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Ayón-Pérez MF, Topete-Córdoba JJ, Agraz-Cibrián JM, Ortiz-Martínez L, Durán-Avelar MDJ, Vázquez-Reyes A, Vibanco-Pérez N, Gutiérrez-Franco J, Zambrano-Zaragoza JF. The influence of the -94 Ins/Del ATTG polymorphism of NFkB on the anti-CCP antibody levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e28301. [PMID: 34918708 PMCID: PMC8677897 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000028301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by an inflammatory process that affects mainly synovial tissue in joints, and by the production of cyclic citrullinated peptides (anti-CCP) antibodies. In the inflammatory process the regulation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB) transcription factor activation is a key point in the production of inflammatory cytokines. On the other hand, polymorphisms in several genes could contribute to the promotion of the inflammatory process observed in RA, and the association of the rs28362491 polymorphism in the NFkB gene with RA has been studied in different population. Therefore, it could be one of the interest targets to analyze their association with RA in a Mexican population.This is a case-control study to determine the influence of rs28362491 in the NFkB gene on RA and on clinical features of this disease, such as anti-CCP antibody levels, Disease Activity Score, and Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index.The genotype of rs28362491 in the NFkB gene was determined in 140 RA patients and 135 healthy controls using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method with the enzyme PflMI. The following clinical variables were also determined: anti-CCP levels, Disease Activity Score, and Spanish version of the Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability-Index.Although no association of the polymorphism as a risk/protection factor with RA was found, the RA patients who carried the Ins/Ins genotype showed higher anti-CCP levels, while those with the Del/Del genotype showed higher Spanish version of the Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index levels, compared to the other genotypes.The NFkB -94 Ins/Del ATTG (rs28362491) polymorphism is, therefore, associated with higher levels of anti-CCP antibodies, though no significant association as a risk or protection factor in RA cases was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Fabiola Ayón-Pérez
- Unidad Academica de Ciencias Quimico Biológicas y Farmaceuticas-Universidad Autonoma de Nayarit, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | | | - Juan Manuel Agraz-Cibrián
- Unidad Academica de Ciencias Quimico Biológicas y Farmaceuticas-Universidad Autonoma de Nayarit, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
- Maestria en Salud Pública, Universidad Autonoma de Nayarit, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Liliana Ortiz-Martínez
- Clinica de Reumatologia, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social HGZ No. 1, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Ma. de Jesús Durán-Avelar
- Unidad Academica de Ciencias Quimico Biológicas y Farmaceuticas-Universidad Autonoma de Nayarit, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Vázquez-Reyes
- Unidad Academica de Ciencias Quimico Biológicas y Farmaceuticas-Universidad Autonoma de Nayarit, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Norberto Vibanco-Pérez
- Unidad Academica de Ciencias Quimico Biológicas y Farmaceuticas-Universidad Autonoma de Nayarit, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Jorge Gutiérrez-Franco
- Unidad Academica de Ciencias Quimico Biológicas y Farmaceuticas-Universidad Autonoma de Nayarit, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - José Francisco Zambrano-Zaragoza
- Unidad Academica de Ciencias Quimico Biológicas y Farmaceuticas-Universidad Autonoma de Nayarit, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
- Maestria en Salud Pública, Universidad Autonoma de Nayarit, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
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Mossallam GI, Fattah RA, Mahmoud HK. Nuclear factor-κB1 and MicroRNA-146a polymorphisms and risk of acute graft versus host disease post allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Immunobiology 2019; 225:151876. [PMID: 31813598 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) is a severe inflammatory complication of haematopoeitic stem cell transplantation. The nuclear factor- Kappa Beta (NF-κB) signaling pathway regulates T cell activation. The NF-κB controls the expression of microRNA-146a (miR-146a) that in turn regulates NF-κB activation through a negative feedback loop. We aim to analyze the association between NF-κB1 encoding p50 (rs28362491, -94 in.ertion/deletion ATTG) and miR-146a (rs2910164, G > C) polymorphisms and risk of aGVHD. Genotyping was performed for 135 HLA-matched donors using polymerase chain reaction- restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP).The incidence of aGVHD grades II-IV was 24/135 (17.8 %). NF-κB1 genotype and cytomegalovirus infection were significantly associated with risk of aGVHD II-IV (p = 0.022, HR = 3.17, 95 % CI:1.18-8.51 and p = 0.048, HR = 2.56, 95 % CI:1.01-6.52, respectively). In multivariate analysis, NF-κB1homozygous deletion/deletion genotype was the only independent risk factor associated with aGVHD II-IV (p = 0.013, HR = 3.50, 95 % CI:1.30-9.44). No significant association could be observed between miR-146a polymorphism and aGVHD. Combined NF-κB1 and miR146a genotype analysis warrants investigation in a larger cohort. Our preliminary data do not support the association between miR146a and aGVHD, but suggest an association between NF-κB1 and risk of aGVHD that may pave the way for the development of a novel targeted therapy if proved in a larger cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada I Mossallam
