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Nyland J, Sirignano MN, Richards J, Krupp RJ. Regenerative Anterior Cruciate Ligament Healing in Youth and Adolescent Athletes: The Emerging Age of Recovery Science. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2024; 9:80. [PMID: 38804446 PMCID: PMC11130880 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9020080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries mainly arise from non-contact mechanisms during sport performance, with most injuries occurring among youth or adolescent-age athletes, particularly females. The growing popularity of elite-level sport training has increased the total volume, intensity and frequency of exercise and competition loading to levels that may exceed natural healing capacity. Growing evidence suggests that the prevailing mechanism that leads to non-contact ACL injury from sudden mechanical fatigue failure may be accumulated microtrauma. Given the consequences of primary ACL injury on the future health and quality of life of youth and adolescent athletes, the objective of this review is to identify key "recovery science" factors that can help prevent these injuries. Recovery science is any aspect of sports training (type, volume, intensity, frequency), nutrition, and sleep/rest or other therapeutic modalities that may prevent the accumulated microtrauma that precedes non-contact ACL injury from sudden mechanical fatigue failure. This review discusses ACL injury epidemiology, current surgical efficacy, the native ACL vascular network, regional ACL histological complexities such as the entheses and crimp patterns, extracellular matrix remodeling, the concept of causal histogenesis, exercise dosage and ligament metabolism, central nervous system reorganization post-ACL rupture, homeostasis regulation, nutrition, sleep and the autonomic nervous system. Based on this information, now may be a good time to re-think primary ACL injury prevention strategies with greater use of modified sport training, improved active recovery that includes well-planned nutrition, and healthy sleep patterns. The scientific rationale behind the efficacy of regenerative orthobiologics and concomitant therapies for primary ACL injury prevention in youth and adolescent athletes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Nyland
- Norton Orthopedic Institute, 9880 Angie’s Way, Suite 250, Louisville, KY 40241, USA (J.R.); (R.J.K.)
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Richards JA, Nyland J, Caborn DNM. Editorial Commentary: Proper Anterior Cruciate Ligament Graft Choice Mitigates Against the Need for Anterolateral Ligament Reconstruction. Arthroscopy 2023; 39:2525-2528. [PMID: 37981391 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2023.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
It is not coincidence that fervor surrounding anterolateral ligament (ALL) reconstruction increased as double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) enthusiasm cooled. But perhaps we shifted our focus too soon, or perhaps we shifted our focus too much. But we must remember that the ACL is primary. Increases in ACL graft diameter by 1 or 2 mm can significantly increase graft strength and decrease revision rate. Biomechanical and clinical evidence suggests that quadriceps tendon ACLR and patellar tendon ACLR demonstrates less pivot shift phenomena than hamstring ACLR. In addition, As biologically active suture tapes become more mainstream, augmented allografts are an increasingly attractive option. Proper ACL graft choice mitigates against the need for ALL reconstruction. Risk factors for anterolateral rotatory instability may include low body mass index and lateral meniscal pathology, in addition to the well-known risks such as age, gender, activity level, and revision cases. Perhaps lateral extra-articular tenodesis should be reserved for high-risk cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarod A Richards
- University of Louisville (J.A.R., D.N.M.Z.) and University of Missouri (J.A.R.)
| | - John Nyland
- University of Louisville (J.A.R., D.N.M.Z.) and University of Missouri (J.A.R.)
| | - David N M Caborn
- University of Louisville (J.A.R., D.N.M.Z.) and University of Missouri (J.A.R.)
