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Pessôa R, Clissa PB, Sanabani SS. The Interaction between the Host Genome, Epigenome, and the Gut-Skin Axis Microbiome in Atopic Dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14322. [PMID: 37762624 PMCID: PMC10532357 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that occurs in genetically predisposed individuals. It involves complex interactions among the host immune system, environmental factors (such as skin barrier dysfunction), and microbial dysbiosis. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified AD risk alleles; however, the associated environmental factors remain largely unknown. Recent evidence suggests that altered microbiota composition (dysbiosis) in the skin and gut may contribute to the pathogenesis of AD. Examples of environmental factors that contribute to skin barrier dysfunction and microbial dysbiosis in AD include allergens, irritants, pollution, and microbial exposure. Studies have reported alterations in the gut microbiome structure in patients with AD compared to control subjects, characterized by increased abundance of Clostridium difficile and decreased abundance of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria such as Bifidobacterium. SCFAs play a critical role in maintaining host health, and reduced SCFA production may lead to intestinal inflammation in AD patients. The specific mechanisms through which dysbiotic bacteria and their metabolites interact with the host genome and epigenome to cause autoimmunity in AD are still unknown. By understanding the combination of environmental factors, such as gut microbiota, the genetic and epigenetic determinants that are associated with the development of autoantibodies may help unravel the pathophysiology of the disease. This review aims to elucidate the interactions between the immune system, susceptibility genes, epigenetic factors, and the gut microbiome in the development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Pessôa
- Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo 04039-002, Brazil;
| | | | - Sabri Saeed Sanabani
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM-56, Division of Dermatology, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-220, Brazil
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation Unit 03, Clinics Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiency LIM56/03, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470 3º Andar, Sao Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
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Guirgis SA, El-Halfawy KA, Alalem M, Khalil H. Legionellapneumophila induces methylomic changes in ten-eleven translocation to ensure bacterial reproduction in human lung epithelial cells. J Med Microbiol 2023; 72. [PMID: 36927577 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Legionella pneumophila is a Gram-negative flagellated bacteria that can infect human lungs and cause a severe form of pneumonia named Legionnaires' disease.Hypothesis. We hypothesize that L. pneumophila infection induces methylomic changes in methylcytosine dioxygenases, ten-eleven translocation (TET) genes, and controls DNA methylation following infection.Aim. In the current research, we sought to further investigate DNA methylation changes in human lung epithelial cells upon L. pneumophila infection and determine how methylation inhibitor agents disturb L. pneumophila reproduction.Methodology. A549 cell line was used in L. pneumophila infection and inhibitors' treatment, including 5-azacytidine (5-AZA) and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG).Results. Interestingly, DNA methylation analysis of infected A549 using sodium bisulfite PCR and the methylation-sensitive HpaII enzyme showed potential methylation activity within the promoter regions of ten-eleven translocation (TET) genes located on CpG/397-8 and CpG/385-6 of TET1 and TET3, respectively. Such methylation changes in TET effectors decreased their expression profile following infection, indicated by quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR), immunoblotting and flow cytometry. Furthermore, pre-treatment of A549 cells with 5-AZA or EGCG significantly decreased the bacterial reproduction characterized by the expression of L. pneumophila 16S ribosomal RNA and the c.f.u. ml-1 of bacterial particles. Moreover, both methylation inhibitors showed potent inhibition of methionine synthase (MS) expression, which was further confirmed by the docking analysis of inhibitor ligands and crystal structure of MS protein.Conclusion. These data provide evidence for the methylomic changes in the promoter region of TET1 and TET3 by L. pneumophila infection in the A549 cell line and suggest the anti-bacterial properties of 5-AZA and EGCG, as methylation inhibitors, are due to targeting the epigenetic effector methionine synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry A Guirgis
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat, Egypt
| | - Khalil A El-Halfawy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat, Egypt
| | - Mai Alalem
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat, Egypt
| | - Hany Khalil
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat, Egypt
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3