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Laboratory Unit, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Raafat Abdel Fattah
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Nasser Institute Hospital for Research and Treatment, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hossam K Mahmoud
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Nasser Institute Hospital for Research and Treatment, Cairo, Egypt
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Coto-Segura P, Coto E, González-Lara L, Alonso B, Gómez J, Cuesta-Llavona E, Queiro R. Gene Variant in the NF- κB Pathway Inhibitor NFKBIA Distinguishes Patients with Psoriatic Arthritis within the Spectrum of Psoriatic Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:1030256. [PMID: 31815120 PMCID: PMC6877981 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1030256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The NF-κB pathway has been implicated in the genetic aetiology of psoriatic disease. However, since most patients with arthritis have psoriasis, discerning the genetic contributions to both aspects of psoriatic disease is not easy. Our aim was to study the association of common polymorphisms in genes of the NF-κB pathway in patients with psoriatic disease in order to dissect the contribution of this pathway in the appearance of each component (skin and joint) of the disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS We investigated the association between three common variants in NFKB1 (rs230526), NFKBIA (rs7152376), and NFKBIZ (rs3217713 indel) and the risk of developing psoriatic disease. We genotyped a total of 690 psoriatic disease patients and 550 controls. Patients with cutaneous psoriasis of at least 10 years of evolution without associated arthritis were defined to have pure cutaneous psoriasis (PCP). RESULTS The rare NFKBIA rs7152376 C was significantly more frequent in the PsA group vs. controls (OR = 2.03 (1.3-3.1), p < 0.01). The difference was even higher between PsA and PCP patients (OR = 3.2 (2.1-5.1), p < 0.001). Neither NFKB1 rs230526 nor NFKBIZ rs3217713 indel was associated with the risk of developing psoriatic disease as a whole compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Our study supports a significant effect of the NFKBIA gene on the risk of developing PsA, thus contributing to better discerning of the polymorphisms of this pathway that explain this risk within the spectrum of psoriatic disease. Additional studies with larger cohorts and from different populations are necessary to validate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Coto-Segura
- Dermatology Division, Hospital Alvarez Buylla-Mieres, Mieres, Spain
- Instituto Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (IISPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Eliecer Coto
- Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Hospital Universitario Central Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Leire González-Lara
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Hospital Universitario Central Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Belén Alonso
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Hospital Universitario Central Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Juan Gómez
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Hospital Universitario Central Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Rubén Queiro
- Instituto Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (IISPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital Universitario Central Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
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NF- κB-94ins/del ATTG Genotype Contributes to the Susceptibility and Imbalanced Th17 Cells in Patients with Immune Thrombocytopenia. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:8170436. [PMID: 30140708 PMCID: PMC6081577 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8170436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The NLRP3 inflammasome plays important roles in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. However, the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathophysiology of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) remains unclear. Methods RT-PCR was used to examine the polymorphism and expression of genes involved in the NLRP3 inflammasome in ITP patients. T helper cells and apoptosis of PBMC from ITP patients were analyzed by flow cytometry. The antiplatelet autoantibodies in plasma were determined by modified monoclonal antibody-specific immobilization of platelet antigens (MAIPA). Results We found that the NF-κB-94ins/del ATTG genotype contributed to the susceptibility of ITP. Furthermore, the platelet counts of ITP patients with the WW genotype or WD genotype were lower than those with the DD genotype of NF-κB-94ins/del ATTG. Compared with controls, NF-κB gene expression was significantly decreased and WW or WD genotype ITP patients displayed higher mRNA expression than DD individuals. Similarly, the mRNA expression of NLRP3 was also increased in the WW genotype. There was a significant gene dose effect of the percentage of Th17 cells for the WW, WD, and DD genotypes (WW < WD < DD) in the unstimulated group and no significant difference was found after being stimulated. The activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome could upregulate Th17 in ITP patients. Conclusion The NF-κB-94ins/del ATTG genotype might serve as a novel biomarker and potential target for ITP.