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Takahashi T, Takahashi M. The improved cortical button shows better breaking strength of sutures compared with 10 original cortical button after cyclic loading. J Exp Orthop 2020; 7:17. [PMID: 32222847 PMCID: PMC7103022 DOI: 10.1186/s40634-020-00232-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Suspensory cortical buttons are widely used for fixation of reconstructed ligaments during anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction because they have high usability and a favorable fixing force. However, it is not always easy to fix a reconstructed ACL while maintaining appropriate ligament tension. Therefore, we developed an improved cortical button that provides temporary tension until suturing is completed. Methods Button holes of our improved EndoButton are not perpendicular to the bone surface on which the button is placed, but have an angle of 45 degrees so that the button can be temporarily fixed by applying tension to the suture. The improved EndoButton and the original EndoButton (Smith & Nephew Inc., Andover, Massachusetts) were each tied to FiberWire 5/7 metric (5 M) (manufactured by Arthrex). Ten cycles of preliminary loading (0–50 N) were applied to each suture, followed by test loading (0–250 N) for 500 or 1000 cycles. Then, a tensile test was performed at a displacement velocity of 20 mm/min. Results The breaking strength of the sutures of the improved EndoButton were tend to higher than those of the sutures of the original EndoButton after 1000 loading cycles (p = 0.067, d = 0.883). The moduli of rigidity of the sutures of the improved EndoButton were higher than those of the sutures of the original EndoButton after 500 loading cycles (p = 0.027) and remained almost the same regardless of the number of loading cycles. Conclusion We found that compared with the original cortical button, the improved cortical button was better able to retain suture breaking strength and modulus of rigidity, regardless of the number of load cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Takahashi
- Department of Sports and Health Science, Faculty of Collaborative Regional Innovation, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Manabu Takahashi
- Department of Industrial Innovation, Faculty of Collaborative Regional Innovation, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
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Markolf KL, Wang D, Joshi NB, Cheung E, Petrigliano FA, McAllister DR. Cyclic testing of tibialis tendon allografts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using suture-post versus spiked washer tibial fixation. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2019; 70:8-15. [PMID: 31377634 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2019.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to directly compare spiked washer and suture-post tibial-sided fixation techniques used for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction by measuring anterior tibial translation during cyclic tests. METHODS Fresh-frozen human knees were tested using a robotic system that applied 250 cycles of anterior-posterior tibial force (134 N) at 30° flexion, while recording tibial translation. Ten intact knees were tested to collect baseline data for native specimens. A single knee was selected to test ligament reconstructions using doubled tibialis tendon allografts. All grafts were fixed proximally using an EndoButton™, and the tibial end of the graft was fixed with either a spiked washer or with a suture post placed at two different locations (near and distant) relative to the tibial tunnel. FINDINGS Mean first cycle translation for intact knees was 4.8 (sd 1.8) mm; means after reconstruction were 2.6 (sd 0.9) mm (spiked washer), 10.1 (sd 1.9) mm (suture post near), and 10.4 (sd 1.5) mm (suture post distant). Corresponding means for translation increase over 250 cycles were 0.3 (sd 0.2) mm, 3.6 (sd 1.3) mm, 7.2 mm (sd 0.9) mm, and 8.0 (sd 1.3) mm. All mean increases (first cycle and cyclic) after ACL reconstruction were significantly greater than those for the intact knees, and all means with a suture post were significantly greater than those with a spiked washer. There were no significant differences between mean translations for near and distant suture post locations. INTERPRETATION Use of suture post fixation for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is questioned since increases in anterior tibial translation could lead to excessive post-operative knee laxity and possibly early clinical failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith L Markolf
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, 76-143 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Dean Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, 76-143 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nirav B Joshi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, 76-143 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Edward Cheung
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, 76-143 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Frank A Petrigliano
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, 76-143 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - David R McAllister
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, 76-143 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Nyland J, Taniyama D. Editorial Commentary: Rehabilitation and Return-to-Sports Readiness, the "Black Box" of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Patient Recovery. Arthroscopy 2019; 35:2080-2082. [PMID: 31272627 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2019.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
When progressing patients who have undergone anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction through rehabilitation and deciding whether they are ready to safely return to sports, the health care team needs to consider what they know and what they do not know about each patient. Although increased postsurgical time without related functional improvement is of limited value, greater time postsurgery that leads to enhanced neuromuscular control and dynamic knee stability restoration may be of considerable value, particularly when soft tissue grafts are combined with extracortical suspensory devices or other forms of indirect fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Nyland
- Kosair Charities College of Health and Natural Sciences, Spalding University (D.T.), and the College of Sport and Health Sciences, Ritsumeikan University (D.T.)
| | - Daiki Taniyama
- Kosair Charities College of Health and Natural Sciences, Spalding University (D.T.), and the College of Sport and Health Sciences, Ritsumeikan University (D.T.)
