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Kim NH, Lee AY. Oxidative Stress Induces Skin Pigmentation in Melasma by Inhibiting Hedgehog Signaling. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1969. [PMID: 38001823 PMCID: PMC10669456 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12111969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that oxidative stress plays a role in melasma and disrupts primary cilia formation. Additionally, primary cilia have been suggested to have an inhibitory role in melanogenesis. This study examined the potential link between oxidative stress, skin hyperpigmentation, and primary cilia. We compared the expression levels of the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2), intraflagellar transport 88 (IFT88), and glioma-associated oncogene homologs (GLIs) in skin samples from patients with melasma, both in affected and unaffected areas. We also explored the roles of NRF2, IFT88, and GLIs in ciliogenesis and pigmentation using cultured adult human keratinocytes, with or without melanocytes. Our findings revealed decreased levels of NRF2, heme oxygenase-1, IFT88, and GLIs in lesional skin from melasma patients. The knockdown of NRF2 resulted in reduced expressions of IFT88 and GLI1, along with fewer ciliated cells. Furthermore, NRF2, IFT88, or GLI1 knockdown led to increased expressions in protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2), K10, involucrin, tyrosinase, and/or melanin. These effects were reversed by the smoothened agonist 1.1. Calcium also upregulated these proteins, but not NRF2. The upregulation of involucrin and PAR2 after NRF2 knockdown was mitigated with a calcium chelator. In summary, our study suggests that oxidative stress in NRF2-downregulated melasma keratinocytes impedes ciliogenesis and related molecular processes. This inhibition stimulates keratinocyte differentiation, resulting in melanin synthesis and melanosome transfer, ultimately leading to skin hyperpigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ai-Young Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, 814 Siksa-dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 410-773, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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2
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Sevilla A, Chéret J, Lee W, Paus R. Concentration-dependent stimulation of melanin production as well as melanocyte and keratinocyte proliferation by melatonin in human eyelid epidermis. Exp Dermatol 2023; 32:684-693. [PMID: 36601673 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
It remains unclear how the multifunctional indoleamine neurohormone, melatonin, alters melanin production and melanocytes within intact human epidermis under physiologically relevant conditions. In the current pilot study, we aimed to clarify this in long-term organ-cultured, full-thickness human eyelid skin, selected for its clinically recognized sensitivity to pigmentation-modulatory hormones. Warthin-Starry histochemistry showed that 100 μM melatonin significantly increased epidermal melanin content and melanocyte dendricity after 6 days of organ culture, even though tyrosinase activity in situ was inhibited, as assessed by quantitative immunohistomorphometry. While the higher melatonin dose tested here (200 μM) did not change epidermal melanization, but again inhibited tyrosinase activity, it increased the number and proliferation of both gp100+ epidermal melanocytes and keratinocytes as well as protein expression of the premelanosomal marker, gp100, ex vivo. Contrary to most previous studies, these eyelid skin organ culture results suggest that long-term melatonin application exerts overall stimulatory, dose-dependent effects on the epidermal pigmentary unit within intact human skin, which appear surprisingly tyrosinase-independent. While these provocative preliminary findings require further work-up and independent confirmation, they encourage one to systematically explore whether prolonged melatonin therapy can (re-)stimulate melanogenesis and increase the pool/activity of epidermal melanocytes in hypopigmented skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec Sevilla
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jérémy Chéret
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Wendy Lee
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Ralf Paus
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.,CUTANEON - Skin & Hair Innovations, Hamburg, Germany.,Monasterium Laboratory, Münster, Germany
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3
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Katsuyama Y, Hiyama K, Sawamura A, Kawase I, Okano Y, Masaki H. Pyridoxine Has a Potential to Prevent the Appearance of Pigmented Spots: Effects on the Phagocytosis and Differentiation of Keratinocytes. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:1378-1384. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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Sun W, Liu Z, Xu J, Cheng Y, Yin R, Ma L, Li H, Qian X, Zhang H. 3D skin models along with skin-on-a-chip systems: A critical review. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.107819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Sevilla A, Chéret J, Slominski RM, Slominski AT, Paus R. Revisiting the role of melatonin in human melanocyte physiology: A skin context perspective. J Pineal Res 2022; 72:e12790. [PMID: 35133682 PMCID: PMC8930624 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionarily ancient methoxyindoleamine, melatonin, has long perplexed investigators by its versatility of functions and mechanisms of action, which include the regulation of vertebrate pigmentation. Although first discovered through its potent skin-lightening effects in amphibians, melatonin's role in human skin and hair follicle pigmentation and its impact on melanocyte physiology remain unclear. Synthesizing our limited current understanding of this role, we specifically examine its impact on melanogenesis, oxidative biology, mitochondrial function, melanocyte senescence, and pigmentation-related clock gene activity, with emphasis on human skin, yet without ignoring instructive pointers from nonhuman species. Given the strict dependence of melanocyte functions on the epithelial microenvironment, we underscore that melanocyte responses to melatonin are best interrogated in a physiological tissue context. Current evidence suggests that melatonin and some of its metabolites inhibit both, melanogenesis (via reducing tyrosinase activity) and melanocyte proliferation by stimulating melatonin membrane receptors (MT1, MT2). We discuss whether putative melanogenesis-inhibitory effects of melatonin may occur via activation of Nrf2-mediated PI3K/AKT signaling, estrogen receptor-mediated and/or melanocortin-1 receptor- and cAMP-dependent signaling, and/or via melatonin-regulated changes in peripheral clock genes that regulate human melanogenesis, namely Bmal1 and Per1. Melatonin and its metabolites also accumulate in melanocytes where they exert net cyto- and senescence-protective as well as antioxidative effects by operating as free radical scavengers, stimulating the synthesis and activity of ROS scavenging enzymes and other antioxidants, promoting DNA repair, and enhancing mitochondrial function. We argue that it is clinically and biologically important to definitively clarify whether melanocyte cell culture-based observations translate into melatonin-induced pigmentary changes in a physiological tissue context, that is, in human epidermis and hair follicles ex vivo, and are confirmed by clinical trial results. After defining major open questions in this field, we close by suggesting how to begin answering them in clinically relevant, currently available preclinical in situ research models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec Sevilla
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jérémy Chéret
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Radomir M. Slominski
- Graduate Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Andrzej T. Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Pathology Laboratory Service, Veteran Administration Medical Center at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL35294, USA
- Corresponding authors: Ralf Paus, MD, DSc: ; Andrzej T. Slominski, MD, PhD:
| | - Ralf Paus
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Monasterium Laboratory, Münster, Germany
- CUTANEON – Skin & Hair Innovations, Hamburg, Germany
- Corresponding authors: Ralf Paus, MD, DSc: ; Andrzej T. Slominski, MD, PhD:
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6
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Katsuyama Y, Sato Y, Okano Y, Masaki H. Intracellular oxidative stress induced by calcium influx initiates the activation of phagocytosis in keratinocytes accumulating at S-phase of the cell cycle after UVB irradiation. J Dermatol Sci 2021; 103:41-48. [PMID: 34147320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phagocytosis is an essential process that maintains cellular homeostasis. In the epidermis, the phagocytosis of melanosomes into keratinocytes is important to protect their DNA against damage from ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation. Furthermore, it is considered that UVB activates the phagocytosis by keratinocytes but the detailed mechanism involved is not fully understood. OBJECTIVE To clarify the mechanism of UVB-enhanced phagocytosis in keratinocytes, we investigated the relationship between the phagocytic ability of keratinocytes and the cell cycle stage of keratinocytes. METHODS The phagocytic ability of keratinocytes was evaluated using the incorporation of fluorescent beads after exposure to UVB or oxidative stress. S-phase was evaluated by BrdU incorporation and immunostaining of cyclin D1. Intracellular calcium levels of keratinocytes were measured using the probe Fluo-4AM. RESULTS The phagocytosis of fluorescent beads into keratinocytes was enhanced by UVB and also by oxidative stress. We found that keratinocytes exposed to UVB or oxidative stress were at S-phase of the cell cycle. Furthermore, keratinocytes synchronized to S-phase showed a higher phagocytic ability according to the increased intracellular ROS level. The UVB-enhanced phagocytosis and entrance into S-phase of keratinocytes was abolished by ascorbic acid, a typical antioxidant. Keratinocytes synchronized to S-phase and exposed to UVB or oxidative stress had increased levels of intracellular calcium and their enhanced phagocytic abilities were diminished by the calcium ion chelator BAPTA-AM. CONCLUSION Taken together, intracellular oxidative stress induced by intracellular calcium influx mediates the UVB-enhanced phagocytic ability of keratinocytes accumulating at S-phase of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hitoshi Masaki
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Weng T, Zhang W, Xia Y, Wu P, Yang M, Jin R, Xia S, Wang J, You C, Han C, Wang X. 3D bioprinting for skin tissue engineering: Current status and perspectives. J Tissue Eng 2021; 12:20417314211028574. [PMID: 34345398 PMCID: PMC8283073 DOI: 10.1177/20417314211028574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin and skin appendages are vulnerable to injury, requiring rapidly reliable regeneration methods. In recent years, 3D bioprinting has shown potential for wound repair and regeneration. 3D bioprinting can be customized for skin shape with cells and other materials distributed precisely, achieving rapid and reliable production of bionic skin substitutes, therefore, meeting clinical and industrial requirements. Additionally, it has excellent performance with high resolution, flexibility, reproducibility, and high throughput, showing great potential for the fabrication of tissue-engineered skin. This review introduces the common techniques of 3D bioprinting and their application in skin tissue engineering, focusing on the latest research progress in skin appendages (hair follicles and sweat glands) and vascularization, and summarizes current challenges and future development of 3D skin printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Weng