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Yang L, Guo W, Zhang S, Wang G. Ubiquitination-proteasome system: A new player in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and clinical implications. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 89:219-225. [PMID: 29279285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitination is an important post-translational modification that regulates a myriad of biological processes such as inflammation, immune response, cell differentiation and proliferation. During the last decade, progress in proteomics contributed to the identification of new E3 ligases and their substrates. Hence, deregulated ubiquitination events are found to be involved in several inflammatory disorders, exemplifying by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriasis. Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by epidermal hyperproliferation and differentiation. Through regulation of key transcriptional factors or signaling members, ubiquitination is viewed as a key regulator in psoriasis. Thus, targeting ubiquitination pathway holds potential for the treatment of psoriasis. Herein, we summarize the current understanding of ubiquitination in psoriasis, and discuss the prospects for targeting ubiquitination in the treatment of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luting Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Weinan Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shaolong Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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Zhang H, Zhang X, Huang J, Fan X. Identification of key genes and pathways for peri-implantitis through the analysis of gene expression data. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:1832-1840. [PMID: 28565775 PMCID: PMC5443169 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study attempted to identify potential key genes and pathways of peri-implantitis, and to investigate the possible mechanisms associated with it. An array data of GSE57631 was downloaded, including six samples of peri-implantitis tissue and two samples of normal tissue from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the peri-implantitis samples compared with normal ones were analyzed with the limma package. Moreover, Gene Ontology annotation and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses for DEGs were performed by DAVID. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was established using Cytoscape software, and significant modules were analyzed using Molecular Complex Detection. A total of 819 DEGs (759 upregulated and 60 downregulated) were identified in the peri-implantitis samples compared with normal ones. Moreover, the PPI network was constructed with 413 nodes and 1,114 protein pairs. Heat shock protein HSP90AA1 (90 kDa α, member 1), a hub node with higher node degrees in module 4, was significantly enriched in antigen processing, in the presentation pathway and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor-signaling pathway. In addition, nuclear factor-κ-B1 (NFKB1) was enriched in the NOD-like receptor-signaling pathway in KEGG pathway enrichment analysis for upregulated genes. The proteasome is the most significant pathway in module 1 with the highest P-value. Therefore, the results of the present study suggested that HSP90AA1 and NFKB1 may be potential key genes, and the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway and proteasome may be potential pathways associated with peri-implantitis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Stomatology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Xusheng Fan
- Department of Stomatology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
