centre of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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Shi S, Mercer S, Eckert GJ, Trippel SB. Growth factor regulation of growth factor production by multiple gene transfer to chondrocytes. Growth Factors 2013; 31:32-8. [PMID: 23302100 PMCID: PMC3976180 DOI: 10.3109/08977194.2012.750652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Of the many classes of molecules regulated by growth factors, growth factors themselves are not well investigated. We tested the hypothesis that combinations of endogenous growth factors interactively regulate the production of other growth factors. Growth factors have therapeutic potential for articular cartilage repair, and gene transfer is a promising approach to growth factor delivery. We tested the hypothesis using adult bovine articular chondrocytes treated with combinations of cDNAs encoding insulin-like growth factor I, bone morphogenetic protein-2 and protein-7, transforming growth factor β1, and fibroblast growth factor 2. We found that these growth factor transgenes regulated each other's growth factor production. This regulation ranged from stimulation to inhibition. Regulation by multiple transgenes was not predictable from the regulatory actions of the individual transgenes. Such interactions may be important for the selection of growth factor genes for cell-based therapies, including articular cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiliang Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5111, USA
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Santo VE, Gomes ME, Mano JF, Reis RL. Controlled release strategies for bone, cartilage, and osteochondral engineering--Part II: challenges on the evolution from single to multiple bioactive factor delivery. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2013; 19:327-52. [PMID: 23249320 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2012.0727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The development of controlled release systems for the regeneration of bone, cartilage, and osteochondral interface is one of the hot topics in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, the majority of the developed systems consider only the release of a single growth factor, which is a limiting step for the success of the therapy. More recent studies have been focused on the design and tailoring of appropriate combinations of bioactive factors to match the desired goals regarding tissue regeneration. In fact, considering the complexity of extracellular matrix and the diversity of growth factors and cytokines involved in each biological response, it is expected that an appropriate combination of bioactive factors could lead to more successful outcomes in tissue regeneration. In this review, the evolution on the development of dual and multiple bioactive factor release systems for bone, cartilage, and osteochondral interface is overviewed, specifically the relevance of parameters such as dosage and spatiotemporal distribution of bioactive factors. A comprehensive collection of studies focused on the delivery of bioactive factors is also presented while highlighting the increasing impact of platelet-rich plasma as an autologous source of multiple growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vítor E Santo
- 3Bs Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Guimarães, Portugal
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Elsler S, Schetting S, Schmitt G, Kohn D, Madry H, Cucchiarini M. Effective, safe nonviral gene transfer to preserve the chondrogenic differentiation potential of human mesenchymal stem cells. J Gene Med 2012; 14:501-11. [PMID: 22711470 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic modification of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) comprises a promising tool to generate cell- and gene-based platforms for regenerative approaches of articular cartilage repair. In the present study, we systematically screened a panel of 15 nonviral compounds for their ability to promote safe, efficient and durable gene expression in human bone marrow-derived MSCs (hMSCS) without impeding their commitment towards chondrogenic differentiation. METHODS Primary hMSCs were transfected with plasmid vectors carrying sequences for the Photinus pyralis luciferase Escherichia coli β-galactosidase, or human insulin-like growth factor I via 15 nonviral formulations. Transgene expression and transfection efficiencies were monitored for each component in parallel with the effects on cell viability and cytotoxicity. Upon optimization, the most promising reagent was then evaluated for a possible influence on the chondrogenic potential of hMSCs. RESULTS Among all formulations tested, GeneJammer® gave the best results for transgene expression and transfection efficacy (25-14% from days 2-21 in monolayer cultures and 35% in 21-day aggregate cultures), allowing for high levels of viability (92-94%) and modest cytotoxicity (< 12%). Most notably, the application of this reagent did not affect the potential of the cells for chondrogenic differentiation when maintained in long-term (21 days) three-dimensional (aggregate) cultures. CONCLUSIONS The data indicate that safe, efficient transgene expression can be achieved in hMSCs over time using the nonviral GeneJammer® compound, showing promise for future therapeutic settings aiming to treat human articular cartilage disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Elsler