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Centre, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Trauma and Burns of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Centre, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Trauma and Burns of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yilan Xia
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Centre, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pan Wu
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Centre, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Trauma and Burns of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Centre, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Trauma and Burns of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ronghua Jin
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Centre, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Trauma and Burns of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sizhan Xia
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Centre, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Trauma and Burns of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jialiang Wang
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Centre, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Trauma and Burns of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chuangang You
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Centre, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Trauma and Burns of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunmao Han
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Centre, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Trauma and Burns of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xingang Wang
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Centre, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Trauma and Burns of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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8
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Tian X, Cui Z, Liu S, Zhou J, Cui R. Melanosome transport and regulation in development and disease. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 219:107707. [PMID: 33075361 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Melanosomes are specialized membrane-bound organelles that synthesize and organize melanin, ultimately providing color to the skin, hair, and eyes. Disorders in melanogenesis and melanosome transport are linked to pigmentary diseases, such as Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, and Griscelli syndrome. Clinical cases of these pigmentary diseases shed light on the molecular mechanisms that control melanosome-related pathways. However, only an improved understanding of melanogenesis and melanosome transport will further the development of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Herein, we review the current literature surrounding melanosomes with particular emphasis on melanosome membrane transport and cytoskeleton-mediated melanosome transport. We also provide perspectives on melanosome regulatory mechanisms which include hormonal action, inflammation, autophagy, and organelle interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Tian
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Ziyong Cui
- Harvard College, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States of America
| | - Song Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Rutao Cui
- Skin Disease Research Institute, The 2nd Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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9
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Zhang QL, Li XM, Lian DD, Zhu MJ, Yim SH, Lee JH, Jiang RH, Kim CD. Tumor Suppressive Function of NQO1 in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:2076579. [PMID: 31886179 PMCID: PMC6893255 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2076579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a common cancer that significantly decreases the quality of life. It is known that external stimulus such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation induces cutaneous SCC via provoking oxidative stress. NAD(P)H dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1) is a ubiquitous flavoenzyme that functions as a guardian against oxidative stress. However, the effect of NQO1 on cutaneous SCC is not clearly elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effect of NQO1 on cutaneous SCC cells using the recombinant adenoviruses that can upregulate and/or downregulate NQO1 expression. Overexpression of NQO1 resulted in significant decrease of cell proliferation and colony forming activity of SCC lines (SCC12 and SCC13 cells). By contrast, knockdown of NQO1 increased the cell proliferation and colony forming activity. Accordingly, the levels of proliferation-related regulators, such as Cyclin D1, Cyclin E, PCNA, SOX2, and p63, were decreased by the overexpression of NQO1, while those were increased by knockdown of NQO1. In addition, NQO1 affected the invasion and migration of SCC cells in a very similar way, with the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition- (EMT-) related molecules, including E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Vimentin, Snail, and Slug. Finally, the overexpression of NQO1 decreased the level of phosphorylated AKT, JNK, and p38 MAPK, while the knockdown of NQO1 increased the level of phosphorylated signaling molecules. Based on these data, NQO1 has tumor suppressive function in cutaneous SCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Ling Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Xue Mei Li