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Bogunia-Kubik K, Wysoczańska B, Piątek D, Iwaszko M, Ciechomska M, Świerkot J. Significance of Polymorphism and Expression of miR-146a and NFkB1 Genetic Variants in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2017; 64:131-136. [PMID: 28083614 PMCID: PMC5334424 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-016-0443-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA-146a (miR-146a) has been shown to play an important role in the regulation of inflammatory innate immune responses, and found to be differentially expressed in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Through NF-κB pathway, this molecule is able to stimulate the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-17. It has been also suggested that single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in miRNA sequences may alter miRNA expression and that miR-146a rs2910164 SNP may contribute to RA development. These observations prompted us to analyze the potential associations between the miR-146a-3p (rs2910164, G > C) and NFkB1 (rs28362491, ins/del ATTG) polymorphisms and miR-146a-5p expression in patients’ sera in relation to clinical outcome of the treatment as well as predisposition to RA. Genotyping was performed in 111 patients and 130 healthy individuals while 16 controls and 13 RA patients (before and after three months of therapy with TNF-α inhibitors (TNFi)) were studied for the circulating miR-146a-5p serum expression level. Patients carrying the NFkB1 ins/ins genotype were characterized by worse response to TNFi treatment (p = 0.023). In patients, before TNFi therapy, expression levels of miR-146a-5p were less (0.422 ± 0.171) as compared to those detected after three months of treatment (1.809 ± 0.658, p = 0.033) and observed for healthy controls (5.302 ± 2.112, p = 0.048). Moreover, patients with higher circulating miR-146a-5p levels after three months of TNFi administration were more frequently carrying the rs2910164-C allele (p = 0.032). These results support the hypothesis that miR-146a might be involved in pathogenesis of RA and imply that miR-146a-3p polymorphism may be associated with miR-146a-5p levels in serum after anti-TNF-α treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Bogunia-Kubik
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.,Department of Internal, Occupational Diseases, Hypertension and Clinical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Wysoczańska
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dagmara Piątek
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Milena Iwaszko
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marzena Ciechomska
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.,National Institute of Geriatrics Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Świerkot
- Department of Rheumatology and Internal Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556, Wroclaw, Poland.
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HLA-Cw6 allele, NFkB1 and NFkBIA polymorphisms play no role in predicting response to etanercept in psoriatic patients. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2016; 26:423-7. [DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Association with Genetic Variants in the IL-23 and NF-κB Pathways Discriminates between Mild and Severe Psoriasis Skin Disease. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:1969-1976. [PMID: 25789703 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is clinically heterogeneous, and symptoms can vary from mild almost cosmetic symptoms to severe disease requiring systemic therapy. Biomarkers predicting disease development are lacking. Herein we explored the genetic background in two polarized cohorts of carefully phenotyped patients with long-term follow-up: consistent mild phenotype (n=696) and severe disease course requiring systemic therapy (n=715). All patients were treated at the same dermatology department ensuring homogenous assessment. Genotyping included known psoriasis-associated variants, with special focus on the IL-23 and NF-κB pathways. A case-case study comparing severe and mild psoriasis phenotypes, controlling for age at disease onset and gender, revealed significant differences between the two groups for SNPs in IL23R, NFKB1, IL21, IL12B, NFKBIL1 and IL23A. HLA-C*06 associated equally in the mild and severe disease cohorts. Strong additive effects when combining HLA-C*06 with IL23A, IL23R, IL12B, NFKB1 or TNIP1 were restricted to the severe cohort, indicating that activation of these pathways may influence disease severity in psoriasis. No protective gene was identified in the mild cohort, suggesting that current screens have primarily identified psoriasis variants associated with a more severe phenotype. These results demonstrate the importance of careful phenotyping and long-term clinical follow-up in genetic studies.