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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Wang Y, Huang YC, Gertzman AA, Xie L, Nizkorodov A, Hyzy SL, Truncale K, Guldberg RE, Schwartz Z, Boyan BD. Endogenous regeneration of critical-size chondral defects in immunocompromised rat xiphoid cartilage using decellularized human bone matrix scaffolds. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 18:2332-42. [PMID: 22731693 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical efforts to repair cartilage defects delivering cells or engineered cartilage implants into the lesions have met with limited success. This study used a critical-size chondral defect model in immunocompromised rat xiphoid cartilage to test whether endogenous chondrogenesis could be achieved using human bone matrix scaffolds to deliver human cartilage particles and/or a variant isoform of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2-variant). Seventy-two male athymic RNU rats were enrolled in this study with eight rats per experimental group. Decellularized and demineralized human bone matrix scaffolds loaded with human articular cartilage particles or heat-inactivated cartilage particles were combined with different doses of the FGF2-variant. Scaffolds were implanted into 3-mm-diameter critical-size defects prepared using a biopsy punch through the center of the xiphoid. The samples were evaluated 28 days postsurgery using X-ray, equilibrium partitioning of ionic contrast microcomputed tomography, and safranin O-stained histological sagittal sections. Scaffolds containing cartilage particles plus the FGF2-variant induced dose-dependent increases in the formation of neocartilage (p<0.05), which was distributed homogeneously throughout the defects in comparison to scaffolds containing only the FGF2-variant. These effects were less pronounced when scaffolds with heat-inactivated cartilage particles were used. These results demonstrate that endogenous repair of chondral defects can be achieved in the absence of exogenous cells or bone marrow, suggesting that a similar approach may be successful for treating chondral lesions clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0363, USA
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Yu S, Sun L, Liu L, Jiao K, Wang M. Differential expression of IGF1, IGFR1 and IGFBP3 in mandibular condylar cartilage between male and female rats applied with malocclusion. J Oral Rehabil 2012; 39:727-36. [PMID: 22758598 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2842.2012.02332.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the expression differences of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1), IGF type 1 receptor (IGFR1) and IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP3) in mandibular condylar cartilage between male and female rats with experimentally created malocclusion. A total of 40 male and 40 female rats were used, and malocclusion was created by moving the first molars mesially and the third molars distally in the experimental group. Animals were killed at the end of the second and fourth weeks. Haematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was performed to monitor the changes in cartilage morphology and thickness. Immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR were used to detect the expression of IGF1, IGFR1 and IGFBP3. Osteoarthritis (OA)-like changes were observed in the experimental groups, with 2-week females showing larger OA-like regions than 2-week males (P < 0·05). Compared to their age- and sex-matched controls, both 2- and 4-week males in the experimental groups displayed increased cartilage thickness in the posterior regions (P < 0·05). Compared to their age- and sex-matched controls, the expression of IGF1 was lower in 2-week female group (P < 0·05), but higher in 4-week female, 2- and 4-week male experimental groups (P < 0.05). Similarly, the expression of IGFR1 was lower in 2-week female experimental group (P < 0.05), but higher in 2-week male experimental group (P < 0.05). The higher expression of IGFBP3 was observed in 2-week female, 2- and 4-week male experimental groups (P < 0·05). These results indicate that condylar cartilage from male and female rats respond differently to the malocclusion in early stage of OA, with more serious degeneration in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yu