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - De-De Lian
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ming Ji Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Su-Hyuk Yim
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeung-Hoon Lee
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Skin Med Company, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ri-Hua Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chang-Deok Kim
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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10
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Bal-Öztürk A, Miccoli B, Avci-Adali M, Mogtader F, Sharifi F, Çeçen B, Yaşayan G, Braeken D, Alarcin E. Current Strategies and Future Perspectives of Skin-on-a-Chip Platforms: Innovations, Technical Challenges and Commercial Outlook. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 24:5437-5457. [PMID: 30727878 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190206195304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The skin is the largest and most exposed organ in the human body. Not only it is involved in numerous biological processes essential for life but also it represents a significant endpoint for the application of pharmaceuticals. The area of in vitro skin tissue engineering has been progressing extensively in recent years. Advanced in vitro human skin models strongly impact the discovery of new drugs thanks to the enhanced screening efficiency and reliability. Nowadays, animal models are largely employed at the preclinical stage of new pharmaceutical compounds development for both risk assessment evaluation and pharmacokinetic studies. On the other hand, animal models often insufficiently foresee the human reaction due to the variations in skin immunity and physiology. Skin-on-chips devices offer innovative and state-of-the-art platforms essential to overcome these limitations. In the present review, we focus on the contribution of skin-on-chip platforms in fundamental research and applied medical research. In addition, we also highlighted the technical and practical difficulties that must be overcome to enhance skin-on-chip platforms, e.g. embedding electrical measurements, for improved modeling of human diseases as well as of new drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayça Bal-Öztürk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, İstinye University, 34010, Zeytinburnu, Istanbul, Turkey,Department of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Health Sciences, Istinye University, 34010 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Beatrice Miccoli
- Imec, Department of Life Sciences and Imaging, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium,Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Meltem Avci-Adali
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Tuebingen, Calwerstraße 7/1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ferzaneh Mogtader
- Department of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Health Sciences, Istinye University, 34010 Istanbul, Turkey,NanoBMT, Cyberpark, Bilkent 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatemeh Sharifi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11365-11155, Iran
| | - Berivan Çeçen
- Biomechanics Department, Institute of Health Science, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340, Inciraltı, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gökçen Yaşayan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, 34668, Haydarpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dries Braeken
- Imec, Department of Life Sciences and Imaging, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Emine Alarcin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, 34668, Haydarpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
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12
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Atzmony L, Zaki TD, Antaya RJ, Choate KA. Phenotypic expansion of POFUT1 loss of function mutations in a disorder featuring segmental dyspigmentation with eczematous and folliculo-centric lesions. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:2469-2473. [PMID: 31566882 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Appearance of mosaic disorders in thin Blaschko lines suggests that somatic mutations in keratinocyte precursors underlie their pathogenesis. Germline heterozygous mutations in POFUT1 gene cause Dowling-Degos disease (DDD), a skin disease that features flexural reticulated hyperpigmentation and follicular-based lesions. POFUT1 mosaicism has not been described to date. Here, we describe a 9-year-old female with segmental hyper- and hypopigmented patches with overlying eczematous plaques and follicular papules. Employing paired whole exome sequencing of saliva and keratinocytes isolated from affected skin, we found a novel germline heterozygous POFUT1 deletion causing frameshift and premature codon termination and somatic copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 20 encompassing POFUT1. Expression levels of POFUT1 as well as other key regulators of the notch signaling pathway-NOTCH1, NOTCH2, and HES1-were reduced in affected keratinocytes compared with normal keratinocytes. Our findings provide the first evidence of POFUT1 postzygotic mutation and a phenotypic expansion of POFUT1 loss of function mutations. We show that a recessive loss of function mutation in POFUT1 produces a distinct clinical presentation with features (e.g., dermatitis) that are absent in the generalized form of DDD. This study demonstrates how analysis of mosaic disorders can reveal unexpected phenotypes for known genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihi Atzmony