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Epigenetic Dysregulation in Autoimmune and Inflammatory Skin Diseases. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2022; 63:447-471. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-022-08956-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Yadav K, Singh D, Singh MR, Minz S, Sahu KK, Kaurav M, Pradhan M. Dermal nanomedicine: Uncovering the ability of nucleic acid to alleviate autoimmune and other related skin disorders. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Koochakkhani S, Nabizadeh F, Nejatizadeh A, Eftekhar E. Association of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) genes promoter methylation pattern with the risk of essential hypertension. Meta Gene 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2021.100914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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He J, He H, Qi Y, Yang J, Zhi L, Jia Y. Application of epigenetics in dermatological research and skin management. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 21:1920-1930. [PMID: 34357681 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetics has recently evolved from a collection of diverse phenomena to a defined and far-reaching field of study. Epigenetic modifications of the genome, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications, have been reported to play a role in some skin diseases or cancer. AIMS The purpose of this article was to review the development of epigenetic in recent decades and their applications in dermatological research. METHODS An extensive literature search was conducted on epigenetic modifications since the first research on epigenetic. RESULTS This article summarizes the concept and development of epigenetics, as well as the process and principle of epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNA. Their application in some skin diseases and cosmetic research and development is also summarized. CONCLUSIONS This information will help to understand the mechanisms of epigenetics and some non-coding RNA, the discovery of the related drugs, and provide new insights for skin health management and cosmetic research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbiao He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Key Laboratory of Cosmetic of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Huaming He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Key Laboratory of Cosmetic of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Yufeng Qi
- Shandong Huawutang Biological Technology Co, Ltd, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Shandong Huawutang Biological Technology Co, Ltd, Shandong, China
| | - Leilei Zhi
- Shandong Huawutang Biological Technology Co, Ltd, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Key Laboratory of Cosmetic of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
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Reolid A, Muñoz-Aceituno E, Abad-Santos F, Ovejero-Benito MC, Daudén E. Epigenetics in Non-tumor Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases. Mol Diagn Ther 2021; 25:137-161. [PMID: 33646564 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-020-00507-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetics is the study of the mechanisms that regulate gene expression without modifying DNA sequences. Knowledge of and evidence about how epigenetics plays a causative role in the pathogenesis of many skin diseases is increasing. Since the epigenetic changes present in tumor diseases have been thoroughly reviewed, we believe that knowledge of the new epigenetic findings in non-tumor immune-mediated dermatological diseases should be of interest to the general dermatologist. Hence, the purpose of this review is to summarize the recent literature on epigenetics in most non-tumor dermatological pathologies, focusing on psoriasis. Hyper- and hypomethylation of DNA methyltransferases and methyl-DNA binding domain proteins are the most common and studied methylation mechanisms. The acetylation and methylation of histones H3 and H4 are the most frequent and well-characterized histone modifications and may be associated with disease severity parameters and serve as therapeutic response markers. Many specific microRNAs dysregulated in non-tumor dermatological disease have been reviewed. Deepening the study of how epigenetic mechanisms influence non-tumor immune-mediated dermatological diseases might help us better understand the role of interactions between the environment and the genome in the physiopathogenesis of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Reolid
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS-IP), Diego de León, 62, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
| | - E Muñoz-Aceituno
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS-IP), Diego de León, 62, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Abad-Santos
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - M C Ovejero-Benito
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - E Daudén
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