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Panseri S, Russo A, Cunha C, Bondi A, Di Martino A, Patella S, Kon E. Osteochondral tissue engineering approaches for articular cartilage and subchondral bone regeneration. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2012; 20:1182-91. [PMID: 21910001 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-011-1655-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Osteochondral defects (i.e., defects which affect both the articular cartilage and underlying subchondral bone) are often associated with mechanical instability of the joint and therefore with the risk of inducing osteoarthritic degenerative changes. This review addresses the current surgical treatments and most promising tissue engineering approaches for articular cartilage and subchondral bone regeneration. METHODS The capability to repair osteochondral or bone defects remains a challenging goal for surgeons and researchers. So far, most clinical approaches have been shown to have limited capacity to treat severe lesions. Current surgical repair strategies vary according to the nature and size of the lesion and the preference of the operating surgeon. Tissue engineering has emerged as a promising alternative strategy that essentially develops viable substitutes capable of repairing or regenerating the functions of damaged tissue. RESULTS An overview of novel and most promising osteochondroconductive scaffolds, osteochondroinductive signals, osteochondrogenic precursor cells, and scaffold fixation approaches are presented addressing advantages, drawbacks, and future prospectives for osteochondral regenerative medicine. CONCLUSION Tissue engineering has emerged as an excellent approach for the repair and regeneration of damaged tissue, with the potential to circumvent all the limitations of autologous and allogeneic tissue repair. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Systematic review, Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Panseri
- Laboratory of Nano-Biotechnology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
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Kiss A, Cucchiarini M, Menger MD, Kohn D, Hannig M, Madry H. Enamel matrix derivative inhibits proteoglycan production and articular cartilage repair, delays the restoration of the subchondral bone and induces changes of the synovial membrane in a lapine osteochondral defect modelin vivo. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 8:41-9. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Kiss
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology; Saarland University Medical Centre; Homburg/Saar Germany
| | - Magali Cucchiarini
- Centre of Experimental Orthopaedics; Saarland University; Homburg/Saar Germany
| | - Michael D. Menger
- Institute für Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery; Saarland University Medical Centre; Homburg/Saar Germany
| | - Dieter Kohn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Saarland University Medical Centre; Homburg/Saar Germany
| | - Matthias Hannig
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology; Saarland University Medical Centre; Homburg/Saar Germany
| | - Henning Madry
- Centre of Experimental Orthopaedics; Saarland University; Homburg/Saar Germany
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Saarland University Medical Centre; Homburg/Saar Germany
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Madry H, Cucchiarini M. Clinical potential and challenges of using genetically modified cells for articular cartilage repair. Croat Med J 2012; 52:245-61. [PMID: 21674822 PMCID: PMC3131141 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2011.52.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage defects do not regenerate. Transplantation of autologous articular chondrocytes, which is clinically being performed since several decades, laid the foundation for the transplantation of genetically modified cells, which may serve the dual role of providing a cell population capable of chondrogenesis and an additional stimulus for targeted articular cartilage repair. Experimental data generated so far have shown that genetically modified articular chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) allow for sustained transgene expression when transplanted into articular cartilage defects in vivo. Overexpression of therapeutic factors enhances the structural features of the cartilaginous repair tissue. Combined overexpression of genes with complementary mechanisms of action is also feasible, holding promises for further enhancement of articular cartilage repair. Significant benefits have been also observed in preclinical animal models that are, in principle, more appropriate to the clinical situation. Finally, there is convincing proof of concept based on a phase I clinical gene therapy study in which transduced fibroblasts were injected into the metacarpophalangeal joints of patients without adverse events. To realize the full clinical potential of this approach, issues that need to be addressed include its safety, the choice of the ideal gene vector system allowing for a long-term transgene expression, the identification of the optimal therapeutic gene(s), the transplantation without or with supportive biomaterials, and the establishment of the optimal dose of modified cells. As safe techniques for generating genetically engineered articular chondrocytes and MSCs are available, they may eventually represent new avenues for improved cell-based therapies for articular cartilage repair. This, in turn, may provide an important step toward the unanswered question of articular cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Madry
- Experimental Orthopaedics and Osteoarthritis Research, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