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Theodore D Zaki
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Richard J Antaya
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Keith A Choate
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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13
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Henehan M, De Benedetto A. Update on protease‐activated receptor 2 in cutaneous barrier, differentiation, tumorigenesis and pigmentation, and its role in related dermatologic diseases. Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:877-885. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mason Henehan
- Department of Dermatology College of Medicine University of Florida Gainesville Florida
| | - Anna De Benedetto
- Department of Dermatology College of Medicine University of Florida Gainesville Florida
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14
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Zhang QL, Jiang RH, Li XM, Ko JW, Kim CD, Zhu MJ, Lee JH. Inhibition of Poly(I:C)-Induced Inflammation by Salvianolic Acid A in Skin Keratinocytes. Ann Dermatol 2019; 31:279-285. [PMID: 33911592 PMCID: PMC7992737 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2019.31.3.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Skin keratinocytes participate actively in inducing immune responses when external pathogens are introduced, thereby contributing to elimination of pathogens. However, in condition where the excessive inflammation is occurred, chronic skin disease such as psoriasis can be provoked. Objective We tried to screen the putative therapeutics for inflammatory skin disease, and found that salvianolic acid A (SAA) has an inhibitory effect on keratinocyte inflammatory reaction. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the effects of SAA in poly(I:C)-induced inflammatory reaction in skin keratinocytes. Methods We pre-treated keratinocytes with SAA then stimulated with poly(I:C). Inflammatory reaction of keratinocytes was verified using real-time polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot. Results When skin keratinocytes were pre-treated with SAA, it significantly inhibited poly (I:C)-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α, and CCL20. SAA inhibited poly(I:C)-induced activation of nuclear factor-κB signaling. And SAA also inhibited inflammasome activation, evidenced by decrease of IL-1β secretion. Finally, SAA markedly inhibited poly(I:C)-induced NLRP3 expression. Conclusion These results demonstrate that SAA has an inhibitory effect on poly(I:C)-induced inflammatory reaction of keratinocytes, suggesting that SAA can be developed for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Ling Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ri-Hua Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xue Mei Li
- Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jung-Woo Ko
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Chang Deok Kim
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ming Ji Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jeung-Hoon Lee
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea.,Skin Med Company, Daejeon, Korea
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Homma T, Kageyama S, Nishikawa A, Nagata K. Melanosome degradation in epidermal keratinocytes related to lysosomal protease cathepsin V. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 500:339-343. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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16
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Yi WJ, Su MY, Shi Y, Jiang S, Xu SZ, Lei TC. Degraded melanocores are incompetent to protect epidermal keratinocytes against UV damage. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:844-857. [PMID: 29623762 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1456601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanosomes are membrane-bound intracellular organelles that are uniquely generated by melanocytes (MCs) in the basal layer of human epidermis. Highly pigmented mature melanosomes are transferred from MCs to keratinocytes (KCs), and then positioned in the supra-nuclear region to ensure protection against ultraviolet radiation (UVR). However, the molecular mechanism underlying melanosome (or melanin pigment) transfer remains enigmatic. Emerging evidence shows that exo-/endo-cytosis of the melanosome core (termed melanocore) has been considered as the main transfer manner between MCs and KCs. As KCs in the skin migrate up from the basal layer and undergo terminal differentiation, the melanocores they have taken up from MCs are subjected to degradation. In this study, we isolated individual melanocores from human MCs in culture and then induced their destruction/disruption using a physical approach. The results demonstrate that the ultrastructural integrity of melanocores is essential for their antioxidant and photoprotective properties. In addition, we also show that cathepsin V (CTSV), a lysosomal acid protease, is involved in melanocore degradation in calcium-induced differentiated KCs and is also suppressed in KCs following exposure to UVA or UVB radiation. Thus, our study demonstrates that change in the proportion of melanocores in the intact/undegraded state by CTSV-related degradation in KCs affects photoprotection of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Juan Yi
- a Department of Dermatology , Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan 430060 , China
| | - Meng-Yun Su
- a Department of Dermatology , Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan 430060 , China
| | - Ying Shi
- a Department of Dermatology , Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan 430060 , China