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Yoshida Y, Hayakawa K, Fujishiro M, Ikeda K, Tsushima H, Hirai T, Kawasaki M, Tominaga M, Suga Y, Takamori K, Watanabe Y, Sekigawa I, Morimoto S. Social defeat stress exacerbates atopic dermatitis through downregulation of DNA methyltransferase 1 and upregulation of C-C motif chemokine receptor 7 in skin dendritic cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 529:1073-1079. [PMID: 32819567 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.06.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification that regulates gene transcription. DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) plays an important role in DNA methylation. However, the involvement of DNMT1 and DNA methylation in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD) remains unclear. In this study, microarray analysis revealed that peripheral blood mononuclear cells of AD patients with low DNMT1 expression (DNMT1-low) highly expressed dendritic cell (DC) activation-related genes. Also, DNMT1-low AD patients exhibited a higher itch score compared to AD patients with high DNMT1 expression (DNMT1-high). By using an AD-like mouse model induced by the application of Dermatophagoides farinae body ointment, we found that Dnmt1 expression was decreased, while the expression of C-C chemokine receptor type 7 (Ccr7) was upregulated in mouse skin DCs. Furthermore, mice exposed to social defeat stress exhibited Dnmt1 downregulation and Ccr7 upregulation in skin DCs. Additionally, dermatitis and itch-related scratching behavior were exacerbated in AD mice exposed to stress. The relationship between low DNMT1 and itch induction was found in both human AD patients and AD mice. In mouse bone marrow-derived DCs, Ccr7 expression was inhibited by 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine, a methylation inhibitor. Furthermore, in mouse skin DCs, methylation of CpG sites in Ccr7 was modified by either AD induction or social defeat stress. Collectively, these findings suggest that social defeat stress exacerbates AD pathology through Dnmt1 downregulation and Ccr7 upregulation in mouse skin DCs. The data also suggest a role of DNMT1 downregulation in the exacerbation of AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Yoshida
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Tokyo, 202-8585, Japan; Institute for Environment and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan.
| | - Kunihiro Hayakawa
- Institute for Environment and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan
| | - Maki Fujishiro
- Institute for Environment and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan
| | - Keigo Ikeda
- Institute for Environment and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Juntendo University, Urayasu Hospital, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tsushima
- Institute for Environment and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Juntendo University, Urayasu Hospital, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan
| | - Takuya Hirai
- Institute for Environment and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Juntendo University, Urayasu Hospital, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan
| | - Mikiko Kawasaki
- Institute for Environment and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Tominaga
- Institute for Environment and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan; Juntendo Itch Research Center, Institute for Environment and Gender Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan
| | - Yasushi Suga
- Department of Dermatology, Juntendo University, Urayasu Hospital, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan
| | - Kenji Takamori
- Institute for Environment and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan; Juntendo Itch Research Center, Institute for Environment and Gender Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan; Department of Dermatology, Juntendo University, Urayasu Hospital, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Tokyo, 202-8585, Japan
| | - Iwao Sekigawa
- Institute for Environment and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Juntendo University, Urayasu Hospital, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan
| | - Shinji Morimoto
- Institute for Environment and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Juntendo University, Urayasu Hospital, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan
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Mu Z, Zhang J. The Role of Genetics, the Environment, and Epigenetics in Atopic Dermatitis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1253:107-140. [PMID: 32445093 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-3449-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Atopic Dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory disease with a genetic background. The prevalence of AD has been increasing in many countries. AD patients often have manifestations of pruritus, generalized skin dryness, and eczematous lesions. The pathogenesis of AD is complicated. The impaired skin barrier and immune imbalance play significant roles in the development of AD. Environmental factors such as allergens and pollutants are associated with the increasing prevalence. Many genetic and environmental factors induce a skin barrier deficiency, and this can lead to immune imbalance, which exacerbates the impaired skin barrier to form a vicious cycle (outside-inside-outside view). Genetic studies find many gene mutations and genetic variants, such as filaggrin mutations, which may directly induce the deficiency of the skin barrier and immune system. Epigenetic studies provide a connection between the relationship of an impaired skin barrier and immune and environmental factors, such as tobacco exposure, pollutants, microbes, and diet and nutrients. AD is a multigene disease, and thus there are many targets for regulation of expression of these genes which may contribute to the pathogenesis of AD. However, the epigenetic regulation of environmental factors in AD pathogenesis still needs to be further researched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanglei Mu
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.