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Luo Z, Zhang S. Designer nanomaterials using chiral self-assembling peptide systems and their emerging benefit for society. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:4736-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs15360b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Orth P, Zurakowski D, Wincheringer D, Madry H. Reliability, reproducibility, and validation of five major histological scoring systems for experimental articular cartilage repair in the rabbit model. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2011; 18:329-39. [PMID: 22081995 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2011.0462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Histological evaluation of the repair tissue is a main pillar in the advancing field of experimental articular cartilage repair. Despite their widespread use, the major histological scoring systems for cartilage repair have seldom been validated. We tested the hypotheses (1) that elementary scores have a better reproducibility compared with more complex systems and (2) that the data from these different histological scores correlate with the DNA and proteoglycan contents of the repair tissue. A total of 1,165 observations of cartilage repair based on histological sections (n=233) from an experimental investigation on the repair of standardized osteochondral defects in vivo were made by three investigators with different levels of experience in cartilage research to determine the inter- and intra-observer reproducibility of elementary (Pineda and Wakitani score) and complex (O'Driscoll, Sellers, Fortier score) histological grading systems. DNA and proteoglycan contents of the repair tissues from simultaneously created defects were determined and correlated with histological (a) overall score values, (b) matrix staining, and (c) cellular characteristics of the five scores. Finally, applying the proteoglycan content as validating test, sensitivity, and specificity of the grading systems were assessed. All histological scores provided high intra- (Pearson r=0.92-0.99) and inter-observer reliability (intra-class correlation=0.94-0.99), low numerical intra- and inter-observer differences, and high internal correlations (Spearman's ρ=0.63-0.91). No disparity in reliability and reproducibility was detected between elementary and complex scores or between investigators with different levels of experience (all p>0.05). Individual histological overall score values did not correlate with proteoglycan contents but with DNA contents of the repair tissue (O'Driscoll, Wakitani, Sellers score). In all systems, proteoglycan contents did not correlate with matrix staining (all p>0.05), but histological cellular characteristics correlated with total cell numbers (p<0.001). These data indicate that both elementary and comprehensive histological scores are suited to quantify cartilage repair. Histological and biochemical evaluations may serve as complementary tools to assess articular cartilage repair in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Orth
- Experimental Orthopaedics and Osteoarthritis Research, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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Yun YR, Lee S, Jeon E, Kang W, Kim KH, Kim HW, Jang JH. Fibroblast growth factor 2-functionalized collagen matrices for skeletal muscle tissue engineering. Biotechnol Lett 2011; 34:771-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-011-0812-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Orth P, Kaul G, Cucchiarini M, Zurakowski D, Menger MD, Kohn D, Madry H. Transplanted articular chondrocytes co-overexpressing IGF-I and FGF-2 stimulate cartilage repair in vivo. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2011; 19:2119-30. [PMID: 21350959 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-011-1448-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The combination of chondrogenic factors might be necessary to adequately stimulate articular cartilage repair. In previous studies, enhanced repair was observed following transplantation of chondrocytes overexpressing human insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) or fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2). Here, the hypothesis that co-overexpression of IGF-I and FGF-2 by transplanted articular chondrocytes enhances the early repair of cartilage defects in vivo and protects the neighbouring cartilage from degeneration was tested. METHODS Lapine articular chondrocytes were transfected with expression plasmid vectors containing the cDNA for the Escherichia coli lacZ gene or co-transfected with the IGF-I and FGF-2 gene, encapsulated in alginate and transplanted into osteochondral defects in the knee joints of rabbits in vivo. RESULTS After 3 weeks, co-overexpression of IGF-I/FGF-2 improved the macroscopic aspect of defects without affecting the synovial membrane. Immunoreactivity to type-I collagen, an indicator of fibrocartilage, was significantly lower in defects receiving IGF-I/FGF-2 implants. Importantly, combined IGF-I/FGF-2 overexpression significantly improved the histological repair score. Most remarkably, such enhanced cartilage repair was correlated with a 2.1-fold higher proteoglycan content of the repair tissue. Finally, there were less degenerative changes in the cartilage adjacent to the defects treated with IGF-I/FGF-2 implants. CONCLUSION The data demonstrate that combined gene delivery of therapeutic growth factors to cartilage defects may have value to promote cartilage repair. The results also suggest a protective effect of IGF-I/FGF-2 co-overexpression on the neighbouring articular cartilage. These findings support the concept of implementing gene transfer strategies for articular cartilage repair in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Orth