| | - Shan Jiang
- a Department of Dermatology , Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan 430060 , China
| | - Shi-Zheng Xu
- a Department of Dermatology , Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan 430060 , China
| | - Tie-Chi Lei
- a Department of Dermatology , Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan 430060 , China
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17
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Ng WL, Qi JTZ, Yeong WY, Naing MW. Proof-of-concept: 3D bioprinting of pigmented human skin constructs. Biofabrication 2018; 10:025005. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aa9e1e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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18
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da Silva LP, Oliveira S, Pirraco RP, Santos TC, Reis RL, Marques AP, Correlo VM. Eumelanin-releasing spongy-like hydrogels for skin re-epithelialization purposes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 12:025010. [PMID: 28181477 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aa5f79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Melanin function in the skin has been associated with pigmentation but other properties such as electrical conductance, photoprotection, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activity have also been recognized. Nonetheless, the use of melanin in a skin wound healing context has never been considered. In this sense, eumelanin particles with a typical round and nano-sized morphology and electrical conductivity of 2.09 × 10-8 S cm-1 were extracted from the ink of Sepia officinalis. The ability of primary human keratinocytes (hKCs) to phagocyte eumelanin, which was then accumulated in cytosolic vesicles and nuclei surroundings, was demonstrated. Keratinocyte viability and maturation was not affected by eumelanin contact, but at eumelanin amounts higher than 0.1 mg l-1 cell morphology was altered and cell proliferation was inhibited. A time and eumelanin amount-dependent reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) released by eumelanin-containing ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated keratinocytes was observed. Eumelanin-containing gellan gum (GG) spongy-like hydrogels allowed a sustained release of eumelanin in the range of 0.1 to 5 mg l-1, which was shown in vitro to not be harmful to hKCs, and the absence of a strong host reaction after subcutaneous implantation in mice. Herein, we propose spongy-like hydrogels as sustained release matrices of S. officinalis eumelanin for predicting a beneficial role in skin wound healing through a direct effect over keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucília P da Silva
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark-Parque da Ciência e Tecnologia, 4805-017 Barco, Taipas, Guimarães, Portugal. ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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Low-concentration hydrogen peroxide can upregulate keratinocyte intracellular calcium and PAR-2 expression in a human keratinocyte–melanocyte co-culture system. Arch Dermatol Res 2016; 308:723-731. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-016-1692-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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The expression pattern and functional role of REIC/Dkk-3 in the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. J Dermatol Sci 2016; 84:88-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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21
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Ng WL, Wang S, Yeong WY, Naing MW. Skin Bioprinting: Impending Reality or Fantasy? Trends Biotechnol 2016; 34:689-699. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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22
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Sundarrajan S, Arumugam M. Weighted gene co-expression based biomarker discovery for psoriasis detection. Gene 2016; 593:225-234. [PMID: 27523473 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the skin with an unknown aetiology. The disease manifests itself as red and silvery scaly plaques distributed over the scalp, lower back and extensor aspects of the limbs. After receiving scant consideration for quite a few years, psoriasis has now become a prominent focus for new drug development. A group of closely connected and differentially co-expressed genes may act in a network and may serve as molecular signatures for an underlying phenotype. A weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA), a system biology approach has been utilized for identification of new molecular targets for psoriasis. Gene coexpression relationships were investigated in 58 psoriatic lesional samples resulting in five gene modules, clustered based on the gene coexpression patterns. The coexpression pattern was validated using three psoriatic datasets. 10 highly connected and informative genes from each module was selected and termed as psoriasis specific hub signatures. A random forest based binary classifier built using the expression profiles of signature genes robustly distinguished psoriatic samples from the normal samples in the validation set with an accuracy of 0.95 to 1. These signature genes may serve as potential candidates for biomarker discovery leading to new therapeutic targets. WGCNA, the network based approach has provided an alternative path to mine out key controllers and drivers of psoriasis. The study principle from the current work can be extended to other pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudharsana Sundarrajan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology University, India
| | - Mohanapriya Arumugam
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology University, India.