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Varga G, Mikala G, Andrikovics H, Koszarska M, Balassa K, Ádám E, Kozma A, Tordai A, Masszi T. NFKB1 −94ins/delATTG polymorphism is a novel prognostic marker in first line-treated multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2014; 168:679-88. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Varga
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine; Semmelweis University; Budapest Hungary
| | - Gábor Mikala
- Department of Haematology and Stem Cell Transplantation; St. István and St. László Hospital; Budapest Hungary
| | - Hajnalka Andrikovics
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics; Hungarian National Blood Transfusion Service; Budapest Hungary
| | - Magdalena Koszarska
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics; Hungarian National Blood Transfusion Service; Budapest Hungary
| | - Katalin Balassa
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics; Hungarian National Blood Transfusion Service; Budapest Hungary
| | - Emma Ádám
- Department of Haematology and Stem Cell Transplantation; St. István and St. László Hospital; Budapest Hungary
| | - András Kozma
- Department of Haematology and Stem Cell Transplantation; St. István and St. László Hospital; Budapest Hungary
| | - Attila Tordai
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics; Hungarian National Blood Transfusion Service; Budapest Hungary
| | - Tamás Masszi
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine; Semmelweis University; Budapest Hungary
- Department of Haematology and Stem Cell Transplantation; St. István and St. László Hospital; Budapest Hungary
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Arisawa T, Tahara T, Shiroeda H, Yamada K, Nomura T, Yamada H, Hayashi R, Matsunaga K, Otsuka T, Nakamura M, Shimasaki T, Toshikuni N, Kawada N, Shibata T. Functional promoter polymorphisms of NFKB1 influence susceptibility to the diffuse type of gastric cancer. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:3013-9. [PMID: 24101096 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we report an association between gastric cancer and polymorphisms in NFKB1 (rs28362941 and rs78696119). We employed the PCR-SSCP method to detect gene polymorphisms in 479 gastric cancer cases and 880 controls. The rs28362941 del/del homozygote was significantly associated with gastric cancer development; in particular it was closely associated with diffuse type gastric cancer. The rs78696119 GG homozygote was also associated with the diffuse type of gastric cancer. In young subjects, both polymorphisms were significantly associated with the development of gastric cancer. In addition, both polymorphisms were related to tumor progression such as tumor invasion and lymph node metastasis. The inflammatory cell infiltration into non-cancerous gastric mucosa was greater in the subjects with the rs28362491 del/del or rs78696119 GG genotype when compared to those with the other genotypes. In conclusion, functional polymorphisms of NFKB1 are associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer; in particular they are closely associated with the development of diffuse type of gastric cancer via severe gastric inflammation. These polymorphisms also appear to be associated with gastric cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomiyasu Arisawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada-machi, Ishikawa 920-029, Japan
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Cai H, Sun L, Cui L, Cao Q, Qin C, Zhang G, Mao X, Wang M, Zhang Z, Shao P, Yin C. A functional insertion/deletion polymorphism (-94 ins/del ATTG) in the promoter region of the NFKB1 gene is related to the risk of renal cell carcinoma. Urol Int 2012; 91:206-12. [PMID: 23295440 DOI: 10.1159/000345630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Activated nuclear factor-ĸB is associated with the pathogenesis of numerous malignancies, including renal cell carcinoma (RCC). This study aimed to clarify the influence of a common insertion/deletion polymorphism (-94 ins/del ATTG, rs28362491) in the NFKB1 promoter on RCC susceptibility. METHODS We genotyped the NFKB1 -94 ins/del ATTG promoter polymorphism by the TaqMan method and assessed the association with RCC risk, clinicopathological parameters in a case-control study of 1,027 cases and 1,094 controls. RESULTS The genotype frequencies were significantly different between RCC cases and controls (p = 0.046). Compared with individuals carrying the ins/del + del/del genotypes, those with the ins/ins genotype had an increased RCC risk [p = 0.036, adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.23, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.02-1.48], particularly in the subgroup of younger age (p = 0.005, adjusted OR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.11-1.83) and never smokers (p = 0.013, adjusted OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.07-1.69). Furthermore, the polymorphism was significantly associated with the risk of developing localized stage RCC (p = 0.020, OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.04-1.53). CONCLUSIONS The functional NFKB1 promoter polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhou Cai