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10
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Epigenetic factors involved in the pathophysiology of inflammatory skin diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 145:1049-1060. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Olisova OY, Kochergin NG, Kayumova LN, Zavarykina TM, Dmitriev AA, Asanov AY. Skin DNA methylation profile in atopic dermatitis patients: A case–control study. Exp Dermatol 2019; 29:184-189. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.14064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Yu. Olisova
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University) Moscow Russia
| | - Nikolay G. Kochergin
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University) Moscow Russia
| | - Lyailya N. Kayumova
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University) Moscow Russia
| | - Tatiana M. Zavarykina
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia
| | - Alexey A. Dmitriev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia
| | - Aliy Yu. Asanov
- Department of Medical Genetics I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University) Moscow Russia
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12
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Mervis JS, McGee JS. DNA methylation and inflammatory skin diseases. Arch Dermatol Res 2019; 312:461-466. [PMID: 31696298 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-019-02005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression that do not originate from alternations in the DNA sequence. Epigenetic modifications include DNA methylation, histone modification, and gene silencing via the action of microRNAs. Epigenetic dysregulation has been implicated in many disease processes. In the field of dermatology, epigenetic regulation has been extensively explored as a pathologic mechanism in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), which has led to the successful development of epigenetic therapies for CTCL. In recent years, the potential role of epigenetic regulation in the pathogeneses of inflammatory skin diseases has gained greater appreciation. In particular, epigenetic changes in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis have been increasingly studied, with DNA methylation the most rigorously investigated to date. In this review, we provide an overview of DNA methylation in inflammatory skin diseases with an emphasis on psoriasis and atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Mervis
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, 609 Albany Street, J-505, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Jean S McGee
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, 609 Albany Street, J-505, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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13
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Characterization methods for studying protein adsorption on nano-polystyrene beads. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1606:460383. [PMID: 31345621 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This work is dealing with the use of polystyrene (PS) nanoparticles as substrates for bioanalytical specific interactions. Different techniques were used for the accurate characterization of the PS nanoparticles of 100 nm and 196 nm before coating them with a layer of antibodies against immunoglobulins of type E (aIgE), giving to the particle a specific functionality. The formation of the aIgE adsorbed layer was monitored using centrifugal particle separation (CPS) and centrifugal field flow fractionation (CF3) experiments, which allowed to determine the size changes and the adsorbed mass. Particle sizes were also measured with DLS, used both as stand-alone instrument and coupled to CF3 (CF3-DLS). The complementary information obtained from the CPS and CF3-DLS measurements allowed the estimation of the density of the aIgE shell. The proteins immobilized at the surface fully retained their activity, as proven by the reactions between the functionalized PS-aIgE particles and immunoglobulins of type E (IgE) dispersed in suspensions prepared on purpose.
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Molecular Mechanisms of Cutaneous Inflammatory Disorder: Atopic Dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17081234. [PMID: 27483258 PMCID: PMC5000632 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a multifactorial inflammatory skin disease resulting from interactions between genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. The pathogenesis of AD is poorly understood, and the treatment of recalcitrant AD is still challenging. There is accumulating evidence for new gene polymorphisms related to the epidermal barrier function and innate and adaptive immunity in patients with AD. Newly-found T cells and dendritic cell subsets, cytokines, chemokines and signaling pathways have extended our understanding of the molecular pathomechanism underlying AD. Genetic changes caused by environmental factors have been shown to contribute to the pathogenesis of AD. We herein present a review of the genetics, epigenetics, barrier dysfunction and immunological abnormalities in AD with a focus on updated molecular biology.