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23
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Li XM, Piao YJ, Sohn KC, Ha JM, Im M, Seo YJ, Whang KU, Lee JH, Lee Y, Kim CD. Sox9 is a β-catenin-regulated transcription factor that enhances the colony-forming activity of squamous cell carcinoma cells. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:337-42. [PMID: 27151141 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a common skin cancer, of which the incidence is relatively high, ranking second among the non‑melanoma skin cancers. It is known that numerous intracellular signal regulators are involved in the pathogenesis of SCC. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway serves an important role in cancer development. However, the downstream effectors of β‑catenin remain to be clearly elucidated yet. The present study investigated the functional importance of Wnt/β‑catenin signaling in cutaneous SCC. β‑catenin expression was reduced using recombinant adenovirus expressing specific microRNA (miR). Knockdown of β‑catenin resulted in a marked reduction of the colony-forming activity of the SCC cells, SCC12. In an attempt to identify the β‑catenin downstream genes, it was found that Sox9 was regulated by β‑catenin in SCC12 cells. Overexpression of a constitutively active form of β‑catenin led to the induction of Sox9, while knockdown of β‑catenin resulted in downregulation of Sox9. When the expression of Sox9 was reduced using specific miR, colony-forming activity of the SCC12 cells was significantly reduced. When Sox9 was overexpressed in cells where β‑catenin was knocked down, it partially restored the colony‑forming potential. Taken together, the present results suggested that Sox9 is a β-catenin downstream transcription factor and is positively involved in SCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Mei Li
- Department of Dermatology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Yong Jun Piao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Kyung-Cheol Sohn
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301‑747, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Min Ha
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301‑747, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Im
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301‑747, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Seo
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301‑747, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Uang Whang
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul 330‑721, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeung-Hoon Lee
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301‑747, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Lee
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301‑747, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Deok Kim
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301‑747, Republic of Korea
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24
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Li ZJ, Shin JM, Choi DK, Lim SK, Yoon TJ, Lee YH, Sohn KC, Im M, Lee Y, Seo YJ, Kim CD, Lee JH. Inhibitory effect of cucurbitacin B on imiquimod-induced skin inflammation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 459:673-8. [PMID: 25767074 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a common skin disease, of which pathogenesis involves the increase of inflammatory reaction in epidermal cells. In an attempt to find therapeutics for psoriasis, we found that cucurbitacin B has an inhibitory potential on imiquimod-induced inflammation of keratinocytes. Cucurbitacin B significantly inhibited imiquimod-induced expression of crucial psoriatic cytokines, such as IL-8 and CCL20, via down-regulation of NF-κB and STAT3 signaling pathway in human keratinocytes. In addition, keratinocyte proliferation was markedly inhibited by cucurbitacin B. The potential beneficial effect of cucurbitacin B on psoriasis was further validated in imiquimod-induced psoriasiform dermatitis of experimental animal. Topical application of cucurbitacin B resulted in significant reduction of epidermal hyperplasia and inflammatory cytokines production, and ameliorated the psoriatic symptom. Taken together, these results suggest that cucurbitacin B may be a potential candidate for the treatment of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Jun Li
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Min Shin
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Kyoung Choi
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul Ki Lim
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Yoon
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Lee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Cheol Sohn
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Im
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Lee
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Seo
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Deok Kim
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeung-Hoon Lee