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Gunduz K, Temiz P, Gencoglan G, Inanir I, Catalkaya A. Expression of nuclear factor kappa B and survivin in psoriasis. ISRN DERMATOLOGY 2012; 2012:257059. [PMID: 23227354 PMCID: PMC3512308 DOI: 10.5402/2012/257059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective. Suppression of apoptosis has been proposed as a mechanism responsible for epidermal thickness in psoriasis. Survivin is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis family. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) is one of the transcriptional factors that regulate many genes affecting apoptosis. The aim of this study was to determine survivin and NF-κB expressions in psoriasis in comparison with normal epidermis. Patients and Methods. Immunohistochemical expressions of survivin and NF-κB were investigated in 41 psoriatic and 21 normal skin samples. Results. Diffuse nuclear survivin expression in all epidermal layers was seen in all of the psoriatic samples. NF-κB expression in different epidermal locations was seen in all of the psoriatic samples. Nuclear staining was positive in 40 psoriasis samples. Similar survivin and NF-κB expressions were observed in normal skin samples. Conclusion. Since similar expressions are seen in both normal and psoriatic epidermis, no important roles for survivin and NF-κB can be attributed in epidermal proliferation and thickness seen in psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamer Gunduz
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
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Bianco B, Lerner TG, Trevisan CM, Cavalcanti V, Christofolini DM, Barbosa CP. The nuclear factor-kB functional promoter polymorphism is associated with endometriosis and infertility. Hum Immunol 2012; 73:1190-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 07/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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15
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Arisawa T, Tahara T, Shiroeda H, Yamada H, Nomura T, Hayashi R, Saito T, Fukuyama T, Otsuka T, Nakamura M, Toshikuni N, Tsuchishima M, Shibata T. NFKB1 polymorphism is associated with age-related gene methylation in Helicobacter pylori-infected subjects. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:255-62. [PMID: 22614238 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CpG island aberrant methylation is shown to be an important mechanism in gene silencing. The important role of NF-κB in the inflammatory response to H. pylori colonization has been indicated. We investigated the influence of NFKB1 polymorphisms, -94 ins/del (rs28362491) and -449 C>G (rs72696119), on the aberrant gene methylation under H. pylori infection. Gastric mucosal samples were obtained from sub-subjects without malignancies. Methylation status of genes (p14ARF, p16INK4a, DAPK and CDH1) was determined by methylation-specific PCR (MSP). The genotyping of NFKB1 was performed by PCR-SSCP. There was a strong allelic association between rs28362491 and rs72696119, and all H. pylori-infected -94 del/del homozygotes had a -449 GG genotype. The -94 del/del homozygosity was significantly associated with risk for development of CpG island high methylation (CIHM) (two or more gene methylations), especially DAPK and CDH1 methylations, and the number of methylated genes was significantly higher in -94 del/del homozygotes than in ins/del and ins/ins (ins carrier) H. pylori-infected elder subjects. In addition, this methylated gene number was significantly increased with age in H. pylori-infected del/del homozygotes, but not in infected ins carriers. Furthermore, the inflammation score was significantly higher in H. pylori-infected del/del homozygotes compared to ins carriers. NFKB1 -94 ins/del ATTG polymorphism (rs28362491) was significantly associated with the increased risk for the development of age-related gene methylation in non-cancerous gastric mucosa under H. pylori-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomiyasu Arisawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada-machi, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
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Zou YF, Wang F, Feng XL, Tao JH, Zhu JM, Pan FM, Su H. Association of NFKB1 -94ins/delATTG promoter polymorphism with susceptibility to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases: a meta-analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 77:9-17. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2010.01559.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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17
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Zou YF, Feng XL, Tao JH, Zhu JM, Pan FM, Su H, Ye DQ. Association of SUMO4 M55V polymorphism with susceptibility to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases: a meta-analysis. Int J Immunogenet 2010; 37:345-54. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2010.00931.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Vallières M, du Souich P. Modulation of inflammation by chondroitin sulfate. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010; 18 Suppl 1:S1-6. [PMID: 20399900 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2010.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Revised: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND METHODS To evaluate the immune-modulator effect of chondroitin sulfate (CS) by means of the review of the literature. RESULTS Inflammatory reactions are primarily originated by infectious agents, immune reactions and by sterile tissue lesions that activate membrane receptors by means of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, tissue breakdown products and cytokines. The activation of membrane receptors triggers the phosphorylation of mitogen activated protein kinases and of the nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB). The binding of NF-kappaB to the promoter of target genes enhances the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase 2, phospholipase A2, and matrix metalloproteases, proteins that contribute to tissue damage and to the inflammatory reaction. The activation of NF-kappaB has a key role in the immune homeostasis and the inflammatory response and therefore, in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases. Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is able to diminish NF-kappaB activation and nuclear translocation in chondrocytes and synovial membrane, effects that may explain the benefits of CS in osteoarthritis. In addition, systemic CS reduces NF-kappaB nuclear translocation in macrophages and hepatocytes, raising the hypothesis that CS might be of benefit to treat other diseases with a strong inflammatory component. There is preliminary evidence in humans that CS improves moderate to severe psoriasis. Moreover, experimental and clinical data suggest that CS might be a useful therapeutic agent in diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases, atherosclerosis, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. DISCUSSION These results urge for double blinded placebo-controlled trials to confirm the utility of CS in diseases with immune and inflammatory components.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vallières