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Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with specific genetic and immunological mechanisms. The rapid development of new techniques in molecular biology had ushered in new discoveries on the role of cytokines, chemokines, and immune cells in the pathogenesis of AD. New polymorphisms of AD are continually being reported in different populations. The physical and immunological barrier of normal intact skin is an important part of the innate immune system that protects the host against microbials and allergens that are associated with AD. Defects in the filaggrin gene FLG may play a role in facilitating exposure to allergens and microbial pathogens, which may induce Th2 polarization. Meanwhile, Th22 cells also play roles in skin barrier impairment through IL-22, and AD is often considered to be a Th2/Th22-dominant allergic disease. Mast cells and eosinophils are also involved in the inflammation via Th2 cytokines. Release of pruritogenic substances by mast cells induces scratching that further disrupts the skin barrier. Th1 and Th17 cells are mainly involved in chronic phase of AD. Keratinocytes also produce proinflammatory cytokines such as thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), which can further affect Th cells balance. The immunological characteristics of AD may differ for various endotypes and phenotypes. Due to the heterogeneity of the disease, and the redundancies of these mechanisms, our knowledge of the pathophysiology of the disease is still incomplete, which is reflected by the absence of a cure for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanglei Mu
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital, No11, Xizhimen South Street, Beijing, 100044, China
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16
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Abstract
The skin is composed of a variety of cell types expressing specific molecules and possessing different properties that facilitate the complex interactions and intercellular communication essential for maintaining the structural integrity of the skin. Importantly, a single mutation in one of these molecules can disrupt the entire organization and function of these essential networks, leading to cell separation, blistering, and other striking phenotypes observed in inherited skin diseases. Over the past several decades, the genetic basis of many monogenic skin diseases has been elucidated using classical genetic techniques. Importantly, the findings from these studies has shed light onto the many classes of molecules and essential genetic as well as molecular interactions that lend the skin its rigid, yet flexible properties. With the advent of the human genome project, next-generation sequencing techniques, as well as several other recently developed methods, tremendous progress has been made in dissecting the genetic architecture of complex, non-Mendelian skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M DeStefano
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | - Angela M Christiano
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032 Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
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Luo Y, Zhou B, Zhao M, Tang J, Lu Q. Promoter demethylation contributes to TSLP overexpression in skin lesions of patients with atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2014; 39:48-53. [PMID: 24341479 DOI: 10.1111/ced.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) plays an important role in promoting T-cell homeostasis, and appears to be a central player in the development of allergic symptoms, especially in asthma and atopic dermatitis (AD). Human TSLP is overexpressed in keratinocytes of patients with acute and chronic AD. However, the mechanism of TSLP overexpression remains unclear. AIM To investigate whether TSLP expression is regulated by aberrant DNA methylation modification of the TSLP promoter in keratinocytes of patients with AD. METHODS mRNA and protein levels of TSLP in lesional skin samples from 10 children with AD and 10 healthy controls were measured by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Bisulfite sequencing was performed to determine the methylation status of the TSLP promoter, and 5-azacytidine (5-aza), a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, was used to determine the influence of DNA methylation on TSLP expression. RESULTS TSLP mRNA and protein expression levels were increased in skin lesions from patients with AD compared with healthy controls. Moreover, promoter hypomethylation of the TSLP gene was identified in skin lesions from patients with AD, and treating keratinocytes with 5-aza reduced the methylation level of the TSLP promoter and increased TSLP transcription. CONCLUSIONS DNA demethylation of a specific regulatory region of the TSLP gene may contribute to TSLP overexpression in skin lesions in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Luo
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
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An integrated epigenetic and transcriptomic analysis reveals distinct tissue-specific patterns of DNA methylation associated with atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:1873-1883. [PMID: 24739813 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic alterations are increasingly recognized as mechanisms for disease-associated changes in genome function and important risk factors for complex diseases. The epigenome differs between cell types and so far has been characterized in few human tissues only. In order to identify disease-associated DNA methylation differences for atopic dermatitis (AD), we investigated DNA from whole blood, T cells, B cells, as well as lesional and non-lesional epidermis from AD patients and healthy controls. To elicit functional links, we examined epidermal mRNA expression profiles. No genome-wide significant DNA methylation differences between AD cases and controls were observed in whole blood, T cells, and B cells, and, in general, intra-individual differences in DNA methylation were larger than interindividual differences. However, striking methylation differences were observed between lesional epidermis from patients and healthy control epidermis for various CpG sites, which partly correlated with altered transcript levels of genes predominantly relevant for epidermal differentiation and innate immune response. Significant DNA methylation differences were discordant in skin and blood samples, suggesting that blood is not an ideal surrogate for skin tissue. Our pilot study provides preliminary evidence for functionally relevant DNA methylation differences associated with AD, particularly in the epidermis, and represents a starting point for future investigations of epigenetic mechanisms in AD.