- Experimental Orthopaedics and Osteoarthritis Research, Saarland University, Kirrbergerstrasse, Building 37, 66421, Homburg, Germany
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Stratos I, Madry H, Rotter R, Weimer A, Graff J, Cucchiarini M, Mittlmeier T, Vollmar B. Fibroblast Growth Factor-2–Overexpressing Myoblasts Encapsulated in Alginate Spheres Increase Proliferation, Reduce Apoptosis, Induce Adipogenesis, and Enhance Regeneration Following Skeletal Muscle Injury in Rats. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 17:2867-77. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Stratos
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Henning Madry
- Experimental Orthopaedics and Osteoarthritis Research, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Robert Rotter
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anja Weimer
- Experimental Orthopaedics and Osteoarthritis Research, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Graff
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Magali Cucchiarini
- Experimental Orthopaedics and Osteoarthritis Research, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Mittlmeier
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Brigitte Vollmar
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Heiligenstein S, Cucchiarini M, Laschke MW, Bohle RM, Kohn D, Menger MD, Madry H. Evaluation of nonbiomedical and biomedical grade alginates for the transplantation of genetically modified articular chondrocytes to cartilage defects in a large animal model in vivo. J Gene Med 2011; 13:230-42. [PMID: 21449036 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetically modified chondrocytes embedded in alginate improve cartilage repair in experimental models, and alginates are clinically used for articular chondrocyte transplantation. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that the alginate system allows for sustained transgene expression in cartilage defects in a preclinical large animal model in vivo. METHODS Primary cultures of ovine articular chondrocytes were transfected with the Photinus pyralis luc or the Escherichia coli lacZ genes in monolayer culture in vitro using eight different nonviral compounds. Optimally transfected chondrocytes were encapsulated in spheres composed of nonbiomedical or biomedical grade alginates for evaluation of luciferase expression, cell numbers and viabilities in vitro. Transfected chondrocytes encapsulated in spheres comprised of the different alginates were then implanted into osteochondral defects in the knee joints of sheep to examine the profiles of transgene expression in vivo. RESULTS Ovine articular chondrocytes were efficiently transfected with FuGENE 6. Transgene expression was detectable after encapsulation in the alginates over 21 days in vitro. Transplantation of genetically modified chondrocytes to cartilage defects in vivo resulted in maximal transgene expression on day 1 after transfection, with a decrease by day 21, the longest time point evaluated. Remarkably, the reduction in luciferase activity was less pronounced when biomedical grade alginates were employed, compared to nonbiomedical grade alginates, suggesting that such alginates might be better suited to support elevated transgene expression after transplantation of genetically modified chondrocytes. CONCLUSIONS This approach may be of value to study the effects of potential therapeutic genes upon cartilage repair in a clinically relevant setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Heiligenstein
- Experimental Orthopaedics and Osteoarthritis Research, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
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Abstract
The concept of using gene transfer strategies for cartilage repair originates from the idea of transferring genes encoding therapeutic factors into the repair tissue, resulting in a temporarily and spatially defined delivery of therapeutic molecules to sites of cartilage damage. This review focuses on the potential benefits of using gene therapy approaches for the repair of articular cartilage and meniscal fibrocartilage, including articular cartilage defects resulting from acute trauma, osteochondritis dissecans, osteonecrosis, and osteoarthritis. Possible applications for meniscal repair comprise meniscal lesions, meniscal sutures, and meniscal transplantation. Recent studies in both small and large animal models have demonstrated the applicability of gene-based approaches for cartilage repair. Chondrogenic pathways were stimulated in the repair tissue and in osteoarthritic cartilage using genes for polypeptide growth factors and transcription factors. Although encouraging data have been generated, a successful translation of gene therapy for cartilage repair will require an ongoing combined effort of orthopedic surgeons and of basic scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Madry
- Saarland University, Homburg, Germany,Henning Madry, Saarland University, Kirrbergerstrasse 1, Homburg, 66424 Germany
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