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3J7
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Zhou B, Rao L, Peng Y, Wang Y, Qie M, Zhang Z, Song Y, Zhang L. A Functional Promoter Polymorphism inNFKB1Increases Susceptibility to Endometriosis. DNA Cell Biol 2010; 29:235-9. [PMID: 20218898 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2009.0992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhou
- Laboratory of Molecular Translational Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Li Rao
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Ying Peng
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Yanyun Wang
- Department of Immunology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Mingrong Qie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Zhu Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Yaping Song
- Laboratory of Molecular Translational Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Translational Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
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Wang JF, Bian JJ, Wan XJ, Zhu KM, Sun ZZ, Lu AD. NFKB1-94ins/del polymorphism is not associated with lung injury after cardiopulmonary bypass. Anaesthesia 2009; 65:158-62. [PMID: 19995347 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2009.06186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB (NFKB1)-94ins/del is an important polymorphism that affects promoter activity of the NFKB1 gene and is potentially associated with several inflammatory diseases. We investigated the association of this polymorphism with lung injury after cardiac surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass in a prospective cohort study of 283 patients. Genotyping was performed by high resolution melting analysis; analysis indicated no association of NFKB1 with postoperative lung injury (p = 0.064). Relative risks of the del allele and the del/del genotype were 1.34 (95% CI 1.02-1.75) and 1.74 (95% CI 1.00-3.05) respectively. Logistic regression analysis (with factors including age, peripheral vascular disease and surgical duration as risk factors of lung injury after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass) also failed to confirm that the NFKB1 genotype is influential for lung injury (p = 0.113). We conclude that, contrary to some other evidence, the NFKB1-94ins/del polymorphism is not associated with lung injury after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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21
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Zhou B, Qie M, Wang Y, Yan L, Zhang Z, Liang A, Wang T, Wang X, Song Y, Zhang L. Relationship between NFKB1 -94 insertion/deletion ATTG polymorphism and susceptibility of cervical squamous cell carcinoma risk. Ann Oncol 2009; 21:506-511. [PMID: 19892748 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdp507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A very high expression of nuclear factor-kappa B protein (nuclear p50, encoded by NFKB1) in high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and invasive cancers has been observed. The aim of this study was to determine whether the functional NFKB1 -94 insertion/deletion ATTG polymorphism (rs28362491) is associated with cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS PCR-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis method was used to genotype the NFKB1 -94 insertion/deletion ATTG polymorphism in 233 women with CSCC and 365 ethnicity-matched healthy control women. The genotyping method was confirmed by the DNA sequencing analysis. RESULTS The frequency of ATTG(2)/ATTG(2) genotype and ATTG(2) allele in the CSCC patients was significantly higher than that of controls, indicating that the -94 insertion/deletion ATTG polymorphism in NFKB1 promoter was associated with CSCC [P = 0.001, odds ratio (OR) = 2.560, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.459-4.492 and P = 0.001, OR = 1.493, 95% CI 1.168-1.908, respectively]. Results of stratified analyses revealed that this polymorphism is associated with younger age (< or =35 years) and positive parametrial invasion but not with tumor differentiation, high clinical stage or lymph node status. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the functional NFKB1 -94 insertion/deletion ATTG polymorphism is associated with CSCC, especially with younger age (< or =35 years) and positive parametrial invasion of CSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zhou
- Laboratory of Molecular Translational Medicine
| | - M Qie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Immunology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - L Yan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital
| | - Z Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital
| | - A Liang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital
| | - T Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Translational Medicine
| | - X Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Translational Medicine
| | - Y Song
- Laboratory of Molecular Translational Medicine
| | - L Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Translational Medicine.