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Sheng W, Qian Y, Wang H, Ma X, Zhang P, Chen L, Ma D, Huang G. Association between mRNA levels of DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B, MBD2 and LINE-1 methylation status in infants with tetralogy of Fallot. Int J Mol Med 2013; 32:694-702. [PMID: 23820632 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is catalyzed and maintained by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs: DNMT1, DNMT3A and DNMT3B) and methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 2 (MBD2). However, little is known about the biological and clinical significance of the expression changes of DNMTs and MBD2 and their association with the methylation levels of long interspersed nuclear element-1 (LINE-1) in patients with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). In this study, quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) was applied to analyze the mRNA levels of DNMTs and MBD2. The methylation status of LINE-1 was measured using the sequenom MassARRAY platform. The mRNA levels of the DNMTs and MBD2 showed a statistically significant decrease in the patients with TOF (P<0.001). The results also showed that patients with TOF had significantly lower global DNA methylation levels with a median of 61.50% [interquartile range (IQR), 59.78-63.77] compared with 63.54% (IQR, 62.49‑64.88) among the controls (P=0.0099). In the controls, only DNMT1 showed a significant positive correlation with the DNMT3A mRNA levels (r=0.718, P=0.002). Of note, the DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B and MBD2 mRNA levels positively correlated with each other; this was statistically significant (P<0.05). A significant positive correlation with the global DNA methylation status was observed only for MBD2 (r=-0.579, P=0.005) in patients with TOF. In conclusion, lower LINE-1 methylation levels significantly correlate with aberrant MBD2 mRNA levels. The lower expression of DNMT1 and DNMT3B may play an important role in the pathogenesis of TOF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sheng
- Children's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, P.R. China
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Arakawa Y, Watanabe M, Inoue N, Sarumaru M, Hidaka Y, Iwatani Y. Association of polymorphisms in DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B, MTHFR and MTRR genes with global DNA methylation levels and prognosis of autoimmune thyroid disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 170:194-201. [PMID: 23039890 PMCID: PMC3482366 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2012.04646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To clarify the association between factors regulating DNA methylation and the prognosis of autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs), we genotyped single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes encoding DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), DNMT3A, DNMT3B, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and methionine synthase reductase (MTRR), which are enzymes essential for DNA methylation. Subjects for this study included 125 patients with Hashimoto's disease (HD), including 48 patients with severe HD and 49 patients with mild HD; 176 patients with Graves' disease (GD), including 79 patients with intractable GD and 47 patients with GD in remission; and 83 healthy volunteers (control subjects). The DNMT1+32204GG genotype was more frequent in patients with intractable GD than in patients with GD in remission. Genomic DNA showed significantly lower levels of global methylation in individuals with the DNMT1+32204GG genotype than in those with the AA genotype. The MTRR+66AA genotype was observed to be more frequent in patients with severe HD than in those with mild HD. The DNMT1+14395A/G, DNMT3B-579G/T, MTHFR+677C/T and +1298A/C polymorphisms were not correlated with the development or prognosis of AITD. Our study indicates that the DNMT1+32204GG genotype correlates with DNA hypomethylation and with the intractability of GD, and that the MTRR+66AA genotype may correlate with the severity of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Arakawa
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences Department of Laboratory Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Han J, Park SG, Bae JB, Choi J, Lyu JM, Park SH, Kim HS, Kim YJ, Kim S, Kim TY. The characteristics of genome-wide DNA methylation in naïve CD4+ T cells of patients with psoriasis or atopic dermatitis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 422:157-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.04.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Kinney SRM, Pradhan S. Regulation of expression and activity of DNA (cytosine-5) methyltransferases in mammalian cells. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2011; 101:311-33. [PMID: 21507356 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-387685-0.00009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Three active DNA (cytosine-5) methyltransferases (DNMTs) have been identified in mammalian cells, Dnmt1, Dnmt3a, and Dnmt3b. DNMT1 is primarily a maintenance methyltransferase, as it prefers to methylate hemimethylated DNA during DNA replication and in vitro. DNMT3A and DNMT3B are de novo methyltransferases and show similar activity on unmethylated and hemimethylated DNA. DNMT3L, which lacks the catalytic domain, binds to DNMT3A and DNMT3B variants and facilitates their chromatin targeting, presumably for de novo methylation. There are several mechanisms by which mammalian cells regulate DNMT levels, including varied transcriptional activation of the respective genes and posttranslational modifications of the enzymes that can affect catalytic activity, targeting, and enzyme degradation. In addition, binding of miRNAs or RNA-binding proteins can also alter the expression of DNMTs. These regulatory processes can be disrupted in disease or by environmental factors, resulting in altered DNMT expression and aberrant DNA methylation patterns.