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Patel JM, Brzezinski A, Raole DA, Dunn MG, Gatt CJ. Interference Screw Versus Suture Endobutton Fixation of a Fiber-Reinforced Meniscus Replacement Device in a Human Cadaveric Knee Model. Am J Sports Med 2018; 46:2133-2141. [PMID: 29847143 DOI: 10.1177/0363546518773737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meniscal lesions represent one of the most common intra-articular knee injuries. Meniscus replacement devices are needed to restore load distribution and knee stability after meniscectomy. Fixation of these devices is crucial to the generation of hoop stresses and the distribution of loads in the joint. PURPOSE To evaluate 2 different fixation techniques (suture endobutton and interference screw) for implantation of a novel meniscus device. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS In 7 human cadaveric knees (aged 17-61 years), 1 anterior and 2 potential posterior tunnel locations were investigated, and both fixation techniques were tested in each tunnel. The native meniscus roots, devices fixed with a suture endobutton, and devices fixed with an interference screw were gripped with cryoclamps, and tibias were drilled and loaded into a custom jig. Samples were preloaded, preconditioned, loaded for 500 cycles (50-150 N), and tested in tension until failure. RESULTS For all 3 tunnels, suture fixation resulted in greater elongation (54.1%-150.7% greater; P < .05) during cyclic loading than interference screw fixation, which approximated the native roots. Both fixation techniques displayed ultimate tensile loads in the same range as native roots. However, stiffness of the suture fixation groups (36.5-41.6 N/mm) was only 28% to 37% of that of the interference screw fixation groups (98.7-131.6 N/mm), which had values approaching those of the native roots (anterior: 175.4 ± 24.2 N/mm; posterior: 157.6 ± 22.9 N/mm). CONCLUSION Interference screw fixation was found to be superior to suture fixation with regard to elongation and stiffness, a finding that should be considered in the design and implantation of novel meniscus replacement devices. CLINICAL RELEVANCE With the emergence of various devices for total meniscus replacement, the establishment of fixation strategies is crucial for the generation of tensile hoop stresses and the efficacy of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay M Patel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.,McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrzej Brzezinski
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Deep A Raole
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Michael G Dunn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Charles J Gatt
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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Nyland J, Mattocks A, Kibbe S, Kalloub A, Greene JW, Caborn DNM. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, rehabilitation, and return to play: 2015 update. Open Access J Sports Med 2016; 7:21-32. [PMID: 26955296 PMCID: PMC4772947 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s72332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Anatomical discoveries and a growing appreciation of the knee as a complex organ are driving innovations in patient care decision-making following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. Surgeons are increasing their efforts to restore combined mechanical-neurosensory ACL function and placing more consideration on when to reconstruct versus repair native anatomical structures. Surgical options now include primary repair with or without reinforcing the injured ACL with suture-based internal bracing, and growing evidence supports biological augmentation using platelet-rich plasma and mesenchymal stem cells to enhance tissue healing. Physical therapists and athletic trainers are increasing their efforts to facilitate greater athlete cognitive engagement during therapeutic exercise performance to better restore nonimpaired neuromuscular control activation amplitude and timing. Knee brace design and use needs to evolve to better match these innovations and their influence on the rehabilitation plan timetable. There is a growing appreciation for the multifaceted characteristics of the rehabilitation process and how they influence neuromuscular, educational, and psychobehavioral treatment goal achievement. Multiple sources may influence the athlete during the return to sports process and clinical outcome measures need to be refined to better evaluate these influences. This update summarizes contemporary ACL surgical, medical, and rehabilitation interventions and future trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Nyland
- Athletic Training Program, Kosair Charities College of Health and Natural Sciences, Spalding University, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Alma Mattocks
- Athletic Training Program, Kosair Charities College of Health and Natural Sciences, Spalding University, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Shane Kibbe
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Alaa Kalloub
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Shea Orthopedic Group, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Joe W Greene
- Norton Orthopedic and Sports, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - David N M Caborn
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Shea Orthopedic Group, Louisville, KY, USA
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