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Zhang P, Wei Q, Li X, Wang K, Zeng H, Bu H, Li H. A functional insertion/deletion polymorphism in the promoter region of the NFKB1 gene increases susceptibility for prostate cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 191:73-7. [PMID: 19446741 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2009.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Revised: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Among men, cancers of the prostate, lung and bronchus, and colon and rectum account for about 50% of all newly diagnosed cancers, and prostate cancer alone accounts for about 25% of incident cases. Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB)-activation plays a critical role in prostate cancer by NF-kappaB inhibitor kinase beta pathway-mediated inflammatory-induced tumorigenesis. A functional insertion/deletion polymorphism (-94 insertion/deletion ATTG) in the promoter of the NFKB1 gene, which encodes the p50 subunit of NF-kappaB, was identified recently. A total of 117 prostate cancer patients and 143 control subjects were recruited in this study. The NFKB1 -94 insertion/deletion ATTG genotype was determined using polymerase chain reaction-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The frequency of the ATTG(2) allele in prostate cancer patients was significantly higher than that in the controls (63.7 vs. 54.5%; P=0.035, OR=1.461). Prostate cancer patients with a history of prostatitis have a 2.275 times higher risk for prostate cancer, compared to the control group (P=0.001). The functional NFKB1 promoter polymorphism is associated with increased risk of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China
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du Souich P, García AG, Vergés J, Montell E. Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of chondroitin sulphate. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13:1451-63. [PMID: 19522843 PMCID: PMC3828858 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00826.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulphate (CS) is a natural glycosaminoglycan present in the extracellular matrix and is formed by the 1–3 linkage of D-glucuronic acid to N-acetylgalactosamine. In chondrocytes, CS diminishes interleukin-1 p (IL-1p)-induced increases in p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) and signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2) phosphorylation, and decreases nuclear factor-KB (NF-kB) nuclear translocation and as a consequence, reduces the formation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1 p and TNF-a, and pro-inflammatory enzymes, such as phospholipase A2 (PLA2), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and nitric oxide synthase-2 (NOS-2). The mechanism of action of CS explains its beneficial effect on the cartilage, synovial membrane and subchondral bone. On the other hand, in vivo, CS given orally prevents hepatic NF-κB nuclear translocation, suggesting that systemic CS may elicit an anti-inflammatory effect in many tissues besides the articulation. There is preliminary evidence showing that in human beings, CS may be of benefit in other diseases where inflammation is an essential marker, such as psoriasis and atherosclerosis. The review of the literature suggest that CS might also be of interest for the treatment of other diseases with an inflammatory and/or autoimmune character, such as inflammatory bowel disease, degenerative diseases of the central nervous system and stroke, multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick du Souich
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Kim JG, Sohn SK, Chae YS, Moon JH, Kim SN, Kang BW, Kim GC, Lee MH, Jeon SW, Chung HY, Yu W. No Association of the NFKB1 Insertion/Deletion Promoter Polymorphism with Survival in Patients with Gastric Cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2009; 39:497-501. [DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyp056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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A functional insertion/deletion polymorphism in the promoter region of NFKB1 gene increases susceptibility for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2008; 275:72-6. [PMID: 19006646 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Revised: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a common malignancy in southern China and Southeast Asia. Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB)-activation plays critical roles in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) mediated tumorigenesis in NPC. A functional insertion/deletion polymorphism (-94 insertion/deletion ATTG) in the promoter of NFKB1 gene, which encodes the p50 subunit of NF-kappaB protein complex, was recently identified. This study found that the frequency of ATTG(2) allele in NPC patients was significantly higher than that in control subjects (66% vs. 57.1%, p=0.015, OR=1.453), suggesting that the functional NFKB1 promoter polymorphism is associated with increased risk for NPC.
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