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Skin Med Company, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Coelho SG, Valencia JC, Yin L, Smuda C, Mahns A, Kolbe L, Miller SA, Beer JZ, Zhang G, Tuma PL, Hearing VJ. UV exposure modulates hemidesmosome plasticity, contributing to long-term pigmentation in human skin. J Pathol 2015; 236:17-29. [PMID: 25488118 DOI: 10.1002/path.4497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human skin colour, ie pigmentation, differs widely among individuals, as do their responses to various types of ultraviolet radiation (UV) and their risks of skin cancer. In some individuals, UV-induced pigmentation persists for months to years in a phenomenon termed long-lasting pigmentation (LLP). It is unclear whether LLP is an indicator of potential risk for skin cancer. LLP seems to have similar features to other forms of hyperpigmentation, eg solar lentigines or age spots, which are clinical markers of photodamage and risk factors for precancerous lesions. To investigate what UV-induced molecular changes may persist in individuals with LLP, clinical specimens from non-sunburn-inducing repeated UV exposures (UVA, UVB or UVA + UVB) at 4 months post-exposure (short-term LLP) were evaluated by microarray analysis and dataset mining. Validated targets were further evaluated in clinical specimens from six healthy individuals (three LLP+ and three LLP-) followed for more than 9 months (long-term LLP) who initially received a single sunburn-inducing UVA + UVB exposure. The results support a UV-induced hyperpigmentation model in which basal keratinocytes have an impaired ability to remove melanin that leads to a compensatory mechanism by neighbouring keratinocytes with increased proliferative capacity to maintain skin homeostasis. The attenuated expression of SOX7 and other hemidesmosomal components (integrin α6β4 and plectin) leads to increased melanosome uptake by keratinocytes and points to a spatial regulation within the epidermis. The reduced density of hemidesmosomes provides supporting evidence for plasticity at the epidermal-dermal junction. Altered hemidesmosome plasticity, and the sustained nature of LLP, may be mediated by the role of SOX7 in basal keratinocytes. The long-term sustained subtle changes detected are modest, but sufficient to create dramatic visual differences in skin colour. These results suggest that the hyperpigmentation phenomenon leading to increased interdigitation develops in order to maintain normal skin homeostasis in individuals with LLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio G Coelho
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Li XM, Choi DK, Lim SK, Ahn IS, Kim DI, Piao YJ, Kim CD, Lee JH. Stimulation of keratinocyte differentiation by extract of combined medicinal plant. J Biomed Res 2014. [DOI: 10.12729/jbr.2014.15.4.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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27
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Rakar J, Krammer MP, Kratz G. Human melanocytes mitigate keratinocyte-dependent contraction in an in vitro collagen contraction assay. Burns 2014; 41:1035-42. [PMID: 25466959 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2014.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Scarring is an extensive problem in burn care, and treatment can be especially complicated in cases of hypertrophic scarring. Contraction is an important factor in scarring but the contribution of different cell types remains unclear. We have investigated the contractile behavior of keratinocytes, melanocytes and fibroblasts by using an in vitro collagen gel assay aimed at identifying a modulating role of melanocytes in keratinocyte-mediated contraction. Cells were seeded on a collagen type I gel substrate and the change in gel dimensions were measured over time. Hematoxylin & Eosin-staining and immunohistochemistry against pan-cytokeratin and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor showed that melanocytes integrated between keratinocytes and remained there throughout the experiments. Keratinocyte- and fibroblast-seeded gels contracted significantly over time, whereas melanocyte-seeded gels did not. Co-culture assays showed that melanocytes mitigate the keratinocyte-dependent contraction (significantly slower and 18-32% less). Fibroblasts augmented the contraction in most assays (approximately 6% more). Non-contact co-cultures showed some influence on the keratinocyte-dependent contraction. Results show that mechanisms attributable to melanocytes, but not fibroblasts, can mitigate keratinocyte contractile behavior. Contact-dependent mechanisms are stronger modulators than non-contact dependent mechanisms, but both modes carry significance to the contraction modulation of keratinocytes. Further investigations are required to determine the mechanisms involved and to determine the utility of melanocytes beyond hypopigmentation in improved clinical regimes of burn wounds and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Rakar
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Center for Integrative Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Markus P Krammer
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Kratz
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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