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Feramisco JD, Tsao H, Siegel DH. Genetics for the Practicing Dermatologist. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 29:127-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sder.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Li Y, Sawalha AH, Lu Q. Aberrant DNA methylation in skin diseases. J Dermatol Sci 2009; 54:143-9. [PMID: 19395242 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2008] [Revised: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms are involved in regulating cell growth and differentiation without inducing changes in the gene sequence. The main epigenetic mechanisms include DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA. Recent studies indicate that aberrant DNA methylation is a common feature of many human disorders, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, heart diseases, skin diseases, and others. Skin diseases comprise various diseases that have a complex etiology and pathogenesis, including genetics and acquired factors such as environment and diet. These acquired factors often have pathogenic effects through modification of DNA and histones, of which DNA methylation is the most common mechanism. Aberrant DNA methylation has been demonstrated in skin diseases, including skin tumors and autoimmune-related skin disorders. Herein, we review the role of DNA methylation in the pathogenesis of skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Li
- Department of Dermatology and Epigenetic Research Center, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Abstract
Epigenetics is the study of differences in phenotype, in the absence of variation in the genetic code. Epigenetics is relevant in the pathogenesis of many skin diseases. In the case of the common skin cancers, aberrant methylation of tumor suppressor gene promoters is associated with their transcriptional inactivation. Environmental carcinogens such as ultraviolet radiation and arsenic may act through epigenetic mechanisms. Hypomethylation is associated with activation of systemic autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus and scleroderma. This may be through a mechanism of immunological cross-reactivity with hypomethylated DNA from pathogenic bacteria. Epigenetic factors may also be relevant in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and other inflammatory skin diseases, as well as in the pathogenesis of the disorders of genomic imprinting with cutaneous features.
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Affiliation(s)
- George W M Millington
- Dermatology Department, Norfolk & Norwich University Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UZ, UK.
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Strickland FM, Richardson BC. Epigenetics in human autoimmunity. Epigenetics in autoimmunity - DNA methylation in systemic lupus erythematosus and beyond. Autoimmunity 2008; 41:278-86. [PMID: 18432408 DOI: 10.1080/08916930802024616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms are essential for normal development and function of the immune system. Similarly, a failure to maintain epigenetic homeostasis in the immune response due to factors including environmental influences, leads to aberrant gene expression, contributing to immune dysfunction and in some cases the development of autoimmunity in genetically predisposed individuals. This is exemplified by systemic lupus erythematosus, where environmentally induced epigenetic changes contribute to disease pathogenesis in those genetically predisposed. Similar interactions between genetically determined susceptibility and environmental factors are implicated in other systemic autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma, as well as in organ specific autoimmunity. The skin is exposed to a wide variety of environmental agents, including UV radiation, and is prone to the development of autoimmune conditions such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis and some forms of vitiligo, depending on environmental and genetic influences. Herein we review how disruption of epigenetic mechanisms can alter immune function using lupus as an example, and summarize how similar mechanisms may contribute to other human autoimmune rheumatic and skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith M Strickland
- The Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